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Vertical Flight Society Technical Papers - Coming Soon to Mobilus

Vertical Flight Society papers coming soon to SAE Mobilus. In partnership with the Vertical Flight Society (VFS), SAE Mobilus will be hosting more than 17,000 technical papers and proceedings from VFS. Click here to see a sample of the content covering decades of rotorcraft and vertical flight technologies.

Important Update – Accessibility Enhancements on SAE Mobilus

We’re pleased to share that SAE Mobilus has recently completed a comprehensive set of accessibility improvements across the platform. As a result, Mobilus is now aligned with WCAG 2.2 Level AA standards in most key categories. These updates are part of our ongoing commitment to ensuring the platform is accessible to all users. Enhancements include improvements to keyboard navigation, screen reader compatibility, visual contrast, error handling, and overall usability across core areas of the site. An updated Voluntary Product Accessibility Template (VPAT v2.5 – March 2026) is now available, providing a detailed overview of our accessibility conformance. You can access the VPAT directly within the Help section. Accessibility is a continuous effort. We will continue to evaluate and improve the platform to better support all users and meet evolving standards. If you have any feedback or experience any accessibility issues, we welcome your input. - The SAE Mobilus Team

SAE AI Chat — Update and What's Next

* Important Update - SAE AI chatbot Beta program * The SAE AI Chatbot Beta program - Phase 1 will end on March 31, 2026. Following this date, the AI chatbot capabilities will be temporarily unavailable as we begin development of a significantly enhanced version. We sincerely thank all Phase 1 Beta participants for their engagement and valuable feedback - your insights have played an important role in shaping the next phase of this experience. The upcoming version of the SAE AI Chatbot will expand content coverage beyond current standards, incorporating additional critical resources from our digital library. It will also be made available to a broader audience across Mobilus. Want to be part of what's next? Register your interest here to receive updates and be considered for early access. For additional information, visit the FAQs. — The Mobilus Team

SAE International Digitization and AI Policy

SAE International prohibits the entry of SAE Content into any form of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT, OpenAI, or Microsoft Copilot. Additionally, creating derivatives of SAE Content using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from SAE International. In the case of such use, SAE International will suspend access to SAE Content, and further legal action will be considered.

Welcome to the new SAE Mobilus®

Welcome to the new era of SAE Mobilus®, redesigned with a modern, intuitive web interface featuring enhanced search capabilities to help you stay informed and easily discover content. Login today: To access content within your subscription and make the most of the platform, please log into your subscription and your personal My Library (sign up is free) located in the top right corner of the screen. Key Features Intuitive User Interface: We've listened to our customers and tied this to the best practices in the industry to offer an improved, intuitive, and desirable website experience for our users. Improved In-app Discoverability: Enhanced search and expanded menu featuring search suggestions that allow for quick discovery of content. Announcements: Stay up to date on new features through a dedicated announcements page. Most recent announcements also get featured on the homepage. Enhanced Browse capabilities: Browse through over 200,000 publications that are now classified into categories commonly used across the industry. Deep-dive further into any topic or sub-topic of interest to make the most for your corporate projects or research. Smart Automation: "Meta Tags" on each result will help you find content related to your search. My Library: My dashboard is rebranded as My Library with powerful features to help you make the most out of the platform Mobile Friendly: Upgraded navigation on mobile devices Training Available SAE’s Customer Success team is dedicated to delivering the best platform experience possible. Through monthly trainings and short, on-demand video tutorials, find answers to your questions here: SAE Mobilus Spotlight training - Available monthly, hosted live by SAE’s Customer Success team Mobilus Minute – 2-minute videos, available on-demand Need some troubleshooting help? Access our FAQs by visiting our Help section: https://saemobilus.sae.org/help/home Resources to help you navigate the new platform are available here, where you can find links to quick start guides and video tutorials on features like My Library, Announcements, Saved Search, Login and new features. Have feedback that you'd like to share with us? Please submit your feedback to the Mobilus team through the blue Knowledge bot in the bottom right hand corner of the new platform.

