This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Computational Study of Hydrogen Direct Injection for Internal Combustion Engines
Technical Paper
2013-01-2524
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Hydrogen has been largely proposed as a possible fuel for internal combustion engines. The main advantage of burning hydrogen is the absence of carbon-based tailpipe emissions. Hydrogen's wide flammability also offers the advantage of very lean combustion and higher engine efficiency than conventional carbon-based fuels. In order to avoid abnormal combustion modes like pre-ignition and backfiring, as well as air displacement from hydrogen's large injected volume per cycle, direct injection of hydrogen after intake valve closure is the preferred mixture preparation method for hydrogen engines. The current work focused on computational studies of hydrogen injection and mixture formation for direct-injection spark-ignition engines. Hydrogen conditions at the injector's nozzle exit are typically sonic. Initially the characteristics of under-expanded sonic hydrogen jets were investigated in a quiescent environment using both Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) techniques. Various injection conditions were studied, including a reference case from the literature. Different nozzle geometries were investigated, including a straight nozzle with fixed cross section and a stepped nozzle design. LES captured details of the expansion shocks better than RANS and demonstrated several aspects of hydrogen's injection and mixing. In-cylinder simulations were also performed with a side 6-hole injector using 70 and 100 bar injection pressure. Injection timing was set to just after inlet valve closure with duration of 6 μs and 8 μs, leading to global air-to-fuel equivalence ratios ϕ typically in the region of 0.2-0.4. The engine intake air pressure was set to 1.5 bar absolute to mimic boosted operation. It was observed that hydrogen jet wall impingement was always prominent. Comparison with non-fuelled engine conditions demonstrated the degree of momentum exchange between in-cylinder hydrogen injection and air motion. LES highlighted details of hydrogen's spatial distribution throughout the injection duration and up to ignition timing. Higher peak velocities were predicted by LES, especially on the tumble plane. With the employed injection strategy, the areas closer to the cylinder wall were richer in fuel than the centre of the chamber close to the end of compression.
Recommended Content
Topic
Citation
Hamzehloo, A. and Aleiferis, P., "Computational Study of Hydrogen Direct Injection for Internal Combustion Engines," SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-2524, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-2524.Also In
References
- Bokris , J. , O'M. The Origin of Ideas on a Hydrogen Economy and its Solution to the Decay of the Environment Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 27 731 740 2002
- Verhelst , S. , Wallner , T. Hydrogen-Fuelled Internal Combustion Engines Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 35 490 527 2009
- Roy , M. , Kawahara , N. , Tomita , E. , and Fujitani , T. High-Pressure Hydrogen Jet and Combustion Characteristics in a Direct-Injection Hydrogen Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 5 3 1414 1425 2011 10.4271/2011-01-2003
- Aleiferis , P.G. , Rosati , M.F. Flame Chemiluminescence on OH LIF Imaging in a Hydrogen-Fuelled Spark-Ignition Engine Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 37 1797 1812 2012
- Knop , V. , Benkenida , A. , Jay , S. , Colin , O. Modelling of Combustion and Nitrogen Oxide Formation in Hydrogen-Fuelled Internal Combustion Engines within a 3D CFD Code Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 33 5083 5097 2008
- Rakopoulos , C.D. , Kosmadakis , G.M. , Pariotis , E.G. Evaluation of a Combustion Model for the Simulation of Hydrogen Spark-Ignition Engines Using a CFD Code Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 35 12545 12560 2010
- Rakopoulos , C.D. , Kosmadakis , G.M. , Demuynck , J. , De Paepe , M. , Verhelst , S. A Combined Experimental and Numerical Study of Thermal Processes, Performance and Nitric Oxide Emissions in a Hydrogen-Fuelled Spark Ignition Engine Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 36 5163 5180 2011
