This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
The Effect of Diesel Exhaust Fluid Dosing on Tailpipe Particle Number Emissions
Technical Paper
2016-01-0995
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Introduction of modern diesel aftertreatment, primarily selective catalytic reduction (SCR) designed to reduced NOx, has increased the presence of urea decomposition byproducts, mainly ammonia, in the aftertreatment system. This increase in ammonia has been shown to lead to particle formation in the aftertreatment system. In this study, a state of the art diesel exhaust fluid (DEF)-SCR system was investigated in order to determine the influence of DEF dosing on solid particle count. Post diesel particulate filter (DPF) particle count (> 23 nm) is shown to increase by over 400% during the World Harmonized Transient Cycle (WHTC) due to DEF dosing. This increase in tailpipe particle count warranted a detailed parametric study of DEF dosing parameters effect on tailpipe particle count. Global ammonia to NOx ratio, DEF droplet residence time, and SCR catalyst inlet temperature were found to be significant factors in post-DPF DEF based particle formation. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of ammonia salt particles and urea decomposition byproducts indicate significant chance of measurement using the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Particle Number (PN) method. These DEF based particles were not intended to be addressed by the PMP PN methodology, but are found to be over 80% of PN post DPF.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Robinson, M., Backhaus, J., Foley, R., and Liu, Z., "The Effect of Diesel Exhaust Fluid Dosing on Tailpipe Particle Number Emissions," SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-0995, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0995.Also In
References
- Pope , C.A. , III , Thun , M.J. , Namboodiri , M.M. , Dockery , D.W. et al. Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151 3 Pt 1 669 74 1995
- US EPA Health Assessment Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust 2002
- Kittleson , D.B. Engines and nanoparticles: A review Journal of Aerosol Science 29 5-6 575 588 1998 10.1016/S0021-8502(97)10037-4
- Bond , T.C. , and Bergstrom , R.W. Light Absorption by Carbonaceous Particles: An Investigative Review Aerosol Science and Technology 40 1 27 67 2006 10.1080/02786820500421521
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization IARC: Diesel engine exhaust Carcinogenic Press Release No 213 2012
- Giechaskiel , B. , Maricq , M. , Ntziachristos , L. , Dardiotis , C. , Wang , X. , Axmann , H. , Bergmann , A. , and Schindler W. Review of motor vehicle particulate emissions sampling and measurement: From smoke and filter mass to particle number Journal of Aerosol Science
- Andersson , J. , Mamakos , A. , and Martini G. Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Heavy-duty Inter-laboratory Correlation Exercise (ILCE_HD) Final Report 2010 http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/doc/2009/wp29grpe/PMP-24-02e.pdf
- Liu , Z.G. , Vasys , V.N. , Dettmann , M.E. , Schauer , J.J. et al. Comparison of Strategies for the Measurement of Mass Emissions from Diesel Engines Emitting Ultra-Low Levels of Particulate Matter Aerosol Science and Technology 43.11 2009 1142 1152
- Liu , Z.G. , Berg , D.R. , Vasys , V.N. , Dettmann , M.E , Zielinska , B. , and Schauer J.J. Analysis of C1, C2, and C10 through C33 particle-phase and semi-volatile organic compound emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines Atmospheric Environment 44.8 2010 1108 1115
- Busca , G. , Lietti , L. , Ramis , G. and Berti F. Chemical and mechanistic aspects of the selective catalytic reduction of NO x by ammonia over oxide catalysts: A review Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 18 1998 1 36
- Koebel , M. , Elsener , M. and Kleemann M. 2000 Urea-SCR: a promising technique to reduce NO x emissions from automotive diesel engines Catalysis Today 59 335 345
- Johnson , T. Vehicular Emissions in Review SAE Int. J. Engines 5 2 216 234 2012 10.4271/2012-01-0368
