This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Detailed Evaluation of a New Semi-Empirical Multi-Zone NO x Model by Application on Various Diesel Engine Configurations
Technical Paper
2012-01-1156
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The present paper deals with the development and evaluation of a new semi-empirical, pseudo-multi-zone model capable of estimating NOx emissions for various types of diesel engines and also different engine configurations. The specific model is physically based due to the use of the first thermodynamic law and the consideration of combustion chemistry and dissociation of the combustion products during the closed part of the engine cycle. The model estimates the fuel burning rate through Heat Release Rate Analysis of the measured cylinder pressure which is then coupled to a simplified multi-zone approach, assuming that each element of fuel burns individually at controlled conditions having from this point on its own history inside the combustion chamber. From this procedure, a simplified multi-zone semi-empirical model is developed, that accounts for the temperature distribution inside the combustion chamber and its evolution during an engine operating cycle. On the other hand, O₂ availability is accounted for though the mean equivalence ratio value and the instantaneous gas composition (i.e., EGR). Nevertheless, to qualitatively improve calculated NOx emissions, an empirical correlation is used in the simulation for the estimation of equivalence ratio inside each fuel package. In this empirical formula is used the mean equivalence ratio and a theoretical constant which represents the equivalence ratio that results to a peak value for NOx emissions. For the quantitative improvement of calculated results, a constant scaling factor was finally used. The major inputs for the model are the measured pressure diagram, the basic engine geometry, engine speed, fuel consumption and intake air characteristics. The model was validated on two different diesel engine types: a DI medium-duty truck engine and a small passenger car engine with pilot fuel injection. For the first engine, the ability of the model to estimate NOx at all load points foreseen in the European Stationary Cycle (ESC) was evaluated. For the second engine, model"s predictive ability is examined as far as the effect of common rail injection pressure and Exhaust Gas Recirculation rate (EGR) is concerned at various speeds and loads. As revealed, the obtained results indicate a good agreement against measured NOx tailpipe values and thus the proposed model appears to be a promising tool for the development of a fast and reliable NOx model that can be coupled to simple performance models. Furthermore, the proposed model can be used for the prediction of NOx emissions in cases where cylinder pressure measurement is available. The last is now becoming more and more standard practice especially in slow speed large marine engine and engines used for power generation. NOx emissions are important and in most cases they can be controlled if their formation mechanism is properly estimated.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Savva, N. and Hountalas, D., "Detailed Evaluation of a New Semi-Empirical Multi-Zone NOx Model by Application on Various Diesel Engine Configurations," SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1156, 2012, https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-1156.Also In
References
- Arsie, I. Caraceni, A. Cioffi, P. Genova, F. Flauti, G. Pianese, C. Rizzo, G. Sorrentino, M. “A Single-Zone Model for Combustion and NOx Simulation in Common-Rail Multi-Jet Diesel Engines” 6th International Conference on Engines for Automobile 2003
- Cakir, H. “Nitric Oxide Formation in Diesel Engines” IMechE 188 477 483 1974 10.1243/PIME_PROC_1974_188_057_02
- Ishida, M. Ueki, H. Matsumura, N. Yumaguchi, M. Luo, G.F. “Diesel Combustion Analysis Based on Two-Zone analysis (Comparison between Model Analysis and Experiment)” JSME 39 1 185 192 1996 13408054
- Wilhelmsson, C. Tunestål, P. Widd, B. Johansson, R. “A Physical Two-Zone NO x Model Intended for Embedded Implementation,” SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-1509 2009 10.4271/2009-01-1509
- Kouremenos, D. Rakopoulos, C. Hountalas, D. “Multi-Zone Combustion Modelling for the Prediction of Pollutants Emissions and Performance of DI Diesel Engines,” SAE Technical Paper 970635 1997 10.4271/970635
- Jung, D. Assanis, D. “Multi-Zone DI Diesel Spray Combustion Model for Cycle Simulation Studies of Engine Performance and Emissions,” SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-1246 2001 10.4271/2001-01-1246
- Reitz, R.D. Rutland, C.J. “Development and Testing of Diesel Engine CFD Models” Prog. Energy Cumbust. Sci. 21 2 173 196 1995 10.1016/0360-1285(95)00003-Z
- Hountalas, D.T. Savva, N. Papagiannakis, R.G. “Development of a New Physically Based Semi-Empirical NOx Model Using the Measured Cylinder Pressure” THIESEL 2010 Conference on Thermo-and Fluid Dynamic Processes in Diesel Engines Valencia, Spain 341 356 Sept. 14 17 2010
- Andersson, M. Johansson, B. Hultqvist, A. Noehre, C. “A Predictive Real Time NOx Model for Conventional and Partially Premixed Diesel Combustion,” SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3329 2006 10.4271/2006-01-3329
- Gartner, U. Hohenberg, G. Daudel, H. Oelschlegel, H. “Development and Application of a Semi - Empirical NOx Model to Various HD Diesel Engines” Thiesel 2002 Conference on thermo and Fluid Dynamic Processes in Diesel Engines Valencia, Spain 2002
- Timoney, D. J. Desantes, J. M. Harnandez, L. Lyons, C. M. “The development of a semi-empirical model for rapid NOx concentrations evaluation using measured in cylinder pressure in Diesel engines” IMechE, Part D: J. Automobile Engineering 219 2005 10.1243/095440705X11095
- Arrègle, J. López, J. Guardiola, C. Monin, C. “Sensitivity Study of a NOx Estimation Model for On-Board Applications,” SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-0640 2008 10.4271/2008-01-0640
- Rakopoulos, C. Hountalas, D. “Development and Validation of a 3-D Multi-Zone Combustion Model for the Prediction of DI Diesel Engines Performance and Pollutants Emissions,” SAE Technical Paper 981021 1998 10.4271/981021
- Heywood, J.B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals New York McGraw-Hill 1988
- Ramos, J.I. Internal Combustion Engine Modeling New York Hemisphere 1989
- Cengel, Y.A. Boles, M. Thermodynamics - An Engineering Approach McGraw-Hill 2006
- Rakopoulos, C.D. Antonopoulos, K.A. Rakopoulos, D.C. “Experimental heat release analysis and emissions of a HSDI diesel engine fueled with ethanol-diesel fuel blends” J. Energy 32 10 1791 1808 Oct. 2007 10.1016/j.energy.2007.03.005
- Katrašnik, T. Trenc, F. Oprešnik, S.R. “A New Criterion to Determine the Start of Combustion in Diesel Engines” ASME 128 928 933 Oct. 2006 10.1115/1.2179471
- Rakopoulos, C.D. Hountalas, D.T. Tzanos, E.I. Taklis, G.N. “A fast algorithm for calculating the composition of diesel combustion products using an eleven species chemical equilibrium scheme” Advances in Engng Software 19 2 109 119 1994 10.1016/0965-9978(94)90064-7
- Vickland, C. Strange, F. Bell, R. Starkman, E. “A Consideration of the High Temperature Thermodynamics of Internal Combustion Engines,” SAE Technical Paper 620564 1962 10.4271/620564
- Way, R.J.B. “Methods for determination of composition and thermodynamic properties of combustion products for internal combustion engine calculation” Proc. Instn. Mech. Engrs 190 687 697 1976 10.1243/PIME_PROC_1976_190_073_02
- Lavoie, G.A. Heywood, J.B. Keck, J.C. “Experimental and theoretical study of nitric oxide formation in internal combustion engines” Combustion Science and Technology 1 313 326 1970
- Zeldovich, Y.B. “The Oxidation of Nitrogen in Combustion and Explosions” Acta Physiochimica USSR 21 577 628 1946
