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This document recommends criteria for the layout and for the design, installation, and operation of flight deck facilities for transport aircraft.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, flash-welded rings up through 10.000 inches (254.00 mm), inclusive, in diameter or least distance between parallel sides, and stock of any size for forging or flash-welded rings.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
AMS3970/6 Material Specification (MS) defines the requirements of carbon fiber plain weave fabric, 193 g/m2, reinforced epoxy structural prepreg for repair, curing under vacuum at 120 °C (250 °F), and a companion non-structural glass fiber fabric reinforced epoxy prepreg, 105 g/m2, used in repair of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy structures and qualified according to AMS3970/1 and AMS3970/2 for aerospace applications. The prepreg system may include an epoxy film adhesive to be applied in a co-curing process with the prepreg for joint and sandwich bonding. The need for a film adhesive shall be established during screening tests. If included, the requirements to be met by the adhesive are also defined in this document.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
Autonomous reconnaissance in unknown or contested environments demands robust perception systems capable of identifying diverse objects without prior training data. This paper presents HybridNAV, a hybrid framework that combines multiple foundation models with an adaptive navigation system for zero-shot object detection and autonomous exploration. Unlike monolithic detection models, HybridNAV’s multi-model fusion achieves balanced precision (0.60) and recall (0.58) with a macro F-score of 0.59, representing a 24% improvement over single-model baselines. The adaptive navigation system reduces scan time by 25% and path length by 30% compared to static waypoint approaches, while operating in real-time at 3.2 Hz with sub-100 msec latency on resource-constrained hardware. All processing is performed locally on the robotic platform, eliminating reliance on external communication infrastructure—a critical requirement for operations in communication-denied environments. We evaluate HybridNAV in both simulated indoor scenes and physical robot trials, demonstrating its effectiveness for intelligence gathering in unknown environments.
Indurthi, HemanthMartinson, Eric
Maintaining consistent object identities across multiple camera viewpoints is a critical challenge in synthetic perception environments used for autonomous ground vehicle evaluation. This paper presents a scene-level multi-view instance consistency framework that integrates OpenUSD scene composition, Omniverse Replicator synthetic-data generation, and a multi-feature vision fusion pipeline. The proposed approach combines semantic embeddings from CLIP, patch-level descriptors from DINOv2, geometric correspondences from LoFTR, mask-derived shape invariants using Hu moments, and relative-position priors to associate object instances across views, including visually identical objects. A compact composite scoring function fuses these complementary cues to achieve robust cross-view identity assignment while preserving OpenUSD asset modularity through grouped-prim support. Synthetic experiments across 120 multi-camera scenes demonstrate improved Top-1 Match Accuracy and Identity Consistency Rate, with reduced ID-switch occurrences compared to single-cue baselines. The framework supports scalable, repeatable, and traceable digital engineering workflows for defense-oriented perception evaluation.
Bhattacharya, SambitNakamoto, Kyle
This paper details the successful scaling demonstration of a comprehensive supply chain screening process for commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) motherboard subassemblies used in tactical servers for naval applications. Our approach leverages Power Fingerprinting (PFP) technology, which uses unintended analog emissions and machine learning to provide independent, non-destructive, and scalable integrity assessment of microelectronics. The primary goal of the effort was to demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of the PFP screening process without disrupting or delaying the manufacturing workflow. The screening successfully detected hardware and firmware modifications and identified two cases of abnormal behavior: unusual BIOS power reset and elevated CPU sensor readings on two motherboard subassemblies. Following our quality control forensic analysis, we determined the root cause of these anomalies and their potential impact on the host platform.
Aguayo Gonzalez, Carlos R.Roberson, Ken
Verification of functional requirements in Model-Based Systems Engineering environments remains fragmented across heterogeneous tools and manual processes. This paper presents a digital twin–enabled workflow that supports automated requirement verification through integration of SysML models, executable simulation environments, and verification evaluation functions. Within this scope, the objective is to formalize a verification workflow that preserves architectural abstraction while enabling automated, traceable, and simulation-driven evaluation of functional requirements. The approach establishes a continuous digital thread that maintains traceability between requirements, system architecture, and verification outcomes. The workflow is demonstrated using a differential-drive robotic platform, where sensor data availability and update rate verification are used as representative examples of digital twin-based functional requirement evaluation. Results illustrate the feasibility of incorporating digital twin-driven verification into model-centric engineering processes while maintaining consistent verification feedback within the system model. The demonstration produced both passing and failing verification outcomes, illustrating the workflow’s ability to surface requirement-design mismatches.
Zeki, OmarSahebsara, FaridTorkjazi, MohammadrezaHieb, Michael R.Raz, Ali K.
This paper details the development of an intelligence and inspection platform consisting of an attritable sub-250g UAV, a ground control station, and a visualization interface for users. The UAV architecture combines onboard obstacle detection and avoidance along with simultaneous localization and mapping to have full autonomous navigation inside of complicated GPS-denied environments. The ROS 2-to-Unreal Engine data pipeline allows for sensor fusion, data cleansing, and initial analysis as well as creation of a high-fidelity real-time 3D digital twin. The visualization interface allows users to easily identify critical features and turn data into intelligence to support decision making by soldiers and first responders.