- Zhenzhong , Y. , Lijum , W. , Manlou , H. , Yongdi , C. Research on Optimal Control to Resolve The Contradictions Between Restricting Abnormal Combustion and Improving Power Output in Hydrogen Fuelled Engines Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 37 774 782 2012
- Nobuyuki , K. , Tomita , E. Visulization of Auto-Ignition and Pressure Wave during Knocking in a Hydrogen Spark-Ignition Engine Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 34 3156 3163 2009
- Li , H. , Karim , G.A. Knock in Spark Ignition Hydrogen Engines Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 29 859 865 2004
- Wallner , T. , Nande , A. , and Naber , J. Evaluation of Injector Location and Nozzle Design in a Direct-Injection Hydrogen Research Engine SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-1785 2008 10.4271/2008-01-1785
- Scarcelli , R. , Wallner , T. , Salazar , V. , and Kaiser , S. Modeling and Experiments on Mixture Formation in a Hydrogen Direct-Injection Research Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 2 2 530 541 2009 10.4271/2009-24-0083
- Owston , R. , Magi , V. , and Abraham , J. Fuel-Air Mixing Characteristics of DI Hydrogen Jets SAE Int. J. Engines 1 1 693 712 2008 10.4271/2008-01-1041
- Rosati , M. and Aleiferis , P. Hydrogen SI and HCCI Combustion in a Direct-Injection Optical Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 2 1 1710 1736 2009 10.4271/2009-01-1921
- Kaiser , S. and White , C. PIV and PLIF to Evaluate Mixture Formation in a Direct-Injection Hydrogen-Fuelled Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 1 1 657 668 2008 10.4271/2008-01-1034
- Salazar , V. and Kaiser , S. An Optical Study of Mixture Preparation in a Hydrogen-fueled Engine with Direct Injection Using Different Nozzle Designs SAE Int. J. Engines 2 2 119 131 2009 10.4271/2009-01-2682
- Scarcelli , R. , Wallner , T. , Matthias , N. , Salazar , V. et al. Mixture Formation in Direct Injection Hydrogen Engines: CFD and Optical Analysis of Single- and Multi-Hole Nozzles SAE Int. J. Engines 4 2 2361 2375 2011 10.4271/2011-24-0096
- Lynch , F.E. Parallel Induction: A Simple Fuel Control Method for Hydrogen Engines Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 8 721 730 1983
- Furuhama , S. , Fukuma , T. High Output Power Hydrogen Engine with High Pressure Fuel Injection, Hot Surface Ignition and Turbocharging Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 6 399 407 1986
- Prabhu Kumar , G.P. , Nagalingam , B. , Gopalakrishnan , K.V. Theoretical Studies of a Spark-Ignited Supercharged Hydrogen Engine Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 10 389 397 1985
- Berckmüller , M. , Rottengruber , H. , Eder , A. , Brehm , N. et al. Potentials of a Charged SI-Hydrogen Engine SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3210 2003 10.4271/2003-01-3210
- Al-Baghdadi , M.S. , Al-Janabi , H.S. A Prediction Study of a Spark Ignition Supercharged Hydrogen Engine Energy Conversion and Management 44 3143 3150 2003
- Verhelst , S. and Sierens , R. Combustion Studies for PFI Hydrogen IC Engines SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-3610 2007 10.4271/2007-01-3610
- Verhelst , S. , Maesschalck , P. , Rombaut , N. , Sierens , R. Increasing the Power Output of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines by Means of Supercharging and Exhaust Gas Recirculation Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 34 4406 4412 2009
- Wallner , T. , Lohse-Busch , H. , Shidore , N. Operating Strategy for a Hydrogen Engine for Improved Drive-Cycle Efficiency and Emissions Behaviour Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 34 4617 4625 2009
- Roy , M.M. , Tomita , E. , Kawahara , N. , Harada , Y. , Sakane , A. Performance and Emissions of a Supercharged Dual-Fuel Engine Fuelled by Hydrogen-Rich Coke Oven Gas Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 34 9628 9638 2009
- Roy , M.M. , Tomita , E. , Kawahara , N. , Harada , Y. , Sakane , A. An Experimental Investigation on Engine Performance and Emissions of a Supercharged H 2 -Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 35 844 853 2010
