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The following schematic diagrams reflect various methods of illustrating automotive transmission arrangements. These have been developed to facilitate a clear understanding of the functional interrelations of the gearing, clutches, hydrodynamic drive unit, and other transmission components. Two variations of transmission diagrams are used: in neutral (clutches not applied) and in gear. For illustrative purposes, some typical transmissions are shown.
Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice is derived from the FMVSS 105 vehicle test and applies to two-axle multipurpose passenger vehicles, trucks, and buses with a GVWR above 4540 kg (10000 pounds) equipped with hydraulic service brakes. There are two main test sequences: the Development Test Sequence for generic test conditions when not all information is available or when an assessment of brake output at different inputs is required, and the FMVSS Test Sequence when vehicle parameters for brake pressure as a function of brake pedal input force and vehicle-specific loading and brake distribution are available. The test sequences are derived from the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 105 (and 121 for optional sections) as single-ended inertia-dynamometer test procedures when using the appropriate brake hardware and test parameters. This recommended practice provides Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), brake and component manufacturers, and aftermarket suppliers with results related to
Truck and Bus Hydraulic Brake Committee
This SAE Standard defines the method for deriving and verifying the peening intensity exerted onto a part surface during shot peening or other surface enhancement processes.
Surface Enhancement Committee
This information report covers all known aircraft with respect to deicing operations, especially with regard to OEM pressure and temperature limitations on the airframe. It provides data for airlines/operators on compliance with OEM limits and confirms that OEM limits are not exceeded during deicing operations.
G-12M Methods Committee
This SAE AIR covers Forced Air technology including: reference material, equipment, safety, operation, and methodology. It is intended to provide pressure and temperature (temps pages 26 & 31) information and minimum safety guidelines regarding use of equipment to remove frozen contaminants related to: i) Forced air ii) Forced air/fluid iii) Deicing fluid
G-12M Methods Committee
This AIR is limited to the testing of an extra-high strength copper alloy and benchmark conductors utilizing the test protocol of AS6324. All samples are 19 strand unilay conductors per AS29606 at 24 or 26 AWG, either nickel or silver coated. At 24 AWG, extra-high strength copper alloy is compared to high strength copper alloy conductors. At 26 AWG, extra-high strength copper alloy is compared to high strength copper alloy and ultrahigh strength copper alloy conductors.
AE-8D Wire and Cable Committee
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
This SAE Standard covers cold drawn and annealed seamless low-carbon steel pressure tubing intended for use as hydraulic lines and in other applications requiring tubing of a quality suitable for flaring and bending. In an effort to standardize within a global marketplace and ensuring that companies can remain competitive in an international market it is the intent to convert to metric tube sizes which will: Lead to one global system Guide users to preferred system Reduce complexity Eliminate inventory duplications
Metallic Tubing Committee
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
This specification and its supplementary slash specifications establish the requirements for electrodeposition of metals by brush plating.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
This document establishes a minimum performance criteria for conventional towing systems for the towing interface between a tow vehicle and trailer up to 9072 kg (20000 pounds) Gross Trailer Weight Rating. This does not include weight distributing hitches. This creates the minimum performance criteria for the hitch, trailer attachment structure, coupling, and tow vehicle attachment structure. This standard may be used as a regulatory guide in the selection of products covered. This document is intended to be used voluntarily by the industry producing these products.
Trailer Committee
Automatic driving technology can achieve precise control of the vehicle. Compared with manual driving, it can greatly avoid bad driving behaviors such as rapid acceleration, rapid deceleration, and idle driving, more stable, efficient and safer control of vehicles, thus reducing energy consumption and pollution emissions, has great potential for eco-driving. Previous research on eco-driving car-following strategy is usually based on the current vehicle state. However, the real driving scene is extremely complex and changeable, which makes the existing research easy to fall into the dilemma of local optimal solution when dealing with complex long-term planning tasks, and it is difficult to gain comprehensive insight into the path of global optimal solution. According to the literature, bad driving behaviors such as rapid acceleration and rapid deceleration have a great impact on the energy consumption and emissions of vehicles, in order to realize eco-driving, planning control method
Luo, ShijeZhao, Qi
Hydrodynamic energy-saving devices are widely used in ship energy-saving technologies. To enhance the hydrodynamic performance of propellers, a novel annular free-rotating rotor was designed and installed aft of the KP505 propeller. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were used to evaluate its performance. Additionally, the hydrodynamic performance of single propellers and propellers with added appendages was compared and predicted under different advance coefficients, and the energy-saving effects were assessed. Results show that the propeller with the added appendage achieves a maximum improvement in propulsion efficiency of 6.59% at the design advance coefficient. This confirms that the annular free-rotating rotor has potential for enhancing propeller hydrodynamic performance.
Huang, TangyiLi, DongqinWang, YuLv, Gui
To address the rigid single-route adjustment problem in China's tobacco logistics, this work proposes an Improved NSGA-II and applies it to optimize cigarette distribution routes. First, a bi-objective model is established that comprehensively considers transportation costs and risks. Second, the algorithm is enhanced by introducing a multi-modal initialization strategy and adaptively adjusting crossover and mutation rates based on population entropy. Finally, validation through simulated data demonstrates that the Improved NSGA-II significantly enhances solution quality and diversity compared to traditional NSGA-II, highlighting its critical significance in the planning of cigarette distribution route.
Li, WenyongSun, QiLi, JiaweiLu, RuiLian, Guan
Identifying objects within images taken by unmanned aerial vehicles poses specific difficulties due to the aerial viewpoint, limited resolution, significant scale variation, and densely distributed targets. These issues hinder accurate identification, particularly of small objects. To mitigate these problems, we developed MSDFYOLO, a innovative architecture built upon YOLOv11, which integrates several structural and functional enhancements tailored for UAV-based imagery. Specifically, we develop the C3K2-GGCA module, an attention-based mechanism embedded in the backbone to better capture spatial dependencies and improve feature extraction. In addition, a lightweight attention strategy is employed to reduce complexity. We further introduce a small-object detection enhancement layer, an improved C2PSA module with deeper fusion between semantic and spatial features, and a multi-scale feature concatenation mechanism to strengthen information integration. To improve training stability and
Zhou, XingzhongLiu, QianHuang, Hanming
To address the challenges of high support deformation risk in soft rock tunnels of the Qinling Mountains and slow construction speeds in small-section tunnels due to spatial constraints, this study leverages the engineering geological characteristics of the region. These include predominantly mudstone and sandstone, well-developed joints and fissures, and moderately strong surrounding rock. Based on the Lianhua Mountain Tunnel project, the use of a cantilever roadheader in small-section tunnels with soft rock geology was introduced. Through in-depth research on adaptability and design parameters, it was demonstrated that the cantilever roadheader exhibits good adaptability in the soft rock regions of the Qinling Mountains and has significant potential for broader application. The application research results show that the cantilever roadheader causes minimal disturbance to the surrounding rock, resulting in smaller deformation. It also demonstrates a notable progress advantage in
Wu, JianminHu, RuoqiZhang, TeMeng, Xianghua
Letter from the Guest Editors
Assanis, DimitrisCho, SeokwonLawler, BenjaminPintor, Dario Lopez