Lee, Yeen K.Bainard, SeanShaughnessy, MichaelBolger, MattKoepp, R. TuckerSalehzadeh, RoyaMallory, StephenMynderse, James A.Guillen, PedroHernandez, Margarita
Digital engineering (DE) and model-based systems engineering (MBSE) improve traceability for requirements, architecture, and verification, but concept decisions—the governance events that turn evolving evidence into binding commitments—are poorly captured. Rationale, assumptions, alternatives, model baselines, and approval conditions are scattered across slides and minutes, limiting auditability, reproducibility, and automation. We propose a Decision Digital Thread (DDT): a typed graph schema that makes decisions governable by linking framing and scope, structured (including set-based) alternatives, uncertainty and risk, immutable evaluation-run provenance with reviewed evidence, and commitment events with machine-actionable conditions, authorized actions, and outcome feedback. DDT serves as the decision system of record and a contract between platform modules and enterprise policy while referencing MBSE/PLM/simulation artifacts via stable identifiers and configuration context. Policy-driven readiness gates block lifecycle transitions when evaluator coverage, evidence review, or bias checks are incomplete. An electric pickup range-extension case demonstrates auditable gates, evidence lineage, and safe AI-agent authority boundaries.
Chinnam, Ratna BabuMurat, AlperRana, SatyendraRapp, Stephen H.O’Bruba, Joseph G.McGregor, MichaelBechtel, James E.Costa, Laura W.
Advancements in autonomous ground vehicle technology have led to widespread developments in the field. Autonomous ground vehicles require robust emergency stop systems capable of safely managing system failures without human intervention. This paper presents an intelligent emergency stop system that combines minimum-jerk trajectory optimization, linear quadratic regulator path tracking control, and friction-aware velocity planning to perform collision avoidance maneuvers while bringing the vehicle to a controlled stop. The system is designed for implementation on a low-cost single board computer operating as an inline gateway between the main autonomy system and the vehicle CAN bus, providing redundancy against primary system failures. Simulation results, including a 1000-run Monte Carlo analysis, demonstrate robustness to vehicle parameter uncertainty while maintaining tire forces within friction limits. Live testing on a Lincoln MKZ sedan at 30 mph confirmed real-time operation on a $15 Raspberry Pi Zero 2 with lateral tracking errors of less than 15 cm.
Thompson, KyleBevly, David M.
Shrike Nano provides forward observers and small unmanned aerial system (sUAS) operators with an integrated solution to enhance target prosecution using sUAS video feeds and indirect fire systems. Operable within the Android Tactical Assault Kit (ATAK) ecosystem, Shrike Nano functions as a software plugin that interacts seamlessly with existing tools, including UAS Tool, Robot Picker, and Network Monitor. By utilizing either aided threat recognition (AiTR) or manual targeting workflows, along with passive single-camera geolocation, operators can nominate targets and correct shot placement via digital messaging to enterprise fires terminals such as the Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS). The system offers key advantages, including operator standoff capabilities, accurate geolocation, and streamlined fires messaging workflows, all while leveraging low-observable platforms. Shrike Nano seeks to bridge gaps in traditional targeting processes by providing a cohesive and efficient sensor-to-shooter workflow that reduces cognitive load and enables faster, more reliable fire missions at the tactical edge.
Baharanyi, Ali I.Tozzi, Gregory M.
Employment of Robotic and Autonomous Systems requires a different paradigm of mission planning. The GTRI Missioneer for Organic Collaborative Kill-Chains (MOCKS) effort was developed to mature the concepts of mission planning in light of autonomy, where the decision making is distributed across the battlespace and each individual entity has limited awareness of global state. The paper presents some initial characterizations of the impact of constraints on periods out of communication, or no-comms windows, on the number of resources required for missions of a certain operational area. This metric, along with the foundational metric of remaining effective range margin are foundational to robust a priori planning.
Spratley, Michael
This paper presents a cooperative object tracking framework that enables robots to share object observations, improving world model accuracy and consistency in environments with occlusions. An open-source, MHT-based object tracking package was applied in conjunction with an inter-robot communication system developed to fuse object observations across multiple robots. Experimental results demonstrate greater than 1.4-fold improvements in tracking performance in cluttered, occluded environments compared to individual tracking.
