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This experimental study compared a blend of diesel–DEE (DEE 40% v/v in diesel) with baseline diesel. This experimental study assesses different fuel injection strategies for controlling the in-cylinder charge stratification, such as single, double, and triple injections. The peak in-cylinder pressure under the partially premixed combustion mode was higher than conventional diesel combustion. Higher in-cylinder pressure with increasing dwell time was observed under triple injections. Retarding pilot injections increased the peak in-cylinder pressure. Conventional diesel combustion mode exhibited the highest brake thermal efficiency and lowest emissions with all injection strategies. A longer dwell time of 12° CA showed higher brake thermal efficiency, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide emissions, whereas hydrocarbon emissions were lower compared to a shorter dwell time of 6° CA. Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions increased, but nitric oxide and brake thermal efficiency were
Sonawane, UtkarshaAgarwal, Avinash Kumar
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are a promising technology for renewable power generation within various sectors, such as stationary power generation and heavy-duty mobile applications, due to their high energy conversion efficiency and lack of pollutant or carbon emissions. Despite these advantages, fuel cell adoption remains limited, partly due to the low durability, falling behind regulatory targets. With advancements being made across all components in fuel cell design in recent years, uniform flow distribution was identified as a key parameter for the longevity of fuel cells, requiring only small deviations within a few percent to prevent reactant shortages, localized hot spots, and cell failures. In commercially sized fuel cells, gas distribution zones using different architectures such as circular dots, shunts, or guide vanes are employed to optimize flow distribution. This study investigates circular dot matrix gas distribution zones using a newly developed parametric
Schuckert, MaximilianPrager, MaximilianHärtl, MartinJaensch, Malte
This SAE Standard covers normalized electric-resistance welded, cold-drawn, single-wall, low-carbon steel pressure tubing intended for use as pressure lines and in other applications requiring tubing of a quality suitable for bending, flaring, forming, and brazing. In an effort to standardize within a global marketplace and ensuring that companies can remain competitive in an international market it is the intent to convert to metric tube sizes which will: Lead to one global system Guide users to preferred system Reduce complexity Eliminate inventory duplications
Metallic Tubing Committee
This document is offered to provide state-of-the-art information about design factors that must be considered in the design of new or significantly modified engine test cells used to test propeller equipped turboprop engines in either QEC or bare engine configurations. The report does not address design considerations for test cells designed to test turboprop engines with dynamometer type load absorption devices because they are essentially tested as turboshaft engines. Design considerations for those test cells are presented in AIR4989, Reference 2.1.
EG-1E Gas Turbine Test Facilities and Equipment
This document provides the technical requirements for implementing the SAE J1939 Functional Safety Communication Protocol in a manner determined suitable for meeting industry applicable functional safety standards.
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
This SAE Standard is intended to provide a method to obtain repeatable measurements that accurately reflect true engine performance in customer service. Whenever there is an opportunity for interpretation of the standard, a good faith effort shall be made to obtain the engine’s typical in-service performance and avoid finding the best possible performance under the best possible conditions. Intentional biasing of engine component or assembly tolerances to optimize performance for this test is prohibited.
Engine Power Test Code Committee
This SAE Standard covers the engineering requirements for peening surfaces of parts by impingement of metallic shot, glass beads, or ceramic shot.
Surface Enhancement Committee
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of castings (see 8.11).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This document describes the functional safety (FuSa) assurance data to be included when communicating safety-related A_PDUs using either the Multi-PG service or the FD Transport service within an SAE J1939-22 protocol stack. It specifies the following: The parameters that make up the FuSa assurance information The behavioral requirements when producing and consuming FuSa assurance information The technical requirements for different FuSa profiles intended to meet different application requirements The trailer formats for the different FuSa profiles that can be incorporated into Multi-PG and FD Transport services This document does not specify the assignment of a FuSa profile to any values of the TOS and TF fields when using the Multi-PG service, or to any value of the AD TYPE field when using the FD Transport service; instead, SAE J1939-22, or an OEM in the manufacturer-specific ranges of these fields, specifies the assignments for these fields.
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice provides minimum performance target and uniform laboratory procedures for fatigue testing of wheels and demountable rims intended for normal highway use on trucks, buses, truck-trailers, and multipurpose vehicles. Users may establish design criteria exceeding the minimum performance target for added confidence in a design. The cycle target noted in Tables 1 and 2 are based on Weibull statistics using two parameter, median ranks, 50% confidence level and 90% reliability, and beta equal to two, typically noted as B10C50. For other wheels intended for normal highway use and temporary use on passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J328. For wheels used on trailers drawn by passenger cars, light trucks, or multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J1204. For bolt together military wheels, refer to SAE J1992. This document does not cover other special application wheels and rims.
Truck and Bus Wheel Committee
This SAE Standard covers normalized electric-resistance welded, cold-drawn, single-wall, low-carbon steel pressure tubing intended for use as pressure lines and in other applications requiring tubing of a quality suitable for bending, flaring, forming, and brazing. In an effort to standardize within a global marketplace and ensuring that companies can remain competitive in an international market it is the intent to convert to metric tube sizes which will: Lead to one global system Guide users to preferred system Reduce complexity Eliminate inventory duplications
Metallic Tubing Committee
This SAE Aerospace Information Report presents a glossary of terms commonly used in the ground delivery of fuel to an aircraft and pertinent terms relating to the aircraft being refueled.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Aluminum-lithium alloys are extensively used across various industries due to their exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, excellent fatigue/corrosion resistance and good thermal stability. These attributes, combined with improved weldability and ease of fabrication, make them ideal for lightweight engineering applications in sectors such as aerospace, automotive, and defense. Additive manufacturing (AM) offers unique opportunities to fully leverage the potential of aluminum-lithium alloys by enabling the fabrication of complex geometries, minimizing material waste, and supporting on-demand production. This paper explores the significance of lightweight materials, traces the evolution of aluminum-lithium alloys and provides a comprehensive overview of their AM. It discusses the properties and real-world applications of these alloys and examines various AM techniques employed in their processing. Key advancements in the AM of aluminum-lithium alloys are reviewed, including novel alloy
Santhana Babu, A.V.Antony Benson, B.Danusha, M.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
This information report identifies and evaluates isolation building blocks applicable to TA sandboxing within a HPSE. These building blocks can be used to support SAE J3101 TA requirements for sandboxing of TAs and secure communication between TAs. TAs must execute within their own trust domain to prevent compromise of the HPSE and other TAs. TA trust domain isolation strength may vary depending on the risk profile of the TA deployed, hence the requirement for isolation building blocks to match the risk profile. A multitenancy TA HPSE has a higher risk profile than multiple TAs from the same source (e.g., OEM). TA multitenancy must not compromise the security properties of the HPSE (the secure integration and execution of trusted multi-vendor code). In this report, we provide information on the following: HPSE TA use cases and risk profiles HPSE TA isolation building blocks for manufacturers Threat analysis to determine the effectiveness of isolation security models As the ECU E/E
Vehicle Electrical System Security Committee
This AIR provides information about the specific requirements for missile hydraulic pumps and their associated power sources.
A-6C4 Power Sources Committee