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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

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Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response

EPR202501711/24/2025

The wing-in-ground effect (WIG) vehicle represents a significant advancement in aerodynamics and vehicle design, leveraging the ground effect phenomenon to enhance lift and reduce drag when flying close to the surface. This unique capability allows WIG vehicles to achieve higher payloads, longer range, and greater fuel efficiency compared to traditional aircraft, making them an attractive option for modern military and global disaster response applications. Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response discusses future disaster response, logistics, and military applications for WIG vehicles, including the ongoing development of aerospace and transportation technology. Relavant advancements in materials and propulsion systems holds promise for further enhancing WIG performance and operational range. Additionally, cost-effective and powerful flight computers with various types of mission-enabling sensor suites from the

Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering

EPR20250169/22/2025

Despite growing investments, the widespread adoption and scalable deployment of generative artificial intelligence (AI) remains a challenge due to data trustworthiness, regulatory uncertainty, interpretability, and ethical governance. The need to accelerate automation and maintain the human-in-the-loop demonstrates broader questions of responsibility and transparency. Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering investigates the transformative role of GenAI within aerospace engineering, examining its shift from conventional workflows toward more AI-driven solutions in design, manufacturing, and maintenance. It emphasizes GenAI’s emerging ability to automate repetitive mundane tasks, reduce design complexity, and optimize engineering pipelines. The report underscores the need for validation methods that must align AI-generated outputs with physics-informed models, integration with legacy engineering tools (e.g., computational fluid dynamics, finite element analysis, digital twins), and

Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles

EPR20250159/22/2025

The next generation of mobility, driven by shared, driverless, connected, and electrified vehicles, holds strong potential to advance sustainability through lower emissions and improved resource efficiency. However, critical questions remain regarding their true environmental impact, including battery lifecycle management, material consumption, and circular manufacturing practices. Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles explores these unresolved issues, focusing on the shift from internal combustion to electric vehicles, supply chain challenges, regulatory gaps, and the operational realities of sustainable productization. It also critically examines the risks of greenwashing, the need for consistent standards, and the role of intersectoral collaboration—with energy, urban planning, information and communications technologies, and waste management sectors—in building resilient, scalable solutions. The report provides strategic recommendations and

Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features

EPR20250138/13/2025

Advanced technologies that assist the human driver or reduce (or even eliminate) the human driver’s role are becoming increasingly prevalent in new light-duty vehicles used by the general public. These technologies are divided between Active Safety features that monitor the human driver and vehicle motion and act intermittently to mitigate and avoid crashes, and Driving Automation features that assume some or all of the dynamic driving task from the human driver. Both types of technologies have the potential to reduce injuries and save lives by reducing the frequency and/or severity of crashes. Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features addresses the current capabilities and future potential for Active Safety and Driving Automation features to reduce crash frequency and severity and provides an overview of the state of the industry for both types of features, including current deployments, trends, and anticipated rollouts. Gaps in knowledge, unsettled issues, and

Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots

EPR20250128/13/2025

The automation of labor-intensive picking and planting operations is having an immediate impact in the agricultural indutry. In its simplest form, robotic automation can reduce the labor and soil disturbance while enabling organic soil cover and increasing species diversification through precision approaches to planting, weeding, and spraying. With this, pesticides and fertilizers can be applied in a more targeted way, and with machinery visiting fields more frequently, earlier and more targeted intervention can occur before pests become established. Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots identifies issues that need to be resolved fo for this technology to thrive, including improving methods of acquiring and labeling training data to facilitate more accurate models for specific applications. It also discusses concepts such as general-purpose mechanical platforms for use as carriers of agricultural automation systems with high stability, positional accuracy, and variable

Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles

EPR20250147/18/2025

Autonomous vehicle motion planning and control are vital components of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. Recent advances in both data- and physical model-driven methods have improved driving performance, yet current technologies still fall short of achieving human-level driving in complex, dynamic traffic scenarios. Key challenges include developing safe, efficient, and human-like motion planning strategies that can adapt to unpredictable environments. Data-driven approaches leverage deep neural networks to learn from extensive datasets, offering promising avenues for intelligent decision-making. However, these methods face issues such as covariate shift in imitation learning and difficulties in designing robust reward functions. In contrast, conventional physical model-driven techniques use rigorous mathematical formulations to generate optimal trajectories and handle dynamic constraints. Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-Driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and

Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

EPR20250115/21/2025

Driven by the vast consumer marketplace, the electronics megatrend has reshaped nearly every sector of society. The advancements in semiconductors and software, originally built to serve consumer demand, are now delivering significant value to non-consumer industries. Today, electronics are making inroads into traditionally conservative, safety-critical sectors such as automotive and aerospace. In doing so, electronics—now further propelled by artificial intelligence—are disrupting the functional safety architectures of these cyber-physical systems. Electronics have created the world of cyber-physical systems, raising broader concerns about the broader category of product assurance. Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence continues the work of previous SAE Edge Research Reports in examining open research challenges arising from this shift, particularly in automotive systems, as core electronic technologies (e.g., the combination of software and communications) have even

