This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Astronaut Adaptation to 1 G Following Long Duration Space Flight
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The physiological effects of microgravity have come under intense study since the first space flight programs were initiated. With the possibility of manned space stations on the horizon and long-term space flight the need for effective countermeasures upon re-entry to the Earth's atmosphere become even more important. This review describes the changes observed in several physiological systems concentrating primarily on the adaptations of skeletal muscle as well as the effect of various training protocols and countermeasures used to attenuate the physiological problems microgravity presents following return to the earth.
Citation
Walker, J., Greenisen, M., Cowell, L., and Squires, W., "Astronaut Adaptation to 1 G Following Long Duration Space Flight," SAE Technical Paper 911463, 1991, https://doi.org/10.4271/911463.Also In
References
- Bungo, M. Charles J. Johnson P. Cardiovascular deconditioning during space flight and the use of saline as a countermeasure to orthostatic intolerance Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 56 985 990 1985
- Johnson, R. Hoffler G. Nicogossian A. Bergmann S. Jackson M. Lower body negative pressure: Third manned Skylab mission Biomedical Results from Skylab Johnson R. Dietlein L. Washington DC NASA 284 312 1977
- Harding, R. Decreased accelerations: Microgravity Survival in Space London Routledge Publishing 149 186 1989
- Johnson, P. Fluid volume changes induced by space flight Acta Astronautica 6 1335 1341 1979
- Greenleaf, J. Greenleaf C. VanDerveer D. Dorchak K. Adaptation to prolonged bedrest in man: a compendium of research Washington, DC NASA 1976
- Blomqvist, C. Nixon J. Johnson R. Mitchell J. Early cardiovascular adaptation to zero gravity simulated by head-down tilt Acta Astronautica 7 543 553 1980
- Gazenko, O. Gurovsky N. Genin A. Bryanov I. Eryomin A. Egorov A. Results of medical investigations carried out on board the Salyut orbital station Life Sciences and Space Research XIV Berlin Akademie-Verlag 145 152 1976
- Gazenko, O.G. Grigorev A.I. Degtiaref V.A. Kakurin L.I. Kozyrevskaia G.I. Kosm. Biol. Aviakosm Med 13 3 10 5 1979
- Leach, C. Alexander W. Johnson P. Endocrine, electrolyte, and fluid volume changes associated with Apollo missions Biomedical Results of Apollo Johnston R. Dietlein L. Berry C. SP-368 Washington DC NASA 1 324 1975
- Nixon, J. Murray R. Bryant C. Johnson R. Mitchell J. Holland O. Gomez-Sanchez C. Vergne-Marini P. Blomquist Early cardiovascular adaptation to simulated zero gravity Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental, and Exercise Physiology 46 541 548 1979
- Bond-Petersen, F. Christensen N. Henriksen O. Aspects of cardiovascular adaptation to gravitational stresses Physiologist 23 1980
- Tipton, C. Overton M. Joyner M. Hargens H. Local fluid shifts in humans and rats: Comparison of simulation models with actual weightlessness Physiologist 30 1 1987
- Tavassoli, M. Anemia of spaceflight Blood 60 1059 1067 1982
- Johnson, P. The erythropoietic effects of weightlessness Current Concepts of Erythropoiesis Dunn C. New York John Wiley 279 300 1983
- Lange, R. Andrews R. Gibson L. Wright P. Dunn C. Jones J. Hematologic parameters of astrorats flown on SL-3 Physiologist 28 6 1985
- Leach, C. Chen J. Crosby W. Johnson P. Lange R. Larkin E. Tavassoli M. Spacelab 1 hematology experiment INS103 Influence of spaceflight on erythrokinetics in man Houston Johnson Space Center 1985
- Lange, R. Jones J. Johnson P. Comparative aspects of hematological responses in animal and human models in simulations of weightlessness and space flight Physiologist 30 1 1987
- Talbot, J. Fisher K. Research opportunities in loss of red blood cell mass in space flight List Sciences Research Office Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Bethesda, MD 1985
- Vico, L. Chappard D. Alexandre C. Palle S. Minaire P. Riffat G. Novikov V. Bakulin A. Effects of weightlessness on bone mass and osteoclast number in pregnant rats after a five-day spacelight (Cosmos 1514) Bone 8 95 103 1987