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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

Browse All 177

Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response

EPR202501711/24/2025

The wing-in-ground effect (WIG) vehicle represents a significant advancement in aerodynamics and vehicle design, leveraging the ground effect phenomenon to enhance lift and reduce drag when flying close to the surface. This unique capability allows WIG vehicles to achieve higher payloads, longer range, and greater fuel efficiency compared to traditional aircraft, making them an attractive option for modern military and global disaster response applications. Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response discusses future disaster response, logistics, and military applications for WIG vehicles, including the ongoing development of aerospace and transportation technology. Relavant advancements in materials and propulsion systems holds promise for further enhancing WIG performance and operational range. Additionally, cost-effective and powerful flight computers with various types of mission-enabling sensor suites from the advanced air mobility and drone industry further enable the development of modern, safe, and practical WIG platforms. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering

EPR20250169/22/2025

Despite growing investments, the widespread adoption and scalable deployment of generative artificial intelligence (AI) remains a challenge due to data trustworthiness, regulatory uncertainty, interpretability, and ethical governance. The need to accelerate automation and maintain the human-in-the-loop demonstrates broader questions of responsibility and transparency. Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering investigates the transformative role of GenAI within aerospace engineering, examining its shift from conventional workflows toward more AI-driven solutions in design, manufacturing, and maintenance. It emphasizes GenAI’s emerging ability to automate repetitive mundane tasks, reduce design complexity, and optimize engineering pipelines. The report underscores the need for validation methods that must align AI-generated outputs with physics-informed models, integration with legacy engineering tools (e.g., computational fluid dynamics, finite element analysis, digital twins), and mitigation of algorithmic biases. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles

EPR20250159/22/2025

The next generation of mobility, driven by shared, driverless, connected, and electrified vehicles, holds strong potential to advance sustainability through lower emissions and improved resource efficiency. However, critical questions remain regarding their true environmental impact, including battery lifecycle management, material consumption, and circular manufacturing practices. Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles explores these unresolved issues, focusing on the shift from internal combustion to electric vehicles, supply chain challenges, regulatory gaps, and the operational realities of sustainable productization. It also critically examines the risks of greenwashing, the need for consistent standards, and the role of intersectoral collaboration—with energy, urban planning, information and communications technologies, and waste management sectors—in building resilient, scalable solutions. The report provides strategic recommendations and actionable solutions to help stakeholders better navigate the transition toward a circular future for mobility. It further highlights the overlooked complexities in the Global South, emphasizing the importance of ethical market expansion and localized mobility strategies. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features

EPR20250138/13/2025

Advanced technologies that assist the human driver or reduce (or even eliminate) the human driver’s role are becoming increasingly prevalent in new light-duty vehicles used by the general public. These technologies are divided between Active Safety features that monitor the human driver and vehicle motion and act intermittently to mitigate and avoid crashes, and Driving Automation features that assume some or all of the dynamic driving task from the human driver. Both types of technologies have the potential to reduce injuries and save lives by reducing the frequency and/or severity of crashes. Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features addresses the current capabilities and future potential for Active Safety and Driving Automation features to reduce crash frequency and severity and provides an overview of the state of the industry for both types of features, including current deployments, trends, and anticipated rollouts. Gaps in knowledge, unsettled issues, and suggestions for future research will also be discussed. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots

EPR20250128/13/2025

The automation of labor-intensive picking and planting operations is having an immediate impact in the agricultural indutry. In its simplest form, robotic automation can reduce the labor and soil disturbance while enabling organic soil cover and increasing species diversification through precision approaches to planting, weeding, and spraying. With this, pesticides and fertilizers can be applied in a more targeted way, and with machinery visiting fields more frequently, earlier and more targeted intervention can occur before pests become established. Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots identifies issues that need to be resolved fo for this technology to thrive, including improving methods of acquiring and labeling training data to facilitate more accurate models for specific applications. It also discusses concepts such as general-purpose mechanical platforms for use as carriers of agricultural automation systems with high stability, positional accuracy, and variable track, as well as the economics of moving capital intensive automation systems toward a service-provision business model. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles

EPR20250147/18/2025

Autonomous vehicle motion planning and control are vital components of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. Recent advances in both data- and physical model-driven methods have improved driving performance, yet current technologies still fall short of achieving human-level driving in complex, dynamic traffic scenarios. Key challenges include developing safe, efficient, and human-like motion planning strategies that can adapt to unpredictable environments. Data-driven approaches leverage deep neural networks to learn from extensive datasets, offering promising avenues for intelligent decision-making. However, these methods face issues such as covariate shift in imitation learning and difficulties in designing robust reward functions. In contrast, conventional physical model-driven techniques use rigorous mathematical formulations to generate optimal trajectories and handle dynamic constraints. Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-Driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles presents a hybrid framework that combines data-driven insights with the robustness of physical models. It identifies key challenges in fusing these disparate methods and outlines potential solutions in developing robust fusion strategies, establishing generalized mixed dynamics models, and designing multi-objective robust control systems. In addition, the report explores future research directions to enhance learning efficiency, improve adaptability to rare but critical scenarios, and ultimately pave the way for secure, efficient, and human-like autonomous driving systems. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

