This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Effects of Heat of Vaporization and Octane Sensitivity on Knock-Limited Spark Ignition Engine Performance
Technical Paper
2018-01-0218
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Knock-limited loads for a set of surrogate gasolines all having nominal 100 research octane number (RON), approximately 11 octane sensitivity (S), and a heat of vaporization (HOV) range of 390 to 595 kJ/kg at 25°C were investigated. A single-cylinder spark-ignition engine derived from a General Motors Ecotec direct injection (DI) engine was used to perform load sweeps at a fixed intake air temperature (IAT) of 50 °C, as well as knock-limited load measurements across a range of IATs up to 90 °C. Both DI and pre-vaporized fuel (supplied by a fuel injector mounted far upstream of the intake valves and heated intake runner walls) experiments were performed to separate the chemical and thermal effects of the fuels’ knock resistance. The DI load sweeps at 50°C intake air temperature showed no effect of HOV on the knock-limited performance. The data suggest that HOV acts as a thermal contributor to S under the conditions studied. Measurement of knock-limited loads from the IAT sweeps for DI at late combustion phasing showed that a 40 vol% ethanol (E40) blend provided additional knock resistance at the highest temperatures, compared to a 20 vol% ethanol blend and hydrocarbon fuel with similar RON and S. Using the pre-vaporized fuel system, all the high S fuels produced nearly identical knock-limited loads at each temperature across the range of IATs studied. For these fuels RON ranged from 99.2 to 101.1 and S ranged from 9.4 to 12.2, with E40 having the lowest RON and highest S. The higher knock-limited loads for E40 at the highest IATs examined were consistent with the slightly higher S for this fuel, and the lower engine operating condition K values arising from use of this fuel. The study highlights how fuel HOV can affect the temperature at intake valve closing, and consequently the pressure-temperature history of the end gas leading to more negative values of K, thereby enhancing the effect of S on knock resistance.
Recommended Content
Authors
- Matthew A. Ratcliff - National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Jonathan Burton - National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Petr Sindler - National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Earl Christensen - National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Lisa Fouts - National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Robert L. McCormick - National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Citation
Ratcliff, M., Burton, J., Sindler, P., Christensen, E. et al., "Effects of Heat of Vaporization and Octane Sensitivity on Knock-Limited Spark Ignition Engine Performance," SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-0218, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0218.Data Sets - Support Documents
| Title | Description | Download |
|---|---|---|
| Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 2 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 3 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 4 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 5 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 6 |
Also In
References
- Leone , T.G. , Anderson , J.E. , Davis , R.S. , Iqbal , A. , et al. Environmental Science and Technology 2015
- https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=32&t=6 2017
- https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=19211 2017
- Elgowainy , A. , Han , J. , Cai , H. , Wang , M. et al. Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity of Petroleum Products at U.S. Refineries Environmental Science & Technology 48 13 7612 7624 2014
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Transportation 2017 and Later Model Year Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards; Final Rule Federal Register 77 199 62623 63200 2012
- http://www.theicct.org/info-tools/global-passenger-vehicle-standards
- Caton , J.A. A Comparison of Lean Operation and Exhaust Gas Recirculation: Thermodynamic Reasons for the Increases of Efficiency SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-0266 2013 10.4271/2013-01-0266