Edge Artificial Intelligence in Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mobility

EPR20250095/20/2025

With many stakeholders involved, and major investments supporting it, the advancements in automated driving (AD) are undoubtedly there. Generally speaking, the motivation for advancing AD is driver convenience and road safety. Regarding the development of AD, original equipment manufacturers, technology start-ups, and AD systems developers have taken different approaches for automated vehicles (AVs). Some manufacturers are on the path toward stand-alone vehicles, mostly relying on onboard sensors and intelligence. On the other hand, the connected, cooperative, and automated mobility (CCAM) approach relies on additional communication and information exchange to ensure safe and secure operation. CCAM holds great potential to improve traffic management, road safety, equity, and convenience. In both approaches, there are increasingly large amounts of data generated and used for AD functions in perception, situational awareness, path prediction, and decision-making. The use of artificial

Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management

EPR20250085/20/2025

The transportation industry is transforming with the integration of advanced data technologies, edge devices, and artificial intelligence (AI). Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are pivotal in optimizing traffic flow and safety. Central to this are transportation management centers, which manage transportation systems, traffic flow, and incident responses. Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management explores emerging trends in transportation data, focusing on data collection, aggregation, and sharing. Effective data management, AI application, and secure data sharing are crucial for optimizing operations. Integrating edge devices with existing systems presents challenges impacting security, cost, and efficiency. Ultimately, AI in transportation offers significant opportunities to predict and manage traffic conditions. AI-driven tools analyze historical data and current conditions to forecast future events. The importance of multidisciplinary approaches and

Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on Earth

EPR20250054/24/2025

Recent advances are reducing the cost of space launch, high specific power solar cells, and the production of satellite systems. Modular architectures with no moving parts and distributed power systems would minimize assembly and maintenance costs. Together, this may enable space-based solar power to provide decarbonized dispatchable power at a lower cost than equivalent technologies such as nuclear power stations. Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on Earth discusses the advances in emerging technologies, like thin film solar cells, reusable launch vehicles, and mass-produced modular satellite systems that would make economic space power feasible. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Latest Journal Issues

Browse All 16

Passenger Vehicle Systems

Electrified Vehicles

Advances and Current Practices in Mobility

Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy

Connected and Automated Vehicles

Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy

Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH

Transportation Safety

Alternative Powertrains

Commercial Vehicles

Engines

Materials and Manufacturing

Fuels and Lubricants

Aerospace

Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems

Recent Books

Browse All 721

Aerospace Standards Index - 2026

ASIN20262/25/2026

This valuable resource lists all Aerospace Standards (AS), Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP), Aerospace Information Reports (AIR), and Aerospace Resource Documents (ARD) published by SAE. Each listing includes title, subject, document number, key words, new and revised documents, and DODISS-adopted documents. AMS Index - Now Available!

Business Reliability Growth for Automotive Engineering, Volume 4

R-5522/17/2026

In a world where every business process is under pressure to perform faster, safer, and more reliably, this book delivers a powerful roadmap for sustained operational excellence. Centered on the proven methodology of Design of Experiments (DOE), it shows how organizations can move beyond reactive problem-solving to systematic reliability growth. From well-defined standard operating practices to management-level decision-making, the book connects strategy, data, and execution to create repeatable, measurable results across the enterprise. Readers are guided through practical, real-world applications of DOE, from selecting the right factors and levels to executing robust experiments, analyzing outcomes, validating solutions, and continuously monitoring performance. Each chapter translates complex statistical and engineering concepts into actionable business value, helping teams improve quality, reduce waste, and increase return on investment. Key capabilities explored in this book

January 2026 AMS Index

AMSJAN-20261/24/2026

Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels

R-5471/22/2026

As global energy demands rise and environmental challenges intensify, the aviation industry faces a critical need to redefine how it powers the skies. Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels presents a comprehensive, research-driven exploration of the transition from fossil-based fuels to renewable alternatives that promise to reshape the future of air transportation. This book bridges the gap between academic knowledge and industrial application, offering a detailed overview of the science, technology, and policy driving the adoption of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs). From understanding feedstocks and conversion pathways to evaluating production technologies, emissions performance, and life-cycle impacts, the text equips readers with a holistic understanding of SAFs within today’s global energy landscape. Across five insightful chapters, readers will find a clear roadmap: the evolution and importance of SAFs; production methods and technological foundations; environmental

SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles

R-5591/20/2026

The convergence of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and connected vehicle technologies is ushering in a transformative era of automotive innovation—one that is fundamentally enhancing vehicle safety, efficiency, reliability, and the overall driving experience. SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles stands as the definitive reference for this rapidly evolving domain, meticulously compiled to clarify and standardize the language shaping modern mobility. Inside, readers will find clear, authoritative definitions encompassing the full spectrum of technologies that enable connected and automated driving—including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication systems. This comprehensive resource translates complex engineering terminology into accessible language, enabling engineers, researchers, policymakers, educators, and enthusiasts to share a common technical foundation. Reflecting the latest

Safety, ADAS, and Cybersecurity: Vol. 4

EPRCOMPV01202512/29/2025

Infrastructure Enablers for Automation: Vol. 4

EPRCOMPV02202512/29/2025

Automated Vehicles: Development, Testing, and Validation: Vol. 4

EPRCOMPV03202512/29/2025

Commercial Vehicles: Vol. 2

EPRCOMPV05202512/29/2025

Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 : Vol. 2

EPRCOMPV06202512/29/2025

Recently Published

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Titanium Alloy, Bars, Wire, Forgings, and Rings, 6Al - 6V - 2Sn, Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated

AMS4979L (Current)

3/18/2026

This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars, wire, forgings, flash-welded rings 4.000 inches (101.60 mm) and under in nominal diameter or least distance between parallel sides, and stock of any size for forging or flash-welded rings (see 8.6).

AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee

CONNECTOR, RECEPTACLE, JAM NUT MOUNT, ELECTRICAL, CIRCULAR, HIGH DENSITY, QUICK DISCONNECT, ENVIRONMENT RESISTING, INDIVIDUAL RELEASE, CRIMP TYPE CONTACTS (CLASS A, F, AND W - SERIES 4)

AS81511/53B (Current)

3/18/2026

AE-8C1 Connectors Committee

BEARING, ROLLER, NEEDLE, TRACK ROLLER, CROWN RADIUSED OD INTEGRAL STUD, TYPE VII ANTIFRICTION, INCH

AS21447D (Current)

3/18/2026

ACBG Rolling Element Bearing Committee

Titanium Alloy Bars, Forgings, and Rings, 6Al - 4V Extra Low Interstitial (ELI), Duplex Annealed, Fracture Toughness

AMS4931H (Current)

3/18/2026

This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars 6.000 inches (152.40 mm) and under in nominal diameter or least distance between parallel sides, forgings, flash-welded rings 6.000 inches (152.40 mm) and under in thickness, and stock for forging and stock for flash-welded rings of any size (see 8.6).

AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee

Aluminum Alloy, Castings, 5.0Si - 1.2Cu - 0.50Mg (C355.0-T6), Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated

AMS4215L (Current)

3/18/2026

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sand, permanent mold, composite mold, and investment castings (see 8.6).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Aluminum Alloy Castings, 4.6Cu - 0.35Mn - 0.25Mg - 0.22Ti (A206.0-T7), Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated

AMS4235D (Current)

3/18/2026

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sand, permanent mold, and composite mold castings with nominal wall thicknesses of up to 1.0 inch (25.4 mm), inclusive (see 8.8).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Application Layer - Generator Sets and Industrial

J1939/75_202603 (Current)

3/18/2026

SAE J1939-75 defines the set of data parameters (SPs) and messages (PGs) for information predominantly associated with monitoring and control generators and driven equipment in electric power generation and industrial applications. The data parameters (SPs) and messages (PGs) previously published within this document are published in SAE J1939DA. Applications using the SAE J1939-75 document must refer to SAE J1939DA for the SAE J1939 parameters and messages for monitoring and controlling the power units, e.g., engines and turbines, that power the generators and driven industrial equipment.

Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee

BEARING, BALL, AIRFRAME, ANTIFRICTION, EXTRA LIGHT DUTY

AS27646E (Current)

3/18/2026

ACBG Rolling Element Bearing Committee

CONTACTS, ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR, SOCKET, CRIMP REMOVABLE (FOR MIL-C-81511 SERIES 2 CONNECTORS)

AS39029/46C (Current)

3/18/2026

AE-8C1 Connectors Committee

BEARING, ROLLER, NEEDLE, TRACK ROLLER, INTEGRAL HEAVY STUD, TYPE IX, ANTIFRICTION, INCH

AS21441D (Current)

3/18/2026

ACBG Rolling Element Bearing Committee

Use Cases for Customer Communication for Plug-In Electric Vehicles

J2836/5_202603 (Current)

3/18/2026

This SAE Information Report establishes the Use Cases for communications and customer-focused Key Performance Indicators (KPI) between plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and their customers. The Use Case Scenarios define the information to be communicated related to customer convenience features for charge on/off control, charge power curtailment, customer preference settings, charging status, electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) availability/access, and electricity usage, plus customer information resulting from conflicts to charging preferences. It also addresses the KPI that can provide a uniform set of metrics to quantitively assess the charging experience. This document only provides the Use Cases that define the communications requirements to enable customers to interact with the PEV and the KPI to optimize their experience with charging a PEV. Specifications such as protocols and physical transfer methods for communicating information are not within the scope of this document.

