This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Does European Type Approval Procedure Encourage the Diffusion of Hybrid and Other Low Emission Vehicles?
Technical Paper
2010-01-1445
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
European Type approval procedure defines a synthetic driving cycle (the NEDC) over which one vehicle per type has to be tested. Euro 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 differ (beside vehicle preconditioning and warm-up procedures introduced since Euro 3) only because limits for the different pollutants have been progressively lowered.
This paper analyses through a number of experimental tests on spark-ignition cars, a hybrid and a conventional vehicle, the driving conditions responsible for most of the emissions and assesses how such conditions are reproduced by the type approval test.
The engine conditions mostly responsible for emissions are: warm-up phase, full loads and transients. Only the warm-up is well covered by the NEDC for vehicles with more than 35 kW/ton power-weight ratio.
Tests performed with the Honda Hybrid (the low environmental impact vehicle) and with the Alfa Romeo 147 1.6 (the conventional vehicle) showed how on the NEDC most emissions are produced in the warm up phase and are of the same order of magnitude for both cars while on more realistic driving cycles (ARTEMIS cycles have been used here) the capacity of the Hybrid to mitigate the transients effects results in a much lower emission rate. Full load conditions are not kept under control by the Hybrid as by the conventional vehicle when the O2 exhaust sensor is disabled and the air-fuel ratio is no more stoichiometric.
Even though this paper has not tested all possible vehicles types, it shows that European type approval procedure has some weaknesses in accounting for the main causes of vehicle emissions. Any new procedure addressing better transients and full load conditions would help the diffusion of low emission vehicles like hybrids more than progressively lowering the allowed emission thresholds on current type approval procedure.
Authors
Citation
Alessandrini, A., Costagliola, M., Orecchini, F., Ortenzi, F. et al., "Does European Type Approval Procedure Encourage the Diffusion of Hybrid and Other Low Emission Vehicles?," SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-1445, 2010, https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-1445.Also In
References
- Colwill D. M. Hickman A. J. Waterfield V. H. “Exhaust emissions from cars in service - changes with amendments to ECE Regulation 15” Supplementary Report 840 Transport and Road Research Laboratory Crowthorne, UK 1985
- Arpa Lombardia (Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'ambiente) “Rapporto sullo stato dell'ambiente in Lombardia, 2004” http://www.arpalombardia.it
- Borgarello, L. Fortunato, A. Gortan, L. Mina, L. et al. “Preliminary results on emissions and driving behaviour of ATENA fleet test project in Naples,” SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-083
- Alessandrini A. Orecchini F. Ortenzi F. Campbell F. Villatico “Drive-style emission testing on conventional and hybrid vehicles to measure real road transport emissions” European Transport Research Review 1 2 2009 57 66
- André M. The ARTEMIS European driving cycles for measuring car pollutant emissions Science of the Total Environment 2004 334 335 73 84
- André M. Jourmard R. Vidon R. Tassel P. Perret P. “Real-world European driving cycles, for measuring pollutant emissions from high- and low-powered cars” Atmospheric Environment 2006 40 5944 5953
- Ortenzi, F. Villatico Campbell, F. Zuccari, F. Ragona, R. “Experimental Measurement of the Environmental Impact of a Euro IV Vehicle in its Urban Use,” SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0966 2007
- Alessandrini A. Filippi F. Orecchini F. Ortenzi F. “A New Method To Collect Vehicle Behaviour in Daily Use For Energy and Environmental Analysis” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers -Part D- Journal of Automobile Engineering 0954-4070 220 11 Nov 2006