- Stupakov, G. Kazeikin V. Morukov B. Microgravity-induced chanes in human bone strength The Physiologist 32 1 1989
- Morukov, B. Orlov O. Grigoriev A. Calcium homeostasis in prolonged hypokinesia The Physiologist 32 1 1989
- Szilagyi, T. Foldes I. Rapesak M. Gyarmati J. Szoor A. A new drug treatment of osteoporosis Physiologist 31 1 1988
- Morey, E. Baylink D. Inhibition of bone formation during spaceflight Science 201 1138 1141 1978
- Rambaut, P. Johnson R. Prolonged weightlessness and calcium loss in man Acta Astronautica 6 1113 1122 1979
- Globus, R. Bikle D. Morey-Holton E. Effects of simulated weightlessness on bone mineral metabolism Endocrinology 114 6 2264 2268 1984
- Whedon, G. Lutwak L. Rambaut P. Whittle M. Smith M. Reid J. Leach C. Stadler C. Sanford D. Mineral and nitrogen metabolic studies, experiment M071 Biomedical Results from Skylab Johnston R. Dietlein L. Washington DC NASA 1977
- Klein, K. Wegmann H. Bruner H. Vogt L. Physical fitness and tolerances to environmental extremes Aerospace Medicine 40 998 1001 1969
- Johnson, R. Hoffler G. Nicogossian A. Bergmann S. Jackson M. Lower body negative pressure: Third manned Skylab mission Proceedings of the Skylab Life Sciences Symposium Houston NASA II 545 595 1974
- Vorobyov, E. Gazenko O. Genin A. Egorov A. Medical results of Salyut-6 manned space flights Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 1 1983
- Thornton, W. Rummel J. Muscular deconditioning and its prevention in space flight Biomedical Results from Skylab Johnston R. Dietlein R. Washington DC NASA 1977
- Panov, A. Lobzin V. Belyankin V. Changes in the function of the nervous and muscular systems under the influence of prolonged hypodynamia Problems of Space Biology Genin A. Sorokin R. Washington DC NASA 133 145 1969
- Oganov, V. Results of biosatellite studies of gravity dependent changes in the musculo-skeletal system of mammals Physiologist 24 1981
- Buchanan, P. Convertino V.A. A study of the effects of prolonged simulated microgravity on the musculature of the lower extremities in man Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 60 649 652 1989
- Gazenko, O. Genin A. Ilyin E. Oganov V. Serova L. Adaptation to weightlessness and its physiological mechanisms (results of animal experiments aboard biosatellites) Physiologist 23 1980
- Hauschka, E. Roy R. Edgerton V. Size and metabolic properties of metabolic fibers in rat soleus after hindlimb suspension Journal of Applied Physiology 62 2338 2347 1987
- Nicogossian, A. Parker J. Space Physiology and Medicine SP-447 Washington DC NASA 1 324 1982
- Rambaut, P. Leach C. Whedon G. A study of metabolic balance in crewmembers of Skylab IV Acta Astronautica 6 1313 1322 1979
- Cahill, C. Crosby W. Erslev A. Hisch J. Reichlin S. Warren M. Williams G. A strategy for spaced biology and medical sciences for the 1980s and 1990s Washington DC National Academic 1 143 1987
- Herbison, G. Talbot J. Final report phase IV: Research opportunities in muscle atrophy NASA Contractor Report 3796 Washington DC NASA 1984
- Deitrick, J. Whedon G. Shorr E. Effects of immobilization upon various metabolic and physiologic functions of man American Journal of Medicine 4 3 36 1948
- Buznick, Z. Kamfornia S. Elimination of creatinine in the urine during prolonged hypokinesia Space Biology and Medicine 7 92 99 1973
- Krupina, T. Tizul A. Kuzman M. Tsyganova N. Clinico-physiological changes in man during long-term antiorthostatic hypokinesia Space Biology and Aerospace Medicine 16 40 45 1982
- Parin, V. Krupina T. Mikhailovskii G. Tizul A. Principle changes in the healthy human body after a 120 day bed confinement Space Biology and Medicine 4 91 98 1971
- Greenleaf, J. Van Beaumont W. Convertino V. Starr J. Handgrip and general muscular strength and endurance during prolonged bedrest with isometric and isotonic leg exercise training Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 54 696 700 1983
- Thornton, W. Hoffler G. Hemodynamic studies of the legs under weightlessness Biomedical Results from Skylab Johnson R. Dietlein L. Washington DC NASA SP-377 324 329 1977
- Luft, U. Myhre L. Leoppky J. Venters M. A study of factors affecting tolerance of gravitational stress simulated by lower body negative pressure Albuquerque, NM Lovelace Foundation 2 60 1976