Hybrid - EV Committee

Nickel Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Seamless Tubing, 52.5Ni - 19Cr - 3.0Mo - 5.1Cb (Nb) 0.90Ti - 0.50Al - 18Fe (Inconel® 718), Consumable Electrode Remelted or Vacuum Induction Melted, 1775 °F (968 °C) Solution Heat Treated

AMS5589H (Current)

3/17/2026

This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of seamless tubing 0.125 inch (3.18 mm) and over in nominal OD with nominal wall thickness 0.015 inch (0.38 mm) and over.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Aluminum Alloy, Clad Two Sides Sheet, 1.25Mn - 0.12Cu (No. 12-O Brazing Sheet), Annealed

AMS4064H (Current)

3/16/2026

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of clad sheet 0.006 to 0.249 inch (0.015 to 6.32 mm), inclusive, in thickness (see 8.6).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Verification and Validation of AI/ML-Based Systems in Ground Vehicles

J3321_202603 (Current)

3/16/2026

This document intends to focus on AI/ML systems deployed on board and/or off board the vehicles, including the methods and tools used anywhere in the life cycle of automotive system development. This includes, for instance, AI/ML systems used in the identification of parameters, calibration of classical or neural network-based control algorithms, system level modeling and validation, data process automation pipeline such as automated labeling and annotation, data quality checks, etc. Furthermore, with the continued success of Generative AI (GenAI) capabilities, it is becoming a common practice to leverage these capabilities beyond just generating synthetic data. Multiple artifacts such as code, testing scenarios, and benchmarks could be developed using GenAI tools, necessitating the additional verification of these “generative” development steps. The fundamental challenge with generative methods is grounding, especially if data, scenes, and tests are used for the development of AI

Artificial Intelligence

STUD - STRAIGHT, KEY LOCKED, CRES SIMILAR TO UNS S66286 .2500-28 UNJF X .2500-28 UNJF

AS3091A (Current)

3/16/2026

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

CONNECTORS, ELECTRICAL, CIRCULAR, MINIATURE, COMPOSITE, HIGH DENSITY, QUICK COUPLING, ENVIRONMENT RESISTANT, REMOVABLE CRIMP CONTACTS, PLUG (SERIES B)

AS29600/22B (Current)

3/16/2026

AE-8C1 Connectors Committee

BEARING, BALL, AIRFRAME, ANTI-FRICTION, EXTRA WIDE, DOUBLE ROW, INTERMEDIATE DUTY, CORROSION-RESISTANT NITROGEN STEEL (CREN)

AS27647/1A (Current)

3/16/2026

ACBG Rolling Element Bearing Committee

Rods, Sheets, and Molded Shapes, Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), Unplasticized

AMS3650E (Current)

3/16/2026

This specification covers a 100% homopolymer of polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) in the form of rods, sheets, and molded shapes.

AMS P Polymeric Materials Committee

Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), Compression Molded, Heavy Sections, Unplasticized

AMS3645E (Current)

3/16/2026

This specification covers a 100% homopolymer of polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) in the form of sheet 0.250 inch (6.35 mm) and over in thickness, rod, heavy wall tubing, and large molded and machined parts.

AMS P Polymeric Materials Committee

Economic Feasibility Analysis of Second-Life Batteries in Electric Bus Charging Station at Stanford

14-15-02-0007

3/16/2026

Currently, a persistent concern arises regarding the management of retired Li-ion batteries from electric vehicles (EVs). A potential solution is to repurpose these batteries for less demanding applications, such as energy storage systems. Such repurposed batteries are commonly referred to as second-life batteries (SLBs). In this work, we explore the economic feasibility of implementing SLBs in Stanford University’s EV bus charging station via previously developed technoeconomic decision support model. The model simulates battery aging behaviors across various usage conditions, optimizing the operational parameters of SLBs. The estimated lifetime is expected to be 10 years in an optimal using condition. In addition, an economic sensitivity analysis explores the influences of various factors. Furthermore, we calculate the cost savings of total $82,500 over its second lifetime, which is derived from the adoption of SLB instead of new batteries.

Zhuang, Jihan, Chueh, William, Onori, Simona, Benson, Sally M.

Hose Assembly, Polytetrafluoroethylene, Metallic Reinforced, 4000 psi, 160 °F, Covered Pneumatic

AS38390A (Current)

3/16/2026

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the requirements for a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) lined, metallic reinforced, hose assembly suitable for use in high pressure, 4000 psi, pneumatic systems for aircraft and missile ground servicing applications at temperatures of -65 to 160 °F.

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies