This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Criteria Emissions, Particle Number Emissions, Size Distributions, and Black Carbon Measurements from PFI Gasoline Vehicles Fuelled with Different Ethanol and Butanol Blends
Technical Paper
2013-01-1147
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The introduction of biofuels is seen as a very important measure
to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases from the transport
sector. Currently, ethanol is the most widely used renewable fuel
for transportation in the US and with the push to use increasingly
higher levels of renewable fuels, there has been an accompanying
push to further increase the ethanol level in gasoline. In addition
to ethanol, butanol, an alcohol which can be produced from biomass
sources, has recently received more attention as an alternative to
gasoline for use in spark ignition (SI) engines.
For this study, two 2007 model year and one 2012 model year
light-duty vehicles equipped with a three-way catalyst (TWC) were
employed. For the 2007 model year vehicles, emissions and fuel
economy measurements were made for E10 (reference fuel), E15, E20,
and B16 fuels. The latter corresponds to a blend of gasoline and
16% of butanol, which is the equivalent of E10 in terms of oxygen
content. For the 2012 passenger car, in addition to E10, E15, E20,
and B16, emissions and fuel economy tests were also made for
E10/B8. The alcohol mixture of E10/B8 is equivalent of E15 in terms
of oxygen content. Emissions measurements were performed over the
Federal Test Procedure (FTP) and the California Unified Cycle (UC)
test cycles for each vehicle/fuel combination on a chassis
dynamometer. Emissions included nitrogen oxides (NOx),
carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbons (THC), non-methane
hydrocarbons (NMHC), methane (CH₄), and carbon dioxide (CO₂).
Additionally, carbonyl compounds were also quantified in the
exhaust for all vehicle/fuel combinations over the FTP cycle.
Particle size and number were measured with a scanning mobility
particle sizer (SMPS) in tandem with a condensation particle
counter (CPC). The concentration of black carbon was also measured
with a Multi-Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP).
Recommended Content
Authors
- George Karavalakis - Univeristy of California, Riverside
- Daniel Short - University of California, Riverside
- Maryam Hajbabaei - University of California, Riverside
- Diep Vu - University of California, Riverside
- Mark Villela - University of California, Riverside
- Robert Russell - University of California, Riverside
- Thomas Durbin - University of California, Riverside
- Akua Asa-Awuku - University of California, Riverside
Citation
Karavalakis, G., Short, D., Hajbabaei, M., Vu, D. et al., "Criteria Emissions, Particle Number Emissions, Size Distributions, and Black Carbon Measurements from PFI Gasoline Vehicles Fuelled with Different Ethanol and Butanol Blends," SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-1147, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-1147.Also In
References
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Fuels and Fuel Additives, Renewable Fuel Standard http://www.epa.gov/otaq/fuels/renewablefuels
- Irimescu , A. Performance and fuel conversion efficiency of a spark ignition engine fueled with iso- butanol Applied Energy 96 477 483 2012
- Szwaja , S. and Naber , J.D. Combustion of n-butanol in a spark-ignition IC engine Fuel 89 1573 1582 2010
- Merola , S.S. , Tornatore , C. , Marchitto , L. , Valentino , G. et al. Experimental investigations of butanol-gasoline blends on the combustion process in a SI engine International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering 3 6 1 14 2012
- Jin , C. , Yao , M. , Liu , H. , Lee , C.F.F. et al. Progress in the production and application of n-butanol as a biofuel Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 4080 4106 2011