- Roy , M.M. , Tomita , E. , Kawahara , N. , Harada , Y. , Sakane , A. Comparison of Performance and Emissions of a Supercharged Dual-Fuel Engine Fuelled by Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Containing Gaseous Fuels Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 36 7339 7352 2011
- Ohira , T. , Nakagawa , K. , Yamane , K. , Kawanabe , H. , Shioji , M. Feasibility Study of Emission Control of Hydrogen Fuelled SI Engine Proceedings of IMechE International Conference on Internal Combustion Engines: Performance, Fuel Economy and Emissions 199 209 December 11 12 London 2007
- Nakagawaa , K. , Yamanea , K. , Ohira , T. Potential of Large Output Power, High Thermal Efficiency, Near-zero NOx Emission, Supercharged, Lean-burn, Hydrogen-fuelled, Direct Injection Engines Energy Procedia 29 455 462 2012
- Donaldson , C. , Snedeker , S. A Study of Free Jet Impingement. Part 1. Mean Properties of Free and Impingement Jets J. Fluid Mech 45 281 319 1971
- Munday , D. , Gutmark , E. , Liu , J. , Kailasanath , K. Flow Structure and Acoustics of Supersonic Jets from Conical Convergent-Divergent Nozzles Physics of Fluids 23 2011
- Panda , J. , Seasholtz , R.G. Measurement of Shock Structure and Shock-Vortex Interaction in Under-Expanded Jets Using Rayleigh Scattering Physics of Fluids 11 3761 1999
- White , T.R. , Milton , B.E. Shock Wave Calibration of Under-Expanded Natural Gas Fuel Jets Shock Waves 18 353 364 2008
- Yu , J. , Vuorinen , V. , Hillamo , H. , Sarjovaara , T. et al. An Experimental Study on High Pressure Pulsed Jets for DI Gas Engine Using Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1655 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1655
- Dauptain , A. , Cuenot , B. , Gicquel , Y.M. Large-Eddy Simulation of a Stable Supersonic Jet Impinging on Flat Plate AIAA J 48 10 2325 2337 2010
- Kim , J. , Choi , H. Large Eddy Simulation of a Circular Jet: Effect of Inflow Conditions on the Near Field J. Fluid Mech 620 383 411 2009
- De Cacqueray , N. , Bogey , C. , Bailly , C. Investigation of a High Mach Number Over-Expanded Jet Using Large-Eddy Simulation AIAA J 49 10 2011
- Vourinen , V. , Yu , J. , Tirunagari , S. , Kaario , O. , Larmi , M. , Duwig , C. , Boersma , B.J. Large-Eddy Simulation of Highly Under-Expanded Transient Gas Jets Physics of Fluids 25 016101 2013
- Scarcelli , R. , Kastengren , A.L. , Powel , C.F. , Wallner , T. , Matthias , N.S. High-Pressure Gaseous Injection: A Comprehensive Analysis of Gas Dynamics and Mixing Effects Proceedings of the Internal Combustion Engine Division , ASME-ICEF2012-92137
- Drozda , T. and Oefelein , J. Large Eddy Simulation of Direct Injection Processes for Hydrogen and LTC Engine Applications SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-0939 2008 10.4271/2008-01-0939
- Aleiferis , P.G. , Rosati , M.F. Controlled Autoignition of Hydrogen in a Direct-Injection Optical Engine Combustion and Flame 159 2500 2515 2012
- Malcolm , J. , Behringer , M. , Aleiferis , P. , Mitcalf , J. et al. Characterisation of Flow Structures in a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine Using PIV, LDV and CFD SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-1290 2011 10.4271/2011-01-1290
- Launder , B.E. , Spalding , D.B. The Numerical Computation of Turbulent Flows Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 3 269 289 1974
- Smagorinsky , J. General Circulation Experiments with the Primitive Equations Monthly Weather Review 91 1963
- Butcher , A.J. , Aleiferis , P.G. , Richardson , D. Development of a Real-Size Optical Injector Nozzle for Studies of Cavitation, Spray Formation and Flash Boiling at Conditions Relevant to Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engines International Journal of Engine Research
- Aleiferis , P.G , Serras-Pereira , J. , van Romunde , Z. , Caine , J. , Wirth , M. Mechanisms of Spray Formation and Combustion from a Multi-Hole Injector with E85 and Gasoline Combustion and Flame 157 735 756
- Chen , H. , Zheng , J. , Xu , P. , Li , L. , Liu , Y. , Bie , H. Study on Real-Gas Equations of High Pressure Hydrogen Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 35 3100 3104 2010
- Nasrifar , K. Comparative Study of Eleven Equations of State in Predicting the Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrogen Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 35 3802 3811 2010