- Herner , J. D. , Hu , S. , Robertson , W. H. , Huai , T. , Chang , M.-C. O. , Rieger , P. , and Ayala A. 2011 Effect of Advanced Aftertreatment for PM and NO x Reduction on Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Ultrafine Particle Emissions Environmental Science & Technology 45 2413 2419
- Lee , C. , Oh , K. , Kim , D. , and Lee , C. A Characteristics of Particle Number Distribution for the Urea Solution Injection to Urea SCR System of Commercial Diesel Engine for an Emission Regulation SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-3455 2007 10.4271/2007-01-3455
- Kass , M. , Domingo , N. , Storey , J. , and Lewis , S. Influence of High Fuel Rail Pressure and Urea Selective Catalytic Reduction on PM Formation in an Off-Highway Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 1 1 1560 1570 2009 10.4271/2008-01-2497
- Khalek , I.A. , Blanks , M.G. , Merritt , P.M , and Zielinska B. 2015 Regulated and unregulated emissions from modern 2010 emissions-complian heavy-duty on-highway diesel engines Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 65 8 987 1001
- Amanatidis , S. , Ntziachristos , L. , Giechaskiel , B. , Bergmann , A. , and Samaras Z. 2014 Impact of Selective Catalytic Reduction on Exhaust Particle Formation over Excess Ammonia Events Environmental Science and Technology 48 11527 11534
- Yim , S.D. , Kim , S.J. , Baik , J.H. , Nam , I.-S. , Mok , Y.S. , Lee , J.-H. , Cho , B.K. , and Oh S.H. 2004 Decomposition of Urea into NH 3 for the SCR Process Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 43 4856 4863
- Munnannur , A. , Chiruta , M. , and Liu , Z. Thermal and Fluid Dynamic Considerations in Aftertreatment System Design for SCR Solid Deposit Mitigation SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1287 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1287
- Ryddner , D.T. and Trujillo M.F. 2015 Modeling Urea-Water Solution Droplet Evaporation Emission Control Science and Technology 1 80 97
- Shaber , P.M. , Colson , J. , Higgins , S. , Thielen , D. , Anspach , B. and Brauer J. 2004 Thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) of urea in an open reaction vessel Thermochimica Acta 424 131 142
- Geith , J , and Klapƶtke T. M. 2001 Ab initio calculations of the polymerization pathways Journal of Molecular Structure (Theochem) 29 39
- Ku , Kun Woo , and Hong Jung Goo 2015 Thermo fluid effect of the urea thermal decomposition in a lab-scaled reactor Chemical Engineering Journal 625 632
- UN/ECE 2013 Regulation 49
- Giechaskiel , B. , Chirico , R. , DeCarlo , P.F. , Clairotte , M. , Adam , T. , Martini , G. , Heringa , M.F. , Richter , R. , Prevot , A.S.H. , Baltensperger , U. , and Astorga C. 2010 Evaluation of the particle measurement programme (PMP) protocol to remove the vehicles' exhaust aerosol volatile phase Science of the Total Environment 408 5106 5116
- Zheng , Z. , Johnson , K.C. , Liu , Z. , Durbin , T.D. , Hu , S. , Huai , T. , Kittelson , D.B. and Jung H.S. 2011 Investigation of solid particle number measurement: Existence and nature of sub-23 nm particles under PMP methodology Journal of Aerosol Science 883 897
- Liu , Z.G. , Swor , T.A. , Schauer , J.J. , Debilzen , J.J. et al. A Source Dilution Sampling System for Characterization of Engine emissions under Transient or Steady-State Operation Aerosol Science and Technology 42 4 270 280 2008 10.1080/02786820801992907
- Robinson , M. , Liu , Z.G. , Olson , M. , and Schauer , J. Comparison of Measurement Strategies for Light Absorbing Aerosols from Modern Diesel Engines SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 7 2 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1570
- Xi , Y. , Ottinger , N.A. , and Liu Z.G. 2014 New insights into sulfur poisoning on a vanadia SCR catalyst under simulated diesel engine operating conditions Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 160-161 1 9
- Gunawan , R. and Zhang D. 2009 Thermal stability and kinetics of decomposition of ammonium nitrate in the presence of pyrite Journal of Hazardous Materials 165 751 758
- Oxley , J. C. , Kaushik , S.M. , and Gilson N.S. Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate-based composites Thermochimata Acta 153 1989 269 286
- Tan , L. , Xia , L-H. , Wu , Q-j. , Xu , S. , and Liu D-b. Effect of urea on detonation characteristics and thermal stability of ammonium nitrate Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 38 2015 169 175