EPR20250115/21/2025

Driven by the vast consumer marketplace, the electronics megatrend has reshaped nearly every sector of society. The advancements in semiconductors and software, originally built to serve consumer demand, are now delivering significant value to non-consumer industries. Today, electronics are making inroads into traditionally conservative, safety-critical sectors such as automotive and aerospace. In doing so, electronics—now further propelled by artificial intelligence—are disrupting the functional safety architectures of these cyber-physical systems. Electronics have created the world of cyber-physical systems, raising broader concerns about the broader category of product assurance. Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence continues the work of previous SAE Edge Research Reports in examining open research challenges arising from this shift, particularly in automotive systems, as core electronic technologies (e.g., the combination of software and communications) have even redefined what it means to be a "product." Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Edge Artificial Intelligence in Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mobility

EPR20250095/20/2025

With many stakeholders involved, and major investments supporting it, the advancements in automated driving (AD) are undoubtedly there. Generally speaking, the motivation for advancing AD is driver convenience and road safety. Regarding the development of AD, original equipment manufacturers, technology start-ups, and AD systems developers have taken different approaches for automated vehicles (AVs). Some manufacturers are on the path toward stand-alone vehicles, mostly relying on onboard sensors and intelligence. On the other hand, the connected, cooperative, and automated mobility (CCAM) approach relies on additional communication and information exchange to ensure safe and secure operation. CCAM holds great potential to improve traffic management, road safety, equity, and convenience. In both approaches, there are increasingly large amounts of data generated and used for AD functions in perception, situational awareness, path prediction, and decision-making. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is instrumental in processing such data, and in that context, “edge AI” is a more recent type of implementation. Edge AI involves AI algorithms in edge computing devices, which requires hardware operating close to where data is generated. This report explores the potential of edge AI in CCAM. Different perspectives on edge AI for CCAM are explored and definitions drafted. Primary applications are explored, and an outlook on further advancements in applications is presented. The report includes a discussion on the benefits, risks, and challenges related to the use of edge AI in this domain. Major issues such as privacy and cybersecurity are considered, as are misconceptions. Furthermore, potential learning benefits, using experiences gained in other sectors, are introduced. NOTE: SAE Edge Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. These reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.

Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management

EPR20250085/20/2025

The transportation industry is transforming with the integration of advanced data technologies, edge devices, and artificial intelligence (AI). Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are pivotal in optimizing traffic flow and safety. Central to this are transportation management centers, which manage transportation systems, traffic flow, and incident responses. Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management explores emerging trends in transportation data, focusing on data collection, aggregation, and sharing. Effective data management, AI application, and secure data sharing are crucial for optimizing operations. Integrating edge devices with existing systems presents challenges impacting security, cost, and efficiency. Ultimately, AI in transportation offers significant opportunities to predict and manage traffic conditions. AI-driven tools analyze historical data and current conditions to forecast future events. The importance of multidisciplinary approaches and educational programs in leveraging AI for transportation applications are emphasized in this report. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on Earth

EPR20250054/24/2025

Recent advances are reducing the cost of space launch, high specific power solar cells, and the production of satellite systems. Modular architectures with no moving parts and distributed power systems would minimize assembly and maintenance costs. Together, this may enable space-based solar power to provide decarbonized dispatchable power at a lower cost than equivalent technologies such as nuclear power stations. Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on Earth discusses the advances in emerging technologies, like thin film solar cells, reusable launch vehicles, and mass-produced modular satellite systems that would make economic space power feasible. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Latest Journal Issues

Browse All 16

Passenger Vehicle Systems

Electrified Vehicles

Advances and Current Practices in Mobility

Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy

Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy

Connected and Automated Vehicles

Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH

Transportation Safety

Alternative Powertrains

Commercial Vehicles

Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems

Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems

Materials and Manufacturing

Engines

Aerospace

Recent Books

Browse All 632

Composite Materials Handbook Volume 5 - Revision B

R-4608/27/2026

The fifth volume of this six-volume compendium publishes technical guidance and properties on ceramic matrix composite material systems. The selected guidance on technical topics related to this class of composites includes material selection, processing, characterization, testing, data reduction, design, analysis, quality control, application, case histories, and lessons learned of typical ceramic matrix composite materials. Volume 5, which covers ceramic matrix composites, supersedes MIL-HDBK-17-5 of June 17, 2002. The Composite Materials Handbook, referred to by industry groups as CMH-17, is an engineering reference tool that contains over 1,000 records of the latest test data for polymer matrix, metal matrix, ceramic matrix, and structural sandwich composites. CMH-17 provides information and guidance necessary to design and fabricate end items from composite materials. It includes properties of composite materials that meet specific data requirements as well as guidelines for design, analysis, material selection, manufacturing, quality control, and repair. The primary purpose of the handbook is to standardize engineering methodologies related to testing, data reduction, and reporting of property data for current and emerging composite materials. It is used by engineers worldwide in designing and fabricating products made from composite materials.

