This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Operation of an Ordinary PFI Engine on n-butanol and Iso-butanol and Their Blends with Gasoline
Technical Paper
2014-01-2618
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
An ordinary, unmodified port fuel injection spark ignition automobile engine with closed-loop air-fuel ratio control and a three-way catalyst was operated on two butanol isomers, n-butanol and iso-butanol, and their blends with gasoline at steady-state operating points covering both common and potentially problematic regimes. The engine control unit was able to maintain the air-fuel ratio while running on both butanol isomers and their blends with gasoline. Only small changes in the heat release rates, small and insignificant decrease in exhaust gas temperatures, and no excessive increase in emissions were observed. Under commanded enrichment operation, the maximum torque, air-fuel ratio and exhaust emissions were comparable among nearly all fuels tested. The exhaust gas temperatures were comparable among fuels, with a moderate increase observed in some regimes during operation with high share of n-butanol in fuel. For both n-butanol and iso-butanol, startability was significantly worsened with more than 30% of alcohol by volume in the fuel. In general, while differences among the fuels were observed, there were no significant adverse effects on maximum engine torque, air-fuel ratio, exhaust gas temperature, heat release rates, and the emissions of regulated gaseous pollutants both before and after the three-way catalyst. Engine durability and other issues were not examined.
Recommended Content
Authors
Citation
Pechout, M., Dittrich, A., and Vojtisek-Lom, M., "Operation of an Ordinary PFI Engine on n-butanol and Iso-butanol and Their Blends with Gasoline," SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2618, 2014, https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2618.Also In
References
- Lin , S. , Lee , W. , Lee , Ch. F. , Wu , Y. Reduction in emissions of nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon by adding water-containing butanol into a diesel-fueled engine generator Fuel 93 364 372 2012 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.11.042
- Rakopoulos , D. C. , Rakopoulos , C. D. , Hountalas , D. T. , Kakaras , E. C. et al. Investigation of the performance and emissions of bus engine operating on butanol/diesel fuel blends Fuel 89 10 2781 2790 2010 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.03.047
- Weiskirch , C. , Kaack , M. , Blei , I. , and Eilts , P. Alternative Fuels for Alternative and Conventional Diesel Combustion Systems SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-2507 2008 10.4271/2008-01-2507
- Wasil , J. , Johnson , J. , and Singh , R. Alternative Fuel Butanol: Preliminary Investigation on Performance and Emissions of a Marine Two-Stroke Direct Fuel Injection Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 3 2 1071 1080 2010 10.4271/2010-32-0054
- Zoldy , M. , Hollo , A. , and Thernesz , A. Butanol as a Diesel Extender Option for Internal Combustion Engines SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-0481 2010 10.4271/2010-01-0481
- Smith , J. and Sick , V. The Prospects of Using Alcohol-Based Fuels in Stratified-Charge Spark-Ignition Engines SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-4034 2007 10.4271/2007-01-4034
- He , X. , Ireland , J. , Zigler , B. , Ratcliff , M. et al. The Impacts of Mid-level Biofuel Content in Gasoline on SIDI Engine-out and Tailpipe Particulate Matter Emissions SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-2125 2010 10.4271/2010-01-2125
- Pechout , M. , Mazac , M. , and Vojtisek-Lom , M. Effect of Higher Content N-Butanol Blends on Combustion, Exhaust Emissions and Catalyst Performance of an Unmodified SI Vehicle Engine SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1594 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1594
- Alasfour , F. N. Butanol - a single cylinder engine study: engine performance Int. J. of Energy Research 21 1 21 30 1997 10.1002/(SICI)1099-114X(199701)21:1<21::AID-ER231>3.0.CO;2-K
- Alasfour , F.N. NO x emission from a spark ignition engine using 30% iso-butanol-gasoline blend: Part 1 - Preheating inlet air Appl Therm Eng 18 5 245 256 1998 10.1016/S1359-4311(97)00081-1
- Wallner , T. , Ickes , A. , Shidore , N. Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures DEER 2010 Detroit, Michigan September 27 30 2010
- Szwaja S. , Naber J.D. Combustion of n-butanol in a spark-ignition IC engine Fuel 89 7 1573 1582 2010 10.1016/j.fuel.2009.08.043
- Cascone , R. Biobutanol: a replacement for bioethanol? Chem. Eng. Prog. 104 S4 S9 2008
- Patakova , P. , Maxa , D. , Rychtera , M. , Linhova , L. et al. Perspectives of biobutanol production and use Biofuel's engineering process technology Bernandes M.A.D.S. 978-953-307-480-1 243 266 InTech Rijeka, Croatia 2011
- Jones , B. , Mead , G. , Steevens , P. The Effects of E20 on Plastic Automotive Fuel System Components Tech. Rep. 20082/21/2008 Minnesota Center for Automotive Research 2008 https://www.mda.state.mn.us/news/publications/renewable/ethanol/e20onplastics.pdf March 30 2012
- Bailey , B. Performance of Ethanol as a Transportation Fuel Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization Wyman C. E. http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/36/35015.pdf March 30 2014
- EPA (Environment Protection Agency U.S.) 1-Butanol as a Gasoline Blending Bio-component BP March 28 2007 http://nsdi.epa.gov/air/caaac/mstrs/March2007/Wolf.pdf
- Cairns , A. , Todd , A. , Aleiferis , P. , Fraser , N. et al. A Study of Alcohol Blended Fuels in an Unthrottled Single Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-0618 2010 10.4271/2010-01-0618
- Thewes , M. , Müther , M. , Brassat , A. , Pischinger , S. et al. Analysis of the Effect of Bio-Fuels on the Combustion in a Downsized DI SI Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 5 1 274 288 2011 10.4271/2011-01-1991
- Merola , S. , Tornatore , C. , Valentino , G. , Marchitto , L. et al. Optical Investigation of the Effect on the Combustion Process of Butanol-Gasoline Blend in a PFI SI Boosted Engine SAE Technical Paper 2011-24-0057 2011 10.4271/2011-24-0057
- Chemistry Webbook National Institute of Standards and Technology http://webbook.nist.gov
- Andersen , V.F. , Andersen , J.E. , Wallington , T.J. , Mueller , S.A. et al. Vapor Pressures of Alcohol-Gasoline Blends Energy & Fuels 24 3647 3654 2010 10.1021/ef100254w
- Gu , X. , Huang , Z. , Cai , J. , Gong , J. , Lee , Ch. Emission characteristics of a spark-ignition engine fuelled with gasoline-n-butanol blends in combination with EGR Fuel 93 611 617 2012 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.11.040
- Dernotte , J. , Mounaim-Rousselle , C. , Halter , F. , Seers , P. Evaluation of butanol-gasoline blends in a port fuelinjection, spark-ignition engine Oil Gas Sci Technol - Rev IFP 65 345 51 2010 10.2516/ogst/2009034
- Wigg , B. , Coverdill , R. , Lee , C. , and Kyritsis , D. Emissions Characteristics of Neat Butanol Fuel Using a Port Fuel-Injected, Spark-Ignition Engine SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-0902 2011 10.4271/2011-01-0902
- Wallner , T. and Frazee , R. Study of Regulated and Non-Regulated Emissions from Combustion of Gasoline, Alcohol Fuels and their Blends in a DI-SI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-1571 2010 10.4271/2010-01-1571
- Aleiferis P.G. , van Romunde Z.R. An analysis of spray development with iso-octane, n-pentane, gasoline, ethanol and n-butanol from a multi-hole injector under hot fuel conditions Fuel 105 143 168 2013 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.07.044
- Tornatore C. , Marchitto L. , Valentino G. , Corcione F.E. et al. Optical diagnostics of the combustion process in a PFI SI boosted engine fueled with butanol-gasoline blend Energy 45 1 277 287 2012 10.1016/j.energy.2012.03.006
- Karavalakis , G. , Short , D. , Vu , D. , Villela , M. et al. Evaluating the regulated emissions, air toxics, ultrafine particles, and black carbon from SI-PFI and SI-DI vehicles operating on different ethanol and iso-butanol blends Fuel 128 410 421 2014 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.03.016
- Ratcliff , M.A. , Luecke , J. , Williams , A. , Christensen , E. et al. Impact of higher alcohols blended in gasoline on light-duty vehicle exhaust emissions Environ. Sci. Technol. 47 13865 13872 2013 10.1021/es402793p
- Pechout , M. , Mazac , M. , and Vojtisek-Lom , M. Effect of Higher Content N-Butanol Blends on Combustion, Exhaust Emissions and Catalyst Performance of an Unmodified SI Vehicle Engine SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1594 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1594
- Rakopoulos D.C. , Rakopoulos C.D. , Giakoumis E.G. , Dimaratos A.M. et al. Effects of butanol-diesel fuel blends on the performance and emissions of a high-speed DI diesel engine Energy Conversion and Management 51 10 1989 1997 2010 10.1016/j.enconman.2010.02.032
- Pfromm P.H. et al. Bio-butanol vs. bio-ethanol: A technical and economic assessment for corn and switchgrass fermented by yeast or Clostridium acetobutylicum Biomass and Bioenergy 34 4 515 524 2010 10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.12.017
- CTA (Center for Transportation Analysis) Lower and Higher Heating Values of Gas, Liquid and Solid Fuels Biomass Energy Data Book U.S. Department of Energy 2011 http://cta.ornl.gov/bedb/appendix_a/Lower_and_Higher_Heating_Values_of_Gas_Liquid_and_Solid_Fuels.pdf
- Vojtisek-Lom , M. , Fenkl , M. , Dufek , M. , and Mareš , J. Off-cycle, Real-World Emissions of Modern Light Duty Diesel Vehicles SAE Technical Paper 2009-24-0148 2009 10.4271/2009-24-0148
- Vojtisek-Lom , M. , Pechout , M. , and Mazac , M. Real-World On-Road Exhaust Emissions from an Ordinary Gasoline Car Operated on E85 and on Butanol-Gasoline Blend SAE Technical Paper 2013-24-0102 2013 10.4271/2013-24-0102
- Gu , X. , Huang , Z. , Wu , S. , Li , Q. Laminar burning velocities and flame instabilities of butanol isomers-air mixtures Combustion and Flame 157 12 2318 2325 2010 10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.07.003
- Broustail , G. , Seers , P. , Halter , F. , Moréac , G. , Mounaim-Rousselle , C. Experimental determination of laminar burning velocity for butanol and ethanol iso-octane Fuel 106 310 317 2013 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.09.021
- Holm , T. Aspects of the mechanism of the flame ionization detector Journal of Chromatography A 842 221 227 1999 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00706-7