This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
CNG Fueling Strategies for Commercial Vehicles Engines-A Literature Review
Technical Paper
2013-01-2812
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The paper presents a survey of the opportunities to convert compression ignition heavy duty truck engines to work on single or dual fuel modes with CNG. In one popular option, the compression ignition engine is converted to spark ignition with throttle load control and port injection of the CNG. In another option of increasing popularity, the LNG is directly injected and ignited by direct injection of pilot Diesel. This latter option with direct injection of natural gas and diesel through separate injectors that are fully independent in their operation is determined to be the most promising, as it is expected to deliver better power density and similar part load fuel economy to Diesel.
Recommended Content
Journal Article | 4 L Light Duty LPG Engine Evaluated for Heavy Duty Application |
Technical Paper | DOE/BNL Liquid Natural Gas Heavy Vehicle Program |
Technical Paper | Analysis of a Gas Engine with Arbitrary Mixture Ratio of H 2 and CNG for HDV |
Authors
Citation
Boretti, A., Lappas, P., Zhang, B., and Mazlan, S., "CNG Fueling Strategies for Commercial Vehicles Engines-A Literature Review," SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-2812, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-2812.Also In
References
- Middleton , A. , Neumann , B. , and Khatri , D. Natural Gas Injection System for Buses and Trucks - Potential to Achieve Future Performance and Emission Norms SAE Technical Paper 2007-26-026 2007 10.4271/2007-26-026
- Semin and Bakar , R. A. A Technical Review of Compressed Natural Gas as an Alternative Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines American J. of Engineering and Applied Sciences 1 4 302 311 2008 1941-7020
- Watson , H. C. and Das A. Development of a Natural Gas Spark Ignition Engine for Optimum Performance Proceeding of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automotive Engineering 211 5 361 1997
- Tilagone , R. et al. Natural Gas - an Environmentally Friendly Fuel for Urban Vehicles: the Smart Demonstrator Approach Oil & Gas Science and Technology - Rev. IFP 61 1 155 164 2006
- Pischinger , S. , Umierski , M. , and Hüchtebrock , B. New CNG Concepts for Passenger Cars: High Torque Engines with Superior Fuel Consumption SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-2264 2003 10.4271/2003-01-2264
- Canelada , M. and Tischer , F. DualFuel System, diesel and natural gas - Optimizing the concept SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-2616 2007 10.4271/2007-01-2616
- U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Australia www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=AS June 21 2013
- Bhandari , K. et al. Performance and emissions of natural gas fueled internal combustion engine: A review Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research 64 5 333 338 2005
- Envestra Natural Gas Vehicles 2007 http://www.natural-gas.com.au/business/vehicles.html
- Mathai , R. , Malhotra , K. , Subramanian , A. and Das , A. Comparative Evaluation of Performance, Emission, Lubricant and Deposit Characteristics of Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Cng and 18% Hydrogen-Cng International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37 8 6893 6900 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.01.083
- Bysveen , M. Engine Characteristics of Emissions and Performance Using Mixtures of Natural Gas and Hydrogen Energy 32 4 482 489 2007 10.1016/j.energy.2006.07.032
- Shasby , B.M. Alternative Fuels: Incompletely Addressing the Problems of the Automobile MSc Thesis Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University USA 2004
- Mohamad , T. , Yusoff , A. , Abdullah , S. , Jermy , M. et al. The Combustion and Performance of a Converted Direct Injection Compressed Natural Gas Engine using Spark Plug Fuel Injector SAE Technical Paper 2010-32-0078 2010 10.4271/2010-32-0078
- Will , M. L. , & Richards , B. G. Design and Development of a Direct Injected, Glow Plug Ignition” - Assisted, Natural Gas Engine Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 117 799 803 1995
- Boesel , J. , Romeo , S. , and Brotherton , T. Advanced Fuels and Technology Forecasts for Heavy-Duty Vehicles SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3404 2003 10.4271/2003-01-3404
- Shah , A. , Thipse , S. , Tyagi , A. , Rairikar , S. et al. Literature Review and Simulation of Dual Fuel Diesel-CNG Engines SAE Technical Paper 2011-26-0001 2011 10.4271/2011-26-0001