- Yang , J. , Yang , X. , Liu , J. , Han , Z. et al. Dyno Test Investigations of Gasoline Engine Fueled with Butanol- Gasoline Blends SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-1891 2009 10.4271/2009-01-1891
- Yacoub , Y. , Bata , R. , Gautam , M. The performance and emission characteristics of C1-C5 alcohol-gasoline blends with matched oxygen content in a single-cylinder spark ignition engine Proc Instn Mech Engrs, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 212 363 379 1998
- Wallner , T. Correlation between speciated hydrocarbon emissions and flame ionization detector response for gasoline/alcohol blends Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 133 1 8 2011
- Marriott , C. , Wiles , M. , Gwidt , J. , and Parrish , S. Development of a Naturally Aspirated Spark Ignition Direct-Injection Flex-Fuel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-0319 10.4271/2008-01-0319
- Schifter , I. , Diaz , L. , Rodriguez , R. , Salazar , L. Oxygenated transportation fuels. Evaluation of properties and emission performance in light-duty vehicles in Mexico Fuel 90 779 788 2011
- Knoll , K. , West , B. , Huff , S. , Thomas , J. et al. Effects of Mid-Level Ethanol Blends on Conventional Vehicle Emissions SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-2723 2009 10.4271/2009-01-2723
- Durbin , T.D. , Miller , J.W. , Younglove , T. , Huai , T et al. Effects of Fuel Ethanol Content and Volatility on Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions for the Latest Technology Gasoline Vehicles Environ Sci Technol 41 4059 4064 2007
- Karavalakis , G. , Durbin , T.D. , Shrivastava , M. , Zheng , Z. et al. Impacts of ethanol fuel level on emissions of regulated and unregulated pollutants from a fleet of gasoline light-duty vehicles Fuel 93 549 558 2012
- Graham , L.A. , Belisle , S.L. , Baas , C.L. Emissions from light duty gasoline vehicles operating on low blend ethanol gasoline and E85 Atmospheric Environment 42 4498 4516 2008
- Bielaczyc , P. , Woodburn , J. , Klimkiewicz , D. , Pajdowski , P. et al. An examination of the effect of ethanol- gasoline blends' physicochemical properties on emissions from a light-duty spark ignition engine Fuel Processing Technology Article in Press 2012
- Knoll , K. , West , B. , Clark , W. , Graves , R. , Orban , J. , Przesmitzki , S. , Theiss , T. Effects of intermediate ethanol blends on legacy vehicles and small non-road engines Report 1 - Updated. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Final Report NREL/TP-540-43543 February 2009
- Clairotte , M. , Adam , T.W. , Zardini , A.A. , Manfredi , U. et al. Effects of low temperature on the cold start gaseous emissions from light duty vehicles fuelled by ethanol-blended gasoline Applied Energy Article in Press 2012
- Gautam , M. , Martin , D.W. , Carder , D. Emissions characteristics of higher alcohol/gasoline blends Proc Instn Mech Engrs, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 214 165 182 2000
- Rakopoulos D.C. , Rakopoulos , C.D. , Hountalas , D.T. , Kakaras , E.C. et al. Investigation of the performance and emissions of bus engine operating on butanol/diesel fuel blends Fuel 89 2781 2790 2010
- Sukjit , E. , Herreros , J.M. , Dearn , K.D. , Garcia-Contreras , R. et al. The effect of the addition of individual methyl esters on the combustion and emissions of ethanol and butanol-diesel blends Energy 42 364 374 2012
- Wallner , T. , Miers , S.A. , McConnell , S. A comparison of ethanol and butanol as oxygenteds using a direct-injection, spark-ignition engine Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 131 1 9 2009
- Cooney , C. , Wallner , T. , McConnell , S. , Gillen , J.C. et al. Effects of blending gasoline with ethanol and butanol on engine efficiency and emissions using a direct- injection, spark-ignition engine Proceedings of the ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division 2009 Spring Technical Conference, ICES2009-76155 May 6 9 2009 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Dernotte , J. , Mounaim-Rousselle , C. , Halter , F , Seers , P. Evaluation of butanol-gasoline blends in a port fuel- injection, spark-ignition engine Oil & Gas Science and Technology-Rev. IFP 65 345 351 2010
- Broustail , G. , Halter , F. , Seers , P. , Moreac , G. et al. Comparison of regulated and non-regulated pollutants with iso-octane/butanol and iso-octane/ethanol blends in a port-fuel injection spark-ignition engine Fuel 94 251 261 2012
- Schulz , M. and Clark , S. Vehicle emissions and fuel economy effects of 16% butanol and various ethanol blended fuels (E10, E20, and E85) Journal of ASTM International 8 2 1 19 2011
- Siegl , W. , Richert , J. , Jensen , T. , Schuetzle , D. et al. Improved Emissions Speciation Methodology for Phase II of the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program - Hydrocarbons and Oxygenates SAE Technical Paper 930142 1993 10.4271/930142
- Zervas , E. , Montagne , X. , Lahaye , J. Emissions of regulated pollutants from a spark ignition engine. Influence of fuel and air/fuel equivalence ratio Environ Sci Technol 37 3232 3238 2003
- Gu , X. , Huang , Z. , Cai , J. , Wu , X. Emissions characteristics of a spark-ignition engine fuelled with gasoline-n-butanol blends in combination with EGR Fuel 93 611 617 2012
- Liu , F.J. , Liu , P. , Zhu , Z. , Wei , Y.J. et al. Regulated and unregulated emissions from a spark-ignition engine fuelled with low-blend ethanol-gasoline mixtures Proc Instn Mech Engrs, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 226 517 528 2012
- Koc , M. , Sekmen , Y. , Topgul , T. , Yucesu H.S. The effects of ethanol-unleaded gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a spark-ignition engine Renewable Energy 34 2101 2106 2009
- Alasfour , F.N. NO x emissions from a spark ignition engine using 30% iso-butanol-gasoline blend: Part2- ignition timing Applied Thermal Engineering 18 609 618 1998
- Grosjean , D. , Grosjean , E. , Gertler , A.W. On-road emissions of carbonyls from light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles Environ Sci Technol 35 45 53 2001
- Wallner , T. and Frazee , R. Study of Regulated and Non- Regulated Emissions from Combustion of Gasoline, Alcohol Fuels and their Blends in a DI-SI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-1571 2010 10.4271/2010- 01-1571
- Zervas , E. , Montagne , X. , Lahaye , J. Emission of alcohols and carbonyl compounds from a spark ignition engine. Influence of fuel and air/fuel equivalence ratio Environ Sci Technol 36 2414 2421 2002
- Poulopoulos , S.G. , Samaras , D.P. , Philipopoulos , C.J. Regulated and unregulated emissions from an internal combustion engine operating on ethanol-containing fuels Atmospheric Environment 35 4399 4406 2001
- Szybist , J.P. , Youngquist , A.D. , Barone , T.L. , Storey , J.M. et al. Ethanol blends and engine operating strategy effects on light-duty spark-ignition engine particle emissions Energy & Fuels 25 4977 4985 2011
- He , X. , Ratcliff , M.A. , Zigler , B.T. Effects of gasoline direct injection engine operating parameters on particle number emissions Energy & Fuels 26 2014 2027 2012
- McEnally , C. and Pfefferle , L. Fuel decomposition and hydrocarbon growth processe for oxygenated hydrocarbons: butyl alcohols Proc Combust Inst 30 1363 1370 2005
- Dutcher , D.D. , Stolzenburg , M.R. , Thomspon , S.L. , Medrano , J.M. et al. Emissions from ethanol-gasoline blends: A single particle perspective Atmosphere 2 182 200 2011
- Liggio , J. , Gordon , M. , Smallwood , G. , Li , S.M. et al. Are emissions of black carbon from gasoline vehicles underestimated? Insights from near and on-road measurements Environ Sci Technol 46 4819 4828 2012
- Jiang , M. , Marr , L.C. , Dunlea E.J. , Herndon , S.C. et al. Vehicle emissions of black carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and other pollutants measured by a mobile laboratory in Mexico City Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5 3377 3387 2005