July 2026 AMS Index

AMSJULY-20267/22/2026

Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2026 - Volume I

B-994_VOLUME17/1/2026

The Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization MMPDS-2026 supersedes MMPDS-25 and prior editions of the MMPDS Handbook as well as all editions of MIL-HDBK-5, Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures Handbook that were maintained by the U.S. Air Force. The last edition, MIL-HDBK-5J was cancelled by the U.S. Air Force in March 2006. This document contains design information on the mechanical and physical properties of metallic materials and joints commonly used in aircraft and aerospace vehicle structures. All information contained in this Handbook has been reviewed and approved using a standardized process. The development and ongoing maintenance process involves certifying agencies, including the FAA, DoD, and NASA, and major material suppliers and material users worldwide. The information and procedures in this Handbook are continuously reviewed and modified or removed as determined to be appropriate. With advances in materials and fastener systems, and with the review process of existing information, periodic updates of the MMPDS should be expected. As such, it is recommended that the latest version of the MMPDS be used. Volume II: Process Intensive Materials and Joining Technologies.

Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2026 - Volume II

B-994_VOLUME27/1/2026

Volume II publishes the framework for generating and analyzing the data so that material sponsors can generate the right data, knowing how it will be analyzed by the Battelle Memorial Institute. MMPDS-2026 Volume II Process Intensive Materials and Joining Technologies does not currently have any material properties, focusing on additive manufacturing of metallic materials. MMPDS-2026 Volume II focuses on non-conventional processes and will be published each year. Volume I: Conventional Materials and Joint Allowables.

1D and MultiD Modeling Techniques for IC Engine Simulation Second Edition

R-5805/29/2026

The internal combustion (IC) engine remains the most widely used thermal machine in the world and will continue to play a central role in global mobility for decades to come. Even as alternative powertrains expand, optimized IC engines—often integrated within hybrid and electrified architectures—are essential to achieving low fuel consumption, near-zero pollutant emissions, and reduced carbon dioxide output. Advances in combustion strategies, synthetic fuels, turbocharging, and aftertreatment systems are driving this evolution. This fully revised and expanded second edition reflects the rapid progress made in engine modeling and simulation over the past two decades. One-dimensional (1D), three-dimensional (3D), and coupled 1D–3D modeling techniques have become indispensable tools in modern engine design, enabling engineers to evaluate performance, efficiency, and emissions through advanced virtual engine environments. Bringing together contributions from leading international researchers and industry experts, this book presents the most significant and recent developments in IC engine simulation. Topics include 0D, 1D, quasi-3D, and full 3D modeling approaches; turbocharging and aftertreatment systems; co-simulation and real-time applications; hydrogen and two-stroke engines; and advanced thermal modeling techniques. Designed for engineers, researchers, and graduate students, this second edition serves as a comprehensive reference for understanding, comparing, and applying state-of-the-art IC engine modeling methodologies in an evolving mobility landscape. Chapter topics include: • state of the art of 1D thermo-fluid dynamic simulation models • virtual engine development: 1D- and 3D-CFD up to full engine simulation • advanced 0D and quasiD thermodynamic combustion models for SI and CI engines • compressor and turbine (turbocharger, supercharger, or turbocompounding device) as boundary conditions for 1D simulations • 3D-CFD combustion models for SI and CI engines • model order reduction for real-time simulation and control applications • modeling of EGR systems •1D engine model in XiL application-a simulation environment for the entire powertrain development process • coupling of 1D and 3D fluid dynamic models for hybrid simulations • extending the 1D approach to the simulation of 3D components: the quasi-3D approach • 1D simulation models for aftertreatment components• 3D simulation models for after-treatment systems • modeling of IC engine silencers and tailpipe noise: 1D and 3D approaches • hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines • optimization of the gas exchange process in advanced 2-stroke engines • IC engine 0D/1D thermal modeling

Variable Compression Systems for Future Engines and Fuels

R-5534/30/2026

Variable Compression Engines: Enabling Net Zero explores variable compression ratio (VCR): one of the most promising—and historically elusive—advancements in internal combustion engine (ICE) technology. Long recognized for its thermodynamic benefits, VCR has challenged engineers for decades due to its mechanical complexity. Today, as the global mobility landscape demands ever higher efficiency, lower emissions, and greater fuel flexibility, VCR has emerged as a viable and transformative solution. This book delivers a comprehensive and authoritative examination of VCR technology, quantifying its efficiency and CO2-reduction potential while surveying the wide range of mechanisms conceived, developed, and tested over more than a century of engine innovation. By combining historical insight with modern analysis, the authors reveal the remarkable ingenuity of past and present engine designers—and demonstrate that VCR is not only feasible, but increasingly essential. Positioned squarely within the context of global decarbonization, the book argues for a realistic, inclusive pathway to net-zero emissions—one in which ICEs continue to play a critical role. VCR technology enables higher efficiency across almost all operating conditions, supports advanced combustion strategies, and allows engines to operate effectively on a broad spectrum of low- and zero-carbon fuels, from biofuels to synthetic e-fuels. With VCR now in high-volume production and poised for broader adoption across automotive, heavy-duty, and marine applications, this timely volume is an essential resource for OEMs, suppliers, policymakers, researchers, and students seeking practical, scalable solutions for a sustainable energy future. Chapter topics include: • compression ratios and fuels • compression ratio limits • cylinder head VCR • cylinder block VCR • connecting rod variable compression • piston VCR • cranktrain and linkages VCR • modulated crankshaft eccentricity VCR • axial or barrel engine VCRs • high power and downsized engines • impact of VCR systems on engines • VCR applications for the future • variable compression for future engines and fuels • VCR cost–benefit analysis

Aerospace Standards Index - 2026

ASIN20262/25/2026

This valuable resource lists all Aerospace Standards (AS), Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP), Aerospace Information Reports (AIR), and Aerospace Resource Documents (ARD) published by SAE. Each listing includes title, subject, document number, key words, new and revised documents, and DODISS-adopted documents. AMS Index - Now Available!

Business Reliability Growth for Automotive Engineering, Volume 4

R-5522/17/2026

In a world where every business process is under pressure to perform faster, safer, and more reliably, this book delivers a powerful roadmap for sustained operational excellence. Centered on the proven methodology of Design of Experiments (DOE), it shows how organizations can move beyond reactive problem-solving to systematic reliability growth. From well-defined standard operating practices to management-level decision-making, the book connects strategy, data, and execution to create repeatable, measurable results across the enterprise. Readers are guided through practical, real-world applications of DOE, from selecting the right factors and levels to executing robust experiments, analyzing outcomes, validating solutions, and continuously monitoring performance. Each chapter translates complex statistical and engineering concepts into actionable business value, helping teams improve quality, reduce waste, and increase return on investment. Key capabilities explored in this book include: • Holistic reliability across design, manufacturing, supply chain, and marketing. • Advanced experimental designs, including split-plot and fractional factorial methods. • Fault tree analysis (FTA) and FMEA for failure prediction and prevention. • Supply chain optimization through multivariate process control. • Production and field reliability using design for testability and diagnostics. • Electric vehicle system and battery reliability analysis. • Marketing reliability driven by voice of customer and data-based value analysis. This book is an essential resource for engineers, operations leaders, and technical managers who want to build resilient systems, unlock innovation, and achieve long-term competitive advantage through disciplined, data-driven reliability.

Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels

R-5471/22/2026

As global energy demands rise and environmental challenges intensify, the aviation industry faces a critical need to redefine how it powers the skies. Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels presents a comprehensive, research-driven exploration of the transition from fossil-based fuels to renewable alternatives that promise to reshape the future of air transportation. This book bridges the gap between academic knowledge and industrial application, offering a detailed overview of the science, technology, and policy driving the adoption of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs). From understanding feedstocks and conversion pathways to evaluating production technologies, emissions performance, and life-cycle impacts, the text equips readers with a holistic understanding of SAFs within today’s global energy landscape. Across five insightful chapters, readers will find a clear roadmap: the evolution and importance of SAFs; production methods and technological foundations; environmental performance and emissions reduction potential; safety, certification, and market integration; and future projections supported by international initiatives and regulatory frameworks. By combining technical depth with practical relevance, Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels serves as both a foundational reference and a forward-looking guide for researchers, policymakers, industry professionals, and students. It underscores that achieving sustainability in aviation depends not only on innovation but also on global collaboration, paving the way toward cleaner skies and a resilient, low-carbon future for air travel.

SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles

R-5591/20/2026

The convergence of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and connected vehicle technologies is ushering in a transformative era of automotive innovation—one that is fundamentally enhancing vehicle safety, efficiency, reliability, and the overall driving experience. SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles stands as the definitive reference for this rapidly evolving domain, meticulously compiled to clarify and standardize the language shaping modern mobility. Inside, readers will find clear, authoritative definitions encompassing the full spectrum of technologies that enable connected and automated driving—including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication systems. This comprehensive resource translates complex engineering terminology into accessible language, enabling engineers, researchers, policymakers, educators, and enthusiasts to share a common technical foundation. Reflecting the latest global standards, research, and innovations, this dictionary bridges the gap between theory and application. It fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, supports safer system design, and provides clarity for those engaged in regulatory development or technology deployment. As the pace of mobility innovation accelerates, precise and accessible communication becomes indispensable. SAE International remains committed to advancing global transportation knowledge—empowering professionals to navigate, contribute to, and shape the future of intelligent, connected, and sustainable mobility with confidence and clarity.

Recently Published

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Synergistic Enhancement of Impact Resistance in SiCw-Polymer Composite

2026-99-2325

10/30/2026

Addressing the performance degradation bottleneck of conventional impact-resistant materials under complex operating conditions, and the limitation of existing research focusing primarily on enhancing single properties while neglecting material equilibrium, this study employs silicon carbide whiskers (SiCw) as the reinforcing phase. Through surface modification techniques, SiCw/celluloid and SiCw/polyimide dual-polymer composite systems were constructed and systematically investigated. Surface modification of SiCw was achieved using titanate and silane coupling agents. Through mechanical testing and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterisation, the effects of SiCw loading and modification treatments on composite mechanical properties and interfacial bonding were analysed. Results indicate that SiCw introduction significantly enhances the tensile, flexural, and impact strength of the polymer matrix, with optimal addition ratios identified: 6% for the celluloid system and 1.0% for the polyimide system. Surface modification further optimises toughening effects by reducing surface oxide layers and impurities on SiCw particles while strengthening interfacial bonding. This study provides practical guidance for the system design of high-performance impact-resistant composites. The resulting materials hold broad application prospects in sectors demanding high structural impact resistance, such as aerospace and transportation.

Xue, Kaiming

Numerical Diagnosis and Evidence-Chain Analysis of the Non-Sustained Ignition Process in a Hydrogen/Air Turbulent Diffusion Flame under an LES–PaSR Framework

2026-99-2324

10/30/2026

–4TmaxKTmaxK

Liu, Jiaqi, He, Jiandong, Yuan, Youquan, Duan, Yu

Research on Dynamic Response and Impact Resistance of Airport Pavement Made of Gradient Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites

2026-99-2346

10/30/2026

Aiming at the engineering problems of easy cracking and insufficient impact resistance of traditional airport concrete pavement under complex dynamic loads, this paper studies the application of functionally graded carbon fiber reinforced polymer ( FG-CFRP) in airport pavement. Based on the modified Halpin-Tsai model and the first-order shear deformation theory, the dynamic finite element control equation is established. Based on the COMSOL Multiphysics platform, the modal characteristics and transient impact response analysis are carried out, and the dynamic response of the aircraft under moving wheel load is simulated. The static bending test of FG- CFRP plate samples made in the laboratory was carried out, and the numerical model was calibrated. The relative error of test-simulation was controlled within 5 %, which verified the accuracy of predicting static response. The carbon fiber volume fraction gradient curve was parametrically studied to reveal the sensitivity of the gradient to impact and stress reduction. The key engineering factors such as long-term environmental durability and life cycle cost of FG-CFRP pavement are discussed, and targeted improvement and optimization strategies are proposed. The results show that the fundamental frequency of the gradient plate is about 1.93 % lower than that of the homogeneous plate, and the vibration mode characteristics are highly consistent. The peak displacement of transient impact is reduced by 9.4 %. Under the action of moving wheel load, the peak Von Mises stress decreased from 5.32 MPa to 2.15 MPa, with a decrease of 60 %. The gradient design realizes efficient load diffusion and impact hardening through the surface high modulus layer, and the gradual change of interlayer wave impedance promotes the dissipation of stress wave, which significantly improves the safety reserve and dynamic stability of pavement structure. This study verifies the application feasibility of FG-CFRP in high-performance airport pavement engineering, and provides innovative material solutions and theoretical support for the development of a new generation of long-life and high-reliability airport pavement.

Li, Zhenyue

Research on an EPHM Methodology Based on Gas Path Performance Parameters

2026-99-2305

10/30/2026

Gas path faults in aero-engines are a major factor affecting flight safety and maintenance costs. To achieve the transition from time-based maintenance to condition-based maintenance and enhance fault prediction and health management capabilities, this paper conducts research on intelligent diagnostic methods based on performance parameters for engine gas path components. Firstly, a component-level nonlinear steady-state model of a dual-spool turbofan engine is established, employing a variable specific heat capacity method to improve computational accuracy and provide a healthy baseline for diagnosis. Secondly, addressing the strong nonlinearity and measurement underdeterminacy in fault diagnosis, a diagnostic framework integrating a multi-population genetic algorithm and multi-operating-point analysis is proposed. The multi-population genetic algorithm effectively enhances global optimization capability and solution stability through parallel evolution, migration operators, and an elite population strategy; multi-operating-point data increases information content and strengthens fault isolation capability. Finally, simulation experiments under ground test conditions are conducted to validate the diagnosis of single-component faults in the low-pressure compressor, high-pressure compressor, high-pressure turbine, and low-pressure turbine. The results show that the proposed method can accurately invert component performance degradation, with a high fault identification accuracy rate, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm. This research provides a feasible technical solution for intelligent condition monitoring and precise diagnosis of aero-engines.

Cai, Na, Li, Ming, Li, BianJiang, Yu, GuangHui, Ma, ZhongYuan

Evaluation of Low-Altitude Aircraft Operation Status Based on Fuzzy Reasoning and D-S Evidence Theory

2026-99-2302

10/30/2026

To provide auxiliary verification for the technical evaluation of low-altitude aircraft operation status and address the limited effectiveness of uncertainty handling, this paper proposes an evaluation method based on fuzzy reasoning and D-S evidence theory. Firstly, the relevant knowledge of D-S evidence theory and fuzzy reasoning is introduced. Secondly, the aircraft operation status levels are constructed, and an intuitionistic fuzzy reasoning system is established based on Gaussian membership functions. The initial basic probability assignments (BPA) are obtained through defuzzification using the intuitionistic fuzzy centroid method. The conflict between evidences is measured by the weighted average of Jensen-Shannon (J-S) evidence distance and conflict coefficient k, followed by multi-cycle discount correction and fusion. Finally, experimental verification proves the rationality of the proposed method, which can provide a reference for related research.

Niu, Xiaowei, Shen, Di, Yu, Fuping, Guo, Yiduo, An, Xiangyu, Xuan, Haoli

Optimization of Airport Surface Operations for Multiple Flight-Test Aircraft Based on a Wolf Pack Algorithm

2026-99-2357

10/30/2026

To improve the efficiency of airport surface operations involving multiple aircraft types and multiple flight-test aircraft at the same airport, this study investigates the taxi-route optimization problem for flight-test aircraft. First, a runway-exit-time optimization model is established by modeling the landing rollout process, with minimum runway-occupancy time as the objective, so as to determine the optimal rapid-exit taxiway. Second, a multi-aircraft taxi-route optimization model is formulated by incorporating taxi-conflict constraints and is solved using an improved wolf pack algorithm. The case study shows that the proposed method can effectively reduce the total taxi time of multiple flight-test aircraft and shorten the runway-occupancy time of arriving aircraft, thereby demonstrating good feasibility and practical engineering value.

Wang, Tong

Optimization and Validation of a Lumbar Spine Model for Aviation Vertical Impact Simulation Based on THUMS

2026-99-2371

10/30/2026

In assessing lumbar spine injuries of civil aircraft occupants under vertical impact, existing anthropomorphic test devices cannot accurately capture the injury mechanisms. Digital human body models, such as THUMS, are primarily developed for automotive crashes, and their default seated posture differs from that of real civil aircraft occupants. Although the THUMS model can be adjusted to better represent civil aircraft occupants’ seating posture, the mechanical response of the lumbar spine after adjustment has not been sufficiently validated. This limits the model’s reliable use in assessing lumbar spine injuries of civil aircraft occupants. To address this limitation, the THUMS lumbar spine model was modified to reflect aircraft seating posture and physiological lumbar lordosis, and the stiffness of key lumbar ligaments was systematically optimized. Following optimization, the model’s mechanical response curves under flexion, anterior shear, tension, and compression all fell within the post-mortem human subject (PMHS) response corridors, with deviations from the mean PMHS curves significantly reduced. Under the typical 14 g vertical impact specified by FAR 25.562, the optimized lumbar spine exhibited lower peak flexion moments at all lumbar levels, while the axial compressive load and predicted injury risk became more concentrated in the upper lumbar spine. These findings indicate that directly using the original THUMS model may underestimate injury risk in the upper lumbar region while overestimating it in the lower lumbar segments. Posture adjustment, lumbar curvature correction, and ligament stiffness optimization enhance model biofidelity, providing a more reliable basis for the assessment of occupant lumbar injuries.