- Convertino, V. Doerr D. Flores J. Hoffler G. Buchanan P. Leg size and muscle functions associated with leg compliance Journal of Applied Physiology 64 1017 1021 1988
- Hikida, R. Gollnick P. Dudley G. Convertino V. Buchanan P. Structural and metabolic characteristics of human skeletal muscle following 30 days of simulated microgravity Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 60 664 670 1989
- Dudley, G. Duvoisin M. Convertino V. Buchanan P. Alterations of the in vivo torque-velocity relationship of human skeletal muscle following 30 days exposure to simulated microgravity Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 60 659 663 1989
- Caiozzo, V. Perrine J. Edgerton V. Training-induced alterations of the in vivo force-velocity relationship of human muscle Journal of Applied Physiology 51 750 754 1981
- Dudley, G. Djamil R. Incompatibility of endurance- and strength-training modes of exercise Journal of Applied Physiology 59 1446 1451 1985
- Perrine, J. Edgerton V. Muscle force-velocity relationships under isokinetic loading Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 10 159 166 1978
- Hantsen, W. Ramberg C. Effect of stabilization on maximal isokinetic torque of the quadriceps femoris during concentric and eccentric contractions Physical Therapy 68 219 222 1988
- Cavanaugh, G. Dusmanand B. Margaria R. Positive work done by a previously stretched muscle Journal of Applied Physiology 24 21 32 1968
- Templeton, G. Padalino M. Manton J. Glasberg M. Silver C. Sliver P. DeMartino G. Leconey T. Klug G. Hagler H. Sutko J. Influence of suspension hypokinesia on rat soleus muscle Journal of Applied Physiology 56 278 286 1984
- Haggmark, T. Jannson E. Eriksson E. Fiber type area and metabolic potential of the thigh muscle in man after knee surgery and immobilization International Journal of Sports Medicine 1 12 17 1981
- Musacchia, X. Steffen J. Fell R. Disuse atrophy of skeletal muscle: Animal models Exercise and Sports Science Review 16 61 87 1988
- Riley, D. Allin E. The effect of inactivity, programmed stimulation, and denervation on the histochemistry of skeletal muscle fiber types Experimental Neurology 40 391 413 1973
- Roy, R. Bello M. Boyissoy P. Edgerton V. Size and metabolic properties of fibers in rat fast-twitch muscles after hindlimb suspension Journal of Applied Physiology 62 2348 2357 1987
- Sullivan, M. Merola A. Timmerman A. Unverferth D. Leier C. Drug-induced aerobic enzyme activity of human skeletal muscle during bedrest deconditioning Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 6 232 237 1986
- Saltin, B. Gollnick P. Skeletal muscle adaptability, significance for metabolism and performance Handbook of Physiology - Skeletal Muscle Peachey L. Adrian L. Bethesda, MD American Physiological Society 555 631 1983
- Riley, D. Ellis S. Slocum G. Satyanarayana T. Bain J. Sedlak F. Hypogravity-induced atrophy of rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles Muscle and Nerve 10 560 568 1987
- Thomason, D. Herrick R. Baldwin K. Activity influences on soleus muscle myosin during rodent hindlimb suspension Journal of Applied Physiology 63 138 144 1987
- Martin, T. Edgerton V. Grindeland R. Influence of spaceflight on rat skeletal muscle JournalĖ˛of Applied Physiology 65 2318 2325 1988
- Whittle, M. Caloric and exercise requirements of space flight: Biostereometric results from Skylab Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 50 2 163 167 1979
- Bungo, M. Johnson P. Cardiovascular examination and observations of deconditioning during the Space Shuttle orbital flight test program Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 54 1001 1004 1983
- Montgomery, L. Kirk P. Payne P. Gerber R. Newton S. Williams B. Cardiovascular responses of men and women to lower body negative pressure Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 48 138 145 1977
- Levitan, B. Montgomery L. Bhagat P. Zieglschmid J. A comparison of limb plethysmograph systems proposed for use on the Space Shuttle Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 54 6 10 1983
- Blomqvist, C. Cardiovascular adaptation to weightlessness Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 15 428 431 1983
- Duvoisin, M. R. Convertino V.A. Buchanan P. Gollnick P.D. Dudley G. A. Characteristics and preliminary observtions of the influence of electromyostimulation on the size and function of human skeletal muscle during 30 days of simulated microgravity Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 60 7 671 8 1989
- Dudley, G. Fleck S. Strength and endurance training: Are they mutually exclusive? Sports Medicine 4 79 85 1987
- Tesch, P. Karlsson J. Muscle fiber types and size in trained and untrained muscles of elite athletes Journal of Applied Physiology 59 6 1716 1720 1985
- Gollnick, P. Timson B. Moore R. Musclular enlargement and number of fibers in skeletal muscles of rats Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental, and Exercise Physiology 50 936 943 1981
- Goldspink, N. The combined effects of exercise and reduced food intake on skeletal muscle fibers Journal of Cell Comp. Physiology 63 209 216 1964
- Goldspink, G. Alterations in myofibril size and structure during growth, exercise, and changes in environmental temperature Handbook of Physiology Peachey L. Adrian R. Geiger S. Bethesda, MD American Physiological Society 539 554 1983
- Goldberg, A. Etlinger J. Goldspink D. Mechanism of work-induced hypertrophy of skeletal muscle Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise 7 185 198 1975
- MacDougall, J. Sale D. Alway S. Sutton J. Muscle fiber number in biceps brachii in bodybuilders and control subjects Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental, and Exercise Physiology 57 1399 1403 1984
- Tesch, P. Skeletal muscle adaptations consequent to long-term heavy resistance exercise Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 20 5 1988
- McDonagh, M.J. Davies C.T. Adaptive response of mammalian skeletal muscle to exercise with high loads European Journal of Applied Physiology 52 2 139 55 1984
- Convertino, V. Doerr D. Mathes K. Stein S. Buchanan P. Changes in volume, muscle compartment, and compliance of the lower extremities in man following 30 days of exposure to simulated microgravity Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 60 653 658 1989
- MacDougal, J. Ward G. Sale D. Biochemical adaptation of human skeletal muscle to heavy resistance training and immobilization Journal of Applied Physiology 43 700 703 1977
- Gollnick, P. Armstrong R. Saltin B. Effect of training on enzyme activity and fiber composition of human skeletal muscle Journal of Applied Physiology 34 107 111 1973
- Piehl, K. Glygogen storage and depletion in human skeletal muscle fibers Acta Physiologica Scandinavia 402 1 32 1974
- Coyle, E. Costill D. Lesmes G. Leg extension power and muscle fiber composition Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 11 12 15 1979
- Komi, P. Physiological and biomechanical correlates of muscle function: Effects of muscle structure and stretch-shortening cycle on force and speed Exercise and Snort Science Reviews 12 Terlung R. Lexington, MA The Collamore Press 81 121 1984
- Tesch, P. Larsson L. Muscle hypertrophy in bodybuilders European Journal of Applied Physiology 49 301 306 1982
- Gonyea, W. Sale D. Gonyea F. Exercise induced increases in muscle fiber number European Journal of Applied Physiology 55 37 141 1986
- Taylor, N. Wilkinson J. Exercise-induced skeletal muscle growth: Hypertrophy or hyperplasia? Sports Medicine 3 190 200 1986
- Tesch, P. Thorsson A. Kaiser P. Muscle capillary supply and fiber type characteristics in weight and power lifters Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental, and Exercise Physiology 56 35 38 1984
- Dudley, G. Tesch P. Fleck S. Kraemer W. Baechle T. Plasticity of human muscle with resistance training Anatomical Record 214 4 1986
- Schantz, P. Capillary supply in hypertrophied human skeletal muscle Acta Physiologica Scandinavia 114 635 637 1982
- Luthi, J. Howald H. Claassen H. Rossler K. Vock P. Hoppeler H. Structural changes in skeletal muscle tissue with heavy resistance exercise International Journal of Sports Medicine 7 123 127 1986
- Klein, K. Wegmann H. Kuklinski P. Athletic endurance training - advantage for space flight?: The significance of physical fitness for selection and training of Spacelab crews Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 48 3 215 222 1977