- Alger , T. , Mangold , B. , Roberts , C. , and Gingrich , J. The Interaction of Fuel Anti-Knock Index and Cooled EGR on Engine Performance and Efficiency SAE Int. J. Engines 5 3 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1149
- Heywood , J.B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals New York McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1988
- Yi , J. , Wooldridge , S. , Coulson , G. , Hilditch , J et al. Development and Optimization of the Ford 3.5L V6 EcoBoost Combustion System SAE Int. J. Eng., 2 1 20 2009
- Leone , T. G. , and Pozar , M. Fuel Economy Benefit of Cylinder Deactivation - Sensitivity to Vehicle Application and Operating Constraints SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3591 2001 10.4271/2001-01-3591
- Ayala , F.A. , Gerty , M. D. , and Heywood , J. B. Effects of Combustion Phasing, Relative Air-fuel Ratio, Compression Ratio, and Load on SI Engine Efficiency SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-0229 2006 10.4271/2006-01-0229
- Leone , T. , Olin , E. , Anderson , J. , Jung , H. , et al. Effects of Fuel Octane Rating and Ethanol Content on Knock, Fuel Economy, and CO 2 for a Turbocharged DI Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 7 1 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1228
- Chow , E. , Heywood , J. , and Speth , R. Benefits of a Higher Octane Standard Gasoline for the U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle Fleet SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1961 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1961
- Kalghatgi G.T. Fuel Anti-Knock Quality - Part II. Vehicle Studies - How Relevant is Motor Octane Number in Modern Engines? SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3585 2001 10.4271/2001-01-3585
- Mittal V. , and Heywood J. The Shift in Relevance of Fuel RON and MON to Knock Onset in Modern SI Engines Over the Last 70 Years SAE Int. J. Engines., 2 2 2009 10.4271/2009-01-2622
- Kalghatgi , G.T. Fuel Engine Interactions Warren, PA SAE International 2013
- Mittal , V. , and Heywood , J. The Relevance of Fuel RON and MON to Knock Onset in Modern SI Engines SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-2414 2008 10.4271/2008-01-2414
- Wyszynski , L.P. , Stone , C.R. , and Kalghatgi , G.T. The Volumetric Efficiency of Direct and Port Injection Gasoline Engines with Different Fuels SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0839 2002 10.4271/2002-01-0839
- Okamoto , K. , Ichikawa , T. , Saitoh , K. , Oyama , K. , et al. Study of Antiknock Performance Under Various Octane Numbers and Compression Ratios in a DISI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1804 2003 10.4271/2003-01-1804
- Anderson , J.E. , DiCicco , D.M. , Ginder , J.M. , Kramer , U. et al. High Octane Number Ethanol-Gasoline Blends: Quantifying the Potential Benefits in the United States Fuel 97 585 594 2012
- Kasseris , E. , and Heywood , J. Charge Cooling Effects on Knock Limits in SI DI Engines Using Gasoline/Ethanol Blends: Part 1 - Quantifying Charge Cooling SAE Technical Paper No. 2012-01-1275 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1275
- Kasseris , E. , and Heywood , J. Charge Cooling Effects on Knock Limits in SI DI Engines Using Gasoline/Ethanol Blends: Part 2 - Effective Octane Numbers SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1284 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1284
- Chupka , G.M. , Christensen , E. , Fouts , L. , Alleman , T.L. et al. Heat of Vaporization Measurements for Ethanol Blends up to 50 Volume Percent in Several Hydrocarbon Blendstocks and Implications for Knock in SI Engines SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 8 2 251 263 2015 10.4271/2015-01-0763
- Sluder , C.S. , Szybist , J.P. , Ratcliff , M.A. , McCormick , R.L. et al. Exploring the Relationship between Octane Sensitivity and Heat-of-Vaporization SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubri. 9 1 80 90 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0836
- Stein , R.A. , Polovina , D. , Roth , K. , Foster , M. et al. Effect of Heat of Vaporization, Chemical Octane, and Sensitivity on Knock Limit for Ethanol - Gasoline Blends SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 5 2 823−843 2012
- Wang , C. , Janssen , A. , Prakash , A. , Cracknell , R. et al. Splash Blended Ethanol in a Spark Ignition Engine - Effect of RON, Octane Sensitivity, and Charge Cooling Fuel 196 21 31 2017
- Foong , T., Morganti , K. , Brear , M. , da Silva , G. , et al. The Effect of Charge Cooling on the RON of Ethanol/Gasoline Blends SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 2013 6 1 10.4271/2013-01-0886 34 43
- Thewes , M. , Küpper , C. , Rezaei , R. , Pischinger , S. , et al. 2010
- Vuilleumier , D. and Sjöberg , M. Significance of RON, MON, and LTHR for Knock Limits of Compositionally Dissimilar Gasoline Fuels in a DISI Engine SAE Int. J. Eng. 10 3 2017 10.4271/2017-01-0662
- Jung , H. , Shelby , M. , Newman , C. , and Stein , R. Effect of Ethanol on Part Load Thermal Efficiency and CO 2 Emissions of SI Engines SAE Int. J. Eng. 6 1 456 469 2013 10.4271/2013-01-1634
- Foong , T.M. , Morganti , K.J. , Brear , M.J. , da Silva , G. , et al. The Octane Numbers of Ethanol Blended with Gasoline and its Surrogates Fuel , 115 727 739 2014
- Morgan , N. , Smallbone , A. , Bhave , A. , Kraft , M. et al. Mapping Surrogate Gasoline Compositions into RON/MON Space Combustion and Flame 157 1122 1131 2010
- Ratcliff , M.A. , Burton , J. , Sindler , P. , Christensen , E. et al. Knock Resistance and Fine Particle Emissions for Several Biomass-Derived Oxygenates in a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 9 1 59 70 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0705
- McCormick , R.L. , Ratcliff , M.A. , Christensen , E. , Fouts , L. et al. Properties of Oxygenates Found in Upgraded Biomass Pyrolysis Oil as Components of Spark and Compression Ignition Engine Fuels Energy and Fuels 29 4 2453 2461 2015
- Cannella , W. , Foster , M. , Gunter , G. , and Leppard , W.
- He , X. , Ratcliff , M.A. , and Zigler , B.T. Effects of Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Operating Parameters on Particle Number Emissions Energy & Fuels 26 2014 2027 2012
- National Instruments http://digital.ni.com/manuals.nsf/websearch/C2B04021AA306BBB86257BCD007365C6
- Gatowski , J. A. , Balles , E. N. , Chun , K. M. , Nelson , F. E. , et al. Heat Release Analysis of Engine Pressure Data SAE Technical Paper 841359 1984 doi.org/10.4271/841359
- Cheung , H. M. , and Heywood , J. B. Evaluation of a One-Zone Burn-Rate Analysis Procedure Using Production SI Engine Pressure Data SAE Technical Paper 932749 1993 doi.org/10.4271/932749
- Szybist , J.P. and Splitter , D.A. Pressure and Temperature Effects on Fuels with Varying Octane Sensitivity at High Load in SI Engines Combustion and Flame 177 49 66 2017
- Kalghatgi , G. Fuel Anti-Knock Quality - Part I. Engine Studies SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3584 2001 10.4271/2001-01-3584
- Zhou , Z. , Yi , Y. , Brear , M. , Lacey , J. et al. A Comparison of four Methods for Determining the Octane Index and K on a Modern Engine with Upstream, Port or Direct Injection SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-0666 2017 10.4271/2017-01-0666
- Risberg , P. , Kalghatgi , G.T. , and Ångstrom , H.-E. Auto-ignition Quality of Gasoline-Like Fuels in HCCI Engines SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3215 2003 10.4271/2003-01-3215
- Amer , A. , Babiker , H. , Chang , J. , Kalghatgi , G. et al. Fuel Effects on Knock in a Highly Boosted Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 5 3 1048 1065 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1634
- Tian , M. , Haaren , R.V. , Reijnders , J. , and Boot , M. Lignin Derivatives as Potential Octane Boosters SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 8 2 2015 10.4271/2015-01-0963
- Boot , M.D. , Tian , M. , Hensen , E.J.M. , and Sarathy , S.M. Impact of Fuel Molecular Structure on Auto-Ignition Behavior - Design Rules for Future High Performance Gasolines Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 60 1 25 2017
- Kolodziej , C.P. and Wallner , T. Combustion Characteristics of Various Fuels during Research Octane Number Testing on an Instrumented CFR F1/F2 Engine Combustion Engines 171 4 164 169 2017