- Zeldovich, Y.B. Sadonikov, P.Y. Frank-Kamenetskii, D.A. “Oxidation of nitrogen in combustion” Academy of Sciences USSR 1947
- Brunt, M. Lucas, G. “The Effect of Crank Angle Resolution on Cylinder Pressure Analysis,” SAE Technical Paper 910041 1991 10.4271/910041
- Benson, R.S. Whitehouse, N.D. Internal combustion engines Oxford Pergamon 1979
- McBride, B.J. Zehe, M.J. Gordon, S. “NASA Glenn Coefficients for Calculating Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Spesies” NASA Cleveland, Ohio NASA/TP-2002-211556 2002
- Annand, W.J.D. “Heat transfer in the cylinders of reciprocating internal combustion engines” Proc. Inst. Mech. Engrs 177 973 990 1963 10.1243/PIME_PROC_1963_177_069_02
- Annand, W.J.D. “Instantaneous Heat Transfer Rates to the Cylinder Head Surface of a Small Compression-Ignition Engine” Proc. of the Inst. of Mech. Engin. 185 976 987 1970 10.1243/PIME_PROC_1970_185_110_02
- Heywood, J.B. Sher, E. The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine Taylor & Francis 1999
- Roger, A.S. “Transport Coefficients for the NASA Lewis Chemical Equilibrium Program” NASA Cleveland, Ohaio 1995
- TEMA Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 7th New York, 10591, USA 1988
- Katz, D.L. Handbook of Natural Gass Engineering New York McGraw-Hill 1959
- Arsie, I. Pianese, C. Rizzo, G. “Cylinder Thermal State Detection from Pressure Cycle in SI Engine” International Conference on Internal Combustion Engines: Experiments and Modeling Capri 1999 88-900399-06
- Anatone, M. Cipollone, R. “A Contribution in Calculating the Thermal Fields in Internal Combustion Engines Components,” SAE Technical Paper 961127 1996 10.4271/961127
- Ferguson, R.C. Internal Combustion Engines New York J. Wiley 1986
- Eckert, E.R.G. Drake Robert, M. Jr. Analysis os Heat and Mass Transfer Hemisphere Publishing Corporation 1989 0-89116-553-3
- Kouremenos, D. Hountalas, D. Binder, K. Raab, A. et al. “Using Advanced Injection Timing and EGR to Improve DI Diesel Engine Efficiency at Acceptable NO and Soot Levels,” SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0199 2001 10.4271/2001-01-0199
- Hanson, R.K. Salimian, S. “Survey of Rate Constants in H/N/O Systems” Combustion Chemistry 341 1984
- Hamming, R.W. Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers Sec. New York Dover Publications 1962 1973
- Stone, R. Introduction to internal combustion engines 3rd London Macmillan 1999
- FDBR Fachverband Dampfkessel, Berhalter Rohrleirungen
- Hernández, J.J. Pérez-Collado, J. Sanz-Argent, J. “Role of the Chemical Kinetics on Modeling NOx Emissions in Diesel Engines” Energy & Fuels 22 262 272 2008 10.1021/ef700448w
- ANSYS FLUENT “Pollutant Formation,” ANSYS FLUENT 12.0 Theory Guide 2009 2
- Li, G. Sapsford, S.M. “CFD Simulation of HSDI Engine Combustion Using VECTIS” Ricardo Consulting Engineer's Ltd. Shoreham-by-Sea, UK
- Tanaka, T. Ando, A. Ishizaka, K. “Study on Pilot Injection of DI Diesel Engine Using Common-Rail Injection System” JSAE 23 3 297 302 2002 10.1016/S0389-4304(02)00195-9
- Minami, T. Takeuchi, K. Shimazaki, N. “Reduction of Diesel Engine NOx Using Pilot Injection,” SAE Technical Paper 950611 1995 10.4271/950611
- Rakopoulos, C.D. Hountalas, D.T. Taklis, G.N. Tzanos, E.I. “Analysis of combustion and pollutants formation in a direct injection diesel engine using a multi-zone model” Energy Res. 19 1 63 88 1995 10.1002/er.4440190109
- Ladommatos, N. Abdelhalim, S. Zhao, H. Hu, Z. “The Dilution, Chemical, and Thermal Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Diesel Engine Emissions - Part 1: Effect of Reducing Inlet Charge Oxygen,” SAE Technical Paper 961165 1996 10.4271/961165
- Herzog, P. Bürgler, L. Winklhofer, E. Zelenka, P. et al. “NOx Reduction Strategies for DI Diesel Engines,” SAE Technical Paper 920470 1992 10.4271/920470
- Benajes, J. Molina, S. García, J. Novella, R. “Influence of Boost Pressure and Injection Pressure on Combustion Process and Exhaust Emissions in a HD Diesel Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1842 2004 10.4271/2004-01-1842