This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Development of Brain Injury Criteria (BrIC)
Technical Paper
2013-22-0010
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Rotational motion of the head as a mechanism for brain injury was proposed back in the 1940s. Since then a multitude of research studies by various institutions were conducted to confirm/reject this hypothesis. Most of the studies were conducted on animals and concluded that rotational kinematics experienced by the animal's head may cause axonal deformations large enough to induce their functional deficit. Other studies utilized physical and mathematical models of human and animal heads to derive brain injury criteria based on deformation/pressure histories computed from their models. This study differs from the previous research in the following ways: first, it uses two different detailed mathematical models of human head (SIMon and GHBMC), each validated against various human brain response datasets; then establishes physical (strain and stress based) injury criteria for various types of brain injury based on scaled animal injury data; and finally, uses Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATDs) (Hybrid III 50th Male, Hybrid III 5th Female, THOR 50th Male, ES-2re, SID-IIs, WorldSID 50th Male, and WorldSID 5th Female) test data (NCAP, pendulum, and frontal offset tests) to establish a kinematically based brain injury criterion (BrIC) for all ATDs. Similar procedures were applied to college football data where thousands of head impacts were recorded using a six degrees of freedom (6 DOF) instrumented helmet system. Since animal injury data used in derivation of BrIC were predominantly for diffuse axonal injury (DAI) type, which is currently an AIS 4+ injury, cumulative strain damage measure (CSDM) and maximum principal strain (MPS) were used to derive risk curves for AIS 4+ anatomic brain injuries. The AIS 1+, 2+, 3+, and 5+ risk curves for CSDM and MPS were then computed using the ratios between corresponding risk curves for head injury criterion (HIC) at a 50% risk. The risk curves for BrIC were then obtained from CSDM and MPS risk curves using the linear relationship between CSDM - BrIC and MPS - BrIC respectively. AIS 3+, 4+ and 5+ field risk of anatomic brain injuries was also estimated using the National Automotive Sampling System - Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) database for crash conditions similar to the frontal NCAP and side impact conditions that the ATDs were tested in. This was done to assess the risk curve ratios derived from HIC risk curves. The results of the study indicated that: (1) the two available human head models - SIMon and GHBMC - were found to be highly correlated when CSDMs and max principal strains were compared; (2) BrIC correlates best to both - CSDM and MPS, and rotational velocity (not rotational acceleration) is the mechanism for brain injuries; and (3) the critical values for angular velocity are directionally dependent, and are independent of the ATD used for measuring them. The newly developed brain injury criterion is a complement to the existing HIC, which is based on translational accelerations. Together, the two criteria may be able to capture most brain injuries and skull fractures occurring in automotive or any other impact environment. One of the main limitations for any brain injury criterion, including BrIC, is the lack of human injury data to validate the criteria against, although some approximation for AIS 2+ injury is given based on the angular velocities calculated at 50% probability of concussion in college football players instrumented with 5 DOF helmet system. Despite the limitations, a new kinematic rotational brain injury criterion - BrIC - may offer a way to capture brain injuries in situations when using translational accelerations based HIC alone may not be sufficient.
Recommended Content
Authors
- Erik G. Takhounts - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
- Matthew J. Craig - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
- Kevin Moorhouse - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
- Joe McFadden - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
- Vikas Hasija - Bowhead Systems Management, Inc.
Topic
Citation
Takhounts, E., Craig, M., Moorhouse, K., McFadden, J. et al., "Development of Brain Injury Criteria (BrIC)," SAE Technical Paper 2013-22-0010, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-22-0010.Also In
References
- Allsop , D.L. , Warner C.Y. , Wille M.G. , Scheider D.C. , and Nahum A.M. 1988 Facial impact response - A comparison of the Hybrid III dummy and human cadaver Proc. 32nd Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 881719
- Abbreviated Injury Scale 1990 Edition 1998 Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine Des Plaines, IL
- Abbreviated Injury Scale 2005 2008 Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine Des Plaines, IL
- Abel , J. , Gennarelli , T.A. , Seagawa , H. 1978 In cadence and severity of cerebral concussion in the rhesus monkey following sagittal plane angular acceleration Proc. 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference 33 53 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Bandak , F.A. , and Eppinger , R.H. 1995 A three-dimensional finite element analysis of the human brain under combined rotational and translational acceleration Proc. 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference 145 163 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Broglio , S.P. , Schnebel , B. , Sosnoff , J.J. , Shin , S. , Fend , X. , He , X. , and Zimmerman , J. 2010 Biomechanical properties of concussions in high school football Med Sci Sports Exerc 42 11 2064 71
- CDC, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control 2003 Traumatic Brain Injury Facts http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/factsheets/tbi.htm
- Chu , J. J. , Beckwith , J. G. , Crisco , J. J. , and Greenwald , R. 2006 A Novel Algorithm to Measure Linear and Rotational Head Acceleration Using Single-Axis Accelerometers World Congress of Biomechanics Munich, Germany
- Duma , S.M. , Manoogian , S.J. , Bussone , W.R. , Brolinson , P.G. , Goforth , M.W. , Donnenwerth , J.J. , Greenwald , R.M. , Chu , J.J. , and Crisco , J.J. 2005 Analysis of real-time head accelerations in collegiate football players Clin J Sport Med 15 1 3 8
- Duma , S.M. and Rowson , S. 2009 Every newton hertz: A macro to micro approach to investigating brain injury Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 1 1123 6
- Eigen , A. M. and Martin , P. G. 2005 Identification of real world injury patterns in aid of dummy development 19th Enhanced Safety of Vehicles
- Eisenhauer , J.G. 2003 Regression through the Origin Teaching Statistics 25 3 76 80
- Frieden , T.R. , Ikeda , R. , Hunt , R.C. , Faul , M. , Xu , L. , Wald , M.M. , Coronado , V. 2010 Traumatic Brain Injury in The United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations and Deaths 2002 - 2006 National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Desease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- Gayzik FS , Hamilton CA , Tan JC et al. 2009 A Multi-Modality Image Data Collection Protocol for Full Body Finite Element Analysis Model Development SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-2261
- Gayzik FS , Moreno DP , Danelson KA , McNally C , Klinich KD , Stitzel JD. 2012 External Landmark, Body Surface, and Volume Data of a Mid-Sized Male in Seated and Standing Postures Annals of Biomedical Engineering 40 9 2019 2032
- Gennarelli , T.A. , Thibault , L.E. , and Ommaya , A.K. 1972 Pathophysiologic Responses to Rotational and Translational Accelerations of the Head Stapp Car Crash Journal 16 296 308
- Gennarelli , T.A. , Thibault , L.E. , Adams , J.H. , Graham , D.I. , Thompson , C.J. , and Marcincin , R.P. 1982 Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate Annals of Neurology 12 6 564 574
- Gordon , C. et al. 1989 1988 Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Army Personnel: Methods and Summary Statistics D.a.E.C. Prepared for United States Army Natick Research
- Guskiewicz , K.M. , Mihalik , J.P. , Shankar , V. , Marshall , S.W. , Crowell , D.H. , Oliaro , S.M. , Ciocca , M.F. , and Hooker , D.N. 2007 Measurement of head impacts in collegiate football players: relationship between head impact biomechanics and acute clinical outcome after concussion Neurosurgery 61 6 1244 53
- Hardy , W.N. , Foster , C. , Mason , M. , Yang , K. , King , A. , Tashman , S. 2001 Investigation of head injury mechanisms using neutral density technology and high-speed biplanar X-ray Stapp Car Crash Journal 45 337 368
- Hardy , W.N. , Mason , M.J. , Foster , C.D. , Shah , C.S. , Kopacz , J.M. , Yang , K.H. , King , A.L. , Bishop , J. , Bey , M. , Anderst , W. , Tashman , S. 2007 A Study of the Response of the Human Cadaver Head to Impact Stapp Car Crash Journal 51 17 80
- Hodgson , V.R. , Brinn J. , Thomas L.M. , and Greenberg S.W. 1970 Fracture behavior of the skull frontal bone against cylindrical surfaces 14th Stapp Car Crash Conference
- Holbourn , A.H.S. 1943 Mechanics of head injury Lancet 2 October 9 438 441
- Hertz , E. 1993 A note on the head injury criterion (HIC) as a predictor of the risk of skull fracture Proceedings of the 37th Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine 303 10
- Manoogian , S. , McNeely , D. , Duma , S. , Brolinson , G. , and Greenwald , R. 2006 Head acceleration is less than 10 percent of helmet acceleration in football impacts Biomed Sci Instrum 42 383 388
- Mao H , Zhang L , Jiang B et al. 2013 Development of a Finite Element Human Head Model Validated With Forty Nine Loading Cases From Experimental and Real World Impacts J Biomech Eng. 10.1115/1.4025101
- Meaney , D.F , Smith , D. , Ross , D.T. , and Gennarelli , T.A. 1993 Diffuse axonal injury in the miniature pig: Biomechanical development and injury threshold ASME Crashworthiness and occupant protection in transportation systems 25 169 175
- Nahum , A.M. , Smith R. , and Ward C.C. 1977 Intracranial pressure dynamics during head impact Proc. 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 770922
- NHTSA 1995 Final economic assessment, FMVSS No. 201, upper interior head protection www.regulations.gov NHTSA docket 1996-1762-0003
- Nusholtz , G.S. , Lux , P. , Kaiker , P. , and Janicki , M.A. 1984 Head impact response skull deformation and angular accelerations Proc. 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference 41 74 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Nyquist , G.W. , Cavanaugh J.M. , Goldberg S.J. , and King A.I. 1986 Facial impact tolerance and response Proc. 30th Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE Paper No. 861896
- Ommaya A.K. 1985 Biomechanics of Head Injury: Experimental Aspects The Biomechanics of Trauma Nahum A.M. and Melvin J.W. 245 269
- Rowson , S. , Brolinson , G. , Goforth , M. , Dietter , D. , and Duma , S.M. 2009 Linear and angular head acceleration measurements in collegiate football J Biomech Eng 131 6 061016
- Rowson , S. , Duma , S. M. , Beckwith , J. G. , Chu , J. J. , Greenwald , R. M. , Crisco , J. J. , Brolinson , P. G. , Duhaime , A-C. , McAlister , T. W. , Maerlender , A. C. 2011 Rotational Head Kinematics in Football Impacts: An Injury Risk Function for Concussion Annals of Biomedical Eng. 1 13
- SAS Version 9.3 Cary, NC
- Stalnaker , R.L. , Alem , N.M. , Benson , J.B. , Melvin , J.W. 1977 Validation studies for head impact injury model Final report DOT HS-802 566 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, US, Department of Transportation Washington, DC
- Takhounts , E.G. , Eppinger , R.H. , Campbell , J.Q. , Tannous , R.E. , Power , E.D. , Shook , L.S. 2003a On the Development of the SIMon Finite Element Head Model Stapp Car Crash Journal 47 107 133
- Takhounts , E.G. , Crandall , J.R. , Darvish , K.K. 2003b On the importance of nonlinearity of brain tissue under large deformations Stapp Car Crash Journal 47 79 92
- Takhounts , E.G. , Hasija , V. , Ridella , S.A. , Tannous , R.E. , Campbell , J.Q. , Malone , D. , Danelson , K. , Stitzel , J. , Rowson , S. , Duma , S 2008 Investigation of Traumatic Brain Injuries Using the Next Generation of Simulated Injury Monitor (SIMon) Finite Element Head Model Stapp Car Crash Journal 52 1 32
- Takhounts , E.G. , Hasija , V. , Ridella , S.A. , Rowson , S , Duma , S.M. 2011 Kinematic Rotational Brain Injury Criterion (BRIC) Proc. 22nd ESV Conference
- Trosseille , X. et al. 1992 Development of a F.E.M. of the Human Head According to a Specific Test Protocol 36th Stapp Car Crash Conference Proceedings SAE Paper No. 922527
- Ueno , K. , and Melvin , J.W. 1995 Finite element model study of head impact based on hybrid III head acceleration: The effects of rotational and translational accelerations J. Biomech Eng. 117 3 319 328