- DieselNet Emission Standards: Australia: On-Road Vehicles and Engines http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/au/ July 2011
- Weaver , C. and Turner , S. Dual Fuel Natural Gas/Diesel Engines: Technology, Performance, and Emissions SAE Technical Paper 940548 1994 10.4271/940548
- Zhao , F. , Lai , M. , and Harrington , D. A Review of Mixture Preparation and Combustion Control Strategies for Spark-Ignited Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines SAE Technical Paper 970627 1997 10.4271/970627
- Chiodi , M. , Berner , H. , and Bargende , M. Investigation on different Injection Strategies in a Direct-Injected Turbocharged CNG-Engine SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3000 2006 10.4271/2006-01-3000
- Baratta , M. , Rapetto , N. , Spessa , E. , Fuerhapter , A. et al. Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Mixture Formation and Performance in a Direct Injection CNG Engine SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-0401 2012 10.4271/2012-01-0401
- Abou-Arab , T. , Mohamed , H. , and Tayea , D. Thermo-Mechanical (Vibration & Noise) Performance of CNG Converted Petrol Engine SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-1682 2009 10.4271/2009-01-1682
- Hupperich , P. and Dürnholz , M. Exhaust Emissions of Diesel, Gasoline and Natural Gas Fuelled Vehicles SAE Technical Paper 960857 1996 10.4271/960857
- Stan , C. Future Trends in Spark Ignition Engines SAE Technical Paper 2001-24-0085 2001 10.4271/2001-24-0085
- Douailler , B. , Ravet , F. , Delpech , V. , Soleri , D. et al. Direct Injection of CNG on High Compression Ratio Spark Ignition Engine: Numerical and Experimental Investigation SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-0923 2011 10.4271/2011-01-0923
- Kalam , M. , Masjuki , H. , Mahlia , T. , Fuad , M. et al. Experimental Test of a New Compressed Natural Gas Engine with Direct Injection SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-1967 2009 10.4271/2009-01-1967
- Stan , C. Direct Injection Systems: The Next Decade in Engine Technology Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. Warrendale, PA 978-0-7680-1070-1 2002 10.4271/R-347
- Wayne , W. , Clark , N. , and Atkinson , C. A Parametric Study of Knock Control Strategies for a Bi-Fuel Engine SAE Technical Paper 980895 1998 10.4271/980895
- Zeng , K. et al. Combustion Characteristics of Direct-Injection Natural Gas Engine under Various Fuel Injection Timings Applied Thermal Engineering 26 8-9 806 813 2006 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.10.011
- Richards , G. A. et al. Issues for Low-Emission, Fuel-Flexible Power Systems Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 27 2 141 169 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.10.011
- Zuo , C. and Zhao , K. A Study on the Combustion System of a Spark Ignition Natural Gas Engine SAE Technical Paper 981386 1998 10.4271/981386
- Heywood , J. B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamental McGraw-Hill, Inc. 978-0-07-028637-5 1988
- Cupial , K. , Jamrozik , A. and Spyra , A. Single and Two-Stage Combustion System in the Si Test Engine Journal of KONES Internal Combustion Engines 3-4 1231-4005 67 74 2002
- Jamrozik , A. and Wojciech , A. A Study of Performance and Emissions of SI Engine with a Two-Stage Combustion System Chemical and Process Engineering 32 4 453 471 0208-6425 February 2012 10.2478/v10176-011-0036-0
- Bocian , P. , Jarnicki , R. and Rychter , T. Theoretical Analysis Od Ignition of a Gas Fuel Jet with the Use of Ignition Chamber Journal of KONES Internal Combustion Engines 8 1-2 287 293 2001
- Cordiner , S. , de Simone , G. , and Mulone , V. Experimental-Numerical Analysis of Nitric Oxide Formation in Partially Stratified Charge (PSC) Natural Gas Engines SAE Int. J. Engines 2 2 326 340 2009 10.4271/2009-01-2783
- Chung , S. , Ha , J. , Park , J. , Lee , M. et al. Rapid Bulk Combustion of Lean Premixture by Using Radical Injection Method and an Application to an Actual Engine SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3212 2003 10.4271/2003-01-3212
- Park , J. et al. Fundamental Study on the Radical Ignition Technique Using Constant Volume Chamber (CVC) 2007
- Ha , D. , Park , J. , Yeom , J. , Ha , J. et al. Study on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of CNG Fueled RI-Engine SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-3621 2007 10.4271/2007-01-3621
- Robinet , C. , Higelin , P. , Moreau , B. , Pajot , O. et al. A New Firing Concept for Internal Combustion Engines: “I'APIR” SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0621 1999 10.4271/1999-01-0621
- Fawzi Mohd Ali , M. , Kodoguchi , Y. , Oka , Y. , and Kaida , T. Improvement of Combustion of CNG Engine using CNG Direct Injection and Gas-jet Ignition Method SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-1994 2011 10.4271/2011-01-1994
- Toulson , E. , Watson , H. , and Attard , W. Modeling Alternative Prechamber Fuels in Jet Assisted Ignition of Gasoline and LPG SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-0721 2009 10.4271/2009-01-0721
- Boretti , A. Direct Injection and Spark Controlled Jet Ignition to Convert A Diesel Truck Engine to LPG SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-1976 2010 10.4271/2010-01-1976
- Boretti A. Watson , H. C. and Tempia , A. Computational Analysis of the Lean-Burn Direct-Injection Jet Ignition Hydrogen Engine Proceeding of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automotive Engineering 224 2009 10.1243/09544070jauto1278
- Boretti , A. and Watson , H. The Lean Burn Direct-Injection Jet-Ignition Flexi Gas Fuel LPG/CNG Engine SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-2790 2009 10.4271/2009-01-2790
- Boretti , A. and Watson , H. The Lean Burn Direct Injection Jet Ignition Gas Engine International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34 18 7835 7841 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.07.022
- Felt , A. and Steele , W. Combustion Control in Dual-Fuel Engines SAE Technical Paper 620555 1962 10.4271/620555
- The European Natural Gas Vehicle Association Dual Fuel (Natural Gas/Diesel) Engines: Operation, Applications & Contribution 42nd GRPE 28 31 May 2001
- Smart , I. Natural Gas as a Dual Fuel in Marine Engines - An Operational Study SAE Technical Paper 911662 1991 10.4271/911662
- Park , T. Dual Fuel Conversion of a Direct Injection Diesel Engine MSc Thesis Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University West Virginia 1999
- Karim , G. A. A review of combustion processes in the dual fuel engine-the gas diesel engine Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 3 277 285 1980 03601285
- Karim , G. An Examination of Some Measures for Improving the Performance of Gas Fuelled Diesel Engines at Light Load SAE Technical Paper 912366 1991 10.4271/912366
- Karim , G. , Liu , Z. , and Jones , W. Exhaust Emissions from Dual Fuel Engines at Light Load SAE Technical Paper 932822 1993 10.4271/932822
- Abd Alla , G. H. , Soliman , H. A. , Badr , O. A. and Abd Rabbo , M. F. Effect of Pilot Fuel Quantity on the Performance of a Dual Fuel Engine Energy Conversion and Management 41 6 559 572 2000 01968904
- Li , X. , Chippior , W. , and Gülder , Ö. Effects of Cetane Enhancing Additives and Ignition Quality on Diesel Engine Emissions SAE Technical Paper 972968 1997 10.4271/972968
- Gunea , C. , Razavi , M. , and Karim , G. The Effects of Pilot Fuel Quality on Dual Fuel Engine Ignition Delay SAE Technical Paper 982453 1998 10.4271/982453
- Krishnan , S. R. Experimental Investigations and Phenomenological Simulation of Combustion in a Low Pilot-Ignited Natural Gas Engine With a Focus on Advanced Injection Timings Ph.D. Thesis Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Alabama Alabama 2005
- Gebert , K. , Beck , N. , Barkhimer , R. , and Wong , H. Strategies to Improve Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Dual-Fuel Pilot Ignited Natural Gas Engines SAE Technical Paper 971712 1997 10.4271/971712
- Dishy , A. , You , T. , Iwashiro , Y. , Nakayama , S. et al. Controlling Combustion and Exhaust Emissions in a Direct-Injection Diesel Engine Dual-Fueled with Natural Gas SAE Technical Paper 952436 1995 10.4271/952436
- Ishiyama , T. , Shioji , M. , Mitani , S. , Shibata , H. et al. Improvement of Performance and Exhaust Emissions in a Converted Dual-Fuel Natural Gas Engine SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-1866 2000 10.4271/2000-01-1866
- Abd Alla , G. H. , Soliman , H. A. , Badr , O. A. and Abd Rabbo , M. F. Effect of Injection Timing on the Performance of a Dual Fuel Engine Energy Conversion and Management 43 269 277 2002
- Tomita , E. , Kawahara , N. , Piao , Z. , and Yamaguchi , R. Effects of EGR and Early Injection of Diesel Fuel on Combustion Characteristics and Exhaust Emissions in a Methane Dual Fuel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2723 2002 10.4271/2002-01-2723
- Dumitrescu , S. , Hill , P. , Li , G. , and Ouellette , P. Effects of Injection Changes on Efficiency and Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fueled by Direct Injection of Natural Gas SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-1805 2000 10.4271/2000-01-1805
- Gurgenci , H. and Aminossadati , S. M. Investigating the use of Methane as Diesel Fuel in Off-Road Haul Road Truck Operations Journal of Energy Resources Technology 131 3 1 9 2009 10.1115/1.3185350
- Liu , C. An Experimental and Analytical Investigation into the Combustion Characteristics of HCCI and Dual Fuel Engines with Pilot Injection Ph.D. Thesis Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary Alberta 2006
- Gebert , K. , Beck , N. , Barkhimer , R. , Wong , H. et al. Development of Pilot Fuel Injection System for CNG Engine SAE Technical Paper 961100 1996 10.4271/961100
- Hupperich , P. and Dürnholz , M. Time-Controlled Pilot Injection for Stationary and Heavy-Duty Gas Engines SAE Technical Paper 971713 1997 10.4271/971713
- Shioji , M. , Ishiyama , T. , and Ikegami , M. Approaches to High Thermal-Efficiency in High Compression-Ratio Natural-Gas Engines 7th International Conference and Exhibition on Natural Gas Vehicles Yokohama, Japan 13 21 2000
- Umierski , M. and Stommel , P. Fuel Efficient Natural Gas Engine with Common-Rail Micro-Pilot Injection SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-3080 2000 10.4271/2000-01-3080
- Ouellette , P. High Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) of Natural Gas in Diesel Engines 7th International Conference and Exhibition on Natural Gas Vehicles Yokohama, Japan 235 242 2000
- Larson , C. R. , Bushe , W. K. , Hill , P. G. , and Munshi , S.R. Relative Injection Timing Effects in a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Pilot-Ignited, Directly Injected Natural Gas 2003 Spring Technical Meeting, Canadian Section of the Combustion Institute (CICS) 2003
- Park , T. , Atkinson , R. , Clark , N. , Traver , M. et al. Operation of a Compression Ignition Engine with a HEUI Injection System on Natural Gas with Diesel Pilot Injection SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-3522 1999 10.4271/1999-01-3522
- Hsu , B. Practical Diesel-Engine Combustion Analysis Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. Warrendale, PA 978-0-7680-8028-5 2002 10.4271/R-327
- Hsu , Bertrand Method and apparatus for introducing fuel into a duel fuel system using the H-combustion process U.S. Patent 5365902 November 22 1994
- Hodgins , K. , Hill , P. , Ouellette , P. , and Hung , P. Directly Injected Natural Gas Fueling of Diesel Engines SAE Technical Paper 961671 1996 10.4271/961671
- Brown , B.S. , Laforet , C.A. , Rogak , S.N. and Munsh , S.R. Comparison of Injectors for Compression Ignition of Natural Gas With Entrained Diesel Int. J. Engine Res. 12 109 122 2010 10.1243/14680874JER590
- Mtui , P. and Hill , P. Ignition Delay and Combustion Duration with Natural Gas Fueling of Diesel Engines SAE Technical Paper 961933 1996 10.4271/961933
- Westport Int. Cummins Westport Spark-Ignited (SI) and High Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) Natural Gas Engines Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum January 2003
- Boretti , A. Dual Fuel CNG-Diesel Heavy Duty Truck Engines with Optimum Speed Power Turbine Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 190 2 897 920 2013 10.1007/978-3-642-33750-5-6
- Gettel , L. and Perry , G. Natural Gas Conversion Systems for Heavy Duty Truck Engines SAE Technical Paper 911663 1991 10.4271/911663
- Hountalas , D. and Papagiannakis , R. Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of a Direct Injection Dual Fuel Diesel-Natural Gas Engine SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0868 2002 10.4271/2002-01-0868
- Lim , O. , Iida , N. , Cho , G. , and Narankhuu , J. The Research about Engine Optimization and Emission Characteristic of Dual Fuel Engine Fueled with Natural Gas and Diesel SAE Technical Paper 2012-32-0008 2012 10.4271/2012-32-0008
- Liu , Z. and Karim , G. The Ignition Delay Period in Dual Fuel Engines SAE Technical Paper 950466 1995 10.4271/950466
- Li , G. , Ouellette , P. , Dumitrescu , S. , and Hill , P. Optimization Study of Pilot-Ignited Natural Gas Direct-Injection in Diesel Engines SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-3556 1999 10.4271/1999-01-3556
- Pawlak , G. The Concept of a Dual Fuel Highly Efficient Internal Combustion Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 3 2 135 141 2010 10.4271/2010-01-1480
- Shen , J. , Qin , J. , and Yao , M. Turbocharged diesel/CNG Dual-fuel Engines with Intercooler: Combustion, Emissions and Performance SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3082 2003 10.4271/2003-01-3082