Kennedy, WilliamAlton, Nicholas
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are increasingly transforming Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) workflows by enabling faster design iterations and reducing computational costs. This paper presents the application of Ansys SimAI and Ansys GeomAI in modelling an automotive side impact scenario using high-fidelity data from LS-DYNA simulations. Two AI models are trained on datasets with systematically varied parameters: one encompassing pole impact position and door beam configurations, and another focusing on rocker panel reinforcements. Both models exhibit strong predictive performance, reliably capturing deformation patterns and force-time histories for previously unseen configurations. The datasets are subsequently merged to train a comprehensive surrogate model capable of simultaneously representing variations in pole position, door beam geometry, and rocker reinforcement design, demonstrating robust generalization across a multidimensional design space. To address the emerging bottleneck of geometry creation, GeomAI’s geometry exploration functionality is employed to generate new rocker reinforcement geometries from existing ones, which are then rapidly validated using the pre-trained surrogate model. The results confirm that LS-DYNA simulations can be leveraged effectively to build AI models that dramatically reduce design exploration time. With SimAI and GeomAI in the loop, CAE workflows can evolve from simulation-driven design toward AI-augmented autonomous engineering, where geometry generation, simulation, validation, and optimization converge into an intelligent closed loop.
Adya, SrikanthKaradogan, CelalettinVasu, Shyam S.Lazarov, NikolayHusek, MartinHaufe, André
Recent advancements in off-road autonomy have shown significant progress in perception, planning, and control frameworks, including end-to-end learning approaches. Comprehensive results have been demonstrated in both simulation and real-world experiments; however, there are significant challenges in critical cases that need further evaluation. One such challenge is the immobilization of autonomous ground vehicles (AGVs) in unstructured off-road environments, which can significantly impact agriculture, space exploration, military operations, and search and rescue missions. Addressing this problem requires recovery strategies that are context-sensitive, adaptable to terrain and vehicle conditions, and effective in integrating multimodal inputs. To this end, this paper investigates the use of a large multimodal model (LMM) providing higher-level planning assistance with human-in-the-loop evaluations for vehicle recovery after immobilization in unstructured off-road terrain. The experimental simulation platform developed was based on the Algoryx (AGX) Dynamics engine for high-fidelity terramechanics interaction and vehicle physics combined with Unreal Engine 5. This platform was further integrated with a driving simulator equipped with steering wheel and pedal interfaces for human-in-the-loop experiments. We evaluated ten representative unstuck scenarios across two deformable terrains (loose sand and compact sand) under two modes: an unskilled baseline, where participants attempted recovery unaided, and a co-intelligence mode, where participants used LMM advisory instructions. The results show that LMM assistance improved stuck recovery rates by 70% compared to unaided and unskilled human driving.
Bhosale, MayureshWhitson, Jordan A.Vahidi, ArdalanJia, Yunyi
Modern mission-critical ground vehicle systems must adapt to rapidly evolving threats, deploying changes in months or days while maintaining reliable and safe operation. Historic manual development and testing methods cannot keep pace without compromising safety assurances. Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) pipelines offer proven approaches to accelerating development, but implementing them for mission-critical systems requires careful attention to verification rigor. This paper presents a practical framework for implementing CI/CD pipelines across any level of rigor, from rapid prototyping to DO-178C and ISO 26262 certified systems. Drawing on experience from aviation, medical device, and ground vehicle development, the framework provides guidance for each pipeline stage based on the system’s desired level of rigor. This framework includes an examination of the value of Software-in-the-Loop vs Hardware-in-the-Loop testing to optimize development timelines while maintaining software quality.
Lingg, MichaelPaul, HowardSchulte, BrianWilkinson, Robert
Synthesizing novel camera views is important for autonomous ground vehicles, with applications in surround-view monitoring, occlusion recovery, and training data augmentation. We present View Translation, a geometry-guided latent diffusion framework that generates a target camera view from a source image, relative camera pose, and an available target-view depth prior. The method combines three components: a Vector Quantized Variational Autoencoder for compact latent encoding, a depth-based warping module that projects the source image into the target view to provide geometric guidance, and a ControlNet-augmented denoising UNet conditioned on source appearance, relative pose, and an auxiliary Image-Depth fusion network. Evaluated on KITTI and a simulated off-road dataset, our method achieves competitive FID while improving LPIPS and PSNR over baseline approaches, supporting cross-view synthesis for ground vehicle perception.
Mayekar, OmkarAiyetigbo, MarySalvi, AmeyaSamak, TanmaySamak, ChinmayDesjardins, BrendanSmereka, JonathonBrudnak, MarkKrovi, VenkatLuo, FengLi, Nianyi
Ground combat vehicles traditionally remain in service for decades, yet their rigid architectures make them costly to upgrade and slow to adapt to evolving threats. While the Department of War's 2025 Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) mandate aims to address this challenge, implementation barriers persist inconsistent vendor interpretations, physical and logical interoperability gaps, and IP complexities hinder progress. This paper proposes a reformed MOSA framework for ground vehicle Portfolio Acquisition Executives that redefines the government's role from system architect to ecosystem governor. The framework comprises four pillars: tiered standards balancing mandatory physical integration with vendor innovation, digital validation pipelines accelerating compliance verification, dynamic IP rights preventing vendor lock-in, and strategic portfolio management aligning investments with ground vehicle capability priorities. Special emphasis addresses integrating AI capabilities. This reformed approach enables rapid fielding of advanced ground vehicle capabilities at commercial innovation speed.
Dattathreya, Macam