Shi, Xiaopeng, Jiang, Zihao

Pressure-Type Anchors in Weathered Rock for Transportation Infrastructure

2026-99-2366

10/30/2026

In transportation infrastructure constructed in mountainous and rocky regions, such as highway slopes, railway cuttings, bridge abutments, and tunnel portal slopes, uplift-resistant anchorage systems are widely required to ensure structural stability and service safety. To support anchorage design in such conditions, this study investigates the uplift bearing behavior, load-transfer mechanism, and key design parameters of pressure-type rock anchors in weathered rock strata through a combined field-and-numerical approach. A rock anchorage project in mountainous terrain in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, China, was adopted as the prototype case, and two representative anchors installed in strongly weathered and moderately weathered tuffaceous sandstone were selected for field pullout testing and three- dimensional finite element simulation. The failure characteristics, uplift load–displacement response, axial strain distribution of the grout body, and the effects of anchorage length and rock-socketed length were systematically examined. The results show that pressure- type rock anchors exhibit favorable uplift resistance in weathered rock strata. No overall pullout failure occurred during the tests, and no obvious cracking or significant ground deformation was observed. The uplift load–displacement curves exhibited a pronounced steep- transition pattern, and the axial strain of the grout body was mainly concentrated near the bearing plate and attenuated upward along the anchorage section. When the anchorage section extended into the moderately weathered rock stratum, strain attenuation became faster and interfacial load transfer became more efficient. Parametric analysis further indicates that the uplift bearing capacity increases approximately linearly with anchorage length before a critical anchorage length is reached, whereas the increase becomes much less significant beyond about 8 m. In addition, a proper increase in rock- socketed length can significantly improve the uplift bearing capacity. The findings provide useful reference for the design and optimization of uplift-resistant anchorage systems in transportation infrastructure founded in layered weathered rock.

Feng, Bing, Li, Panfeng, Zhou, Ji’an, Lv, Qing

Research on the Identification Method of Flow Modes during the Hypersonic Inlet Unstart/Restart Process

2026-99-2368

10/30/2026

In air-breathing hypersonic flight, when the flow conditions upstream and downstream are not appropriate, the air inlet is prone to failure to start, which can lead to engine stall or even flight failure. Therefore, real-time identification methods for air inlet flow modes must be developed. This paper takes the hypersonic inlet as the research object. In the wind tunnel experiment, the switching of the inlet unstarting/restarting was achieved by changing the Angle of attack, and the shadow images during the mode switching process and the pressure signals of multiple wall measurement points were obtained. The study shows that the traditional modal recognition method based on pressure amplitude, standard deviation, and power spectrum has a weak ability to recognize the starting/unstarting flow modes of the inlet in this paper. For this purpose, this paper proposes a flow mode recognition method based on pressure difference and standard deviation, which can achieve good recognition ability for each measurement point and has strong applicability. In addition, the method identifies the unstart point and the restart point separately instead of using a single detection threshold for judgment, significantly improving the accuracy of flow mode identification.

Si, Jinglin, Pi, Cuixuan, Xu, Shangcheng, Wang, Yunlong

Trajectory Optimization for Non-Cooperative Target Spacecraft Based on Sequential Convex Programming

2026-99-2330

10/30/2026

Autonomous operations near space targets that do not cooperate present great challenges because position and attitude planning must be linked. A target of this type lacks navigation aids or communication systems, which makes relative motion planning much more difficult. Although methods based on convex optimization work well for problems with three degrees of freedom, like planetary landing, their use in integrated operations with six degrees of freedom is limited by constraints that are not convex. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a new framework for servicing spacecraft using sequential convex programming. The primary contribution is the extension of convex methods to high dimensional trajectory planning while adding a robust trust region constraint based on trajectory deviation. This mechanism reduces the chance of finding no solution during convex approximations. It improves reliability and convergence when solving complex problems. The approach first creates a continuous optimal control problem with an index that balances energy use and the angle of the line of sight. Nonlinear dynamics are simplified using first order Taylor expansions. Constraints for the field of view and collision avoidance are modeled using spherical and ellipsoidal regions. The non convex problem is changed into a sequence of discrete convex subproblems and solved through iterations. Numerical simulations show that the servicing spacecraft can safely approach the target with stable attitude while meeting all physical limits. The method using sequential convex programming with a trust region demonstrates great potential in optimizing computational efficiency alongside strong numerical stability, laying a solid foundation for future real-time autonomous trajectory generation in complex orbital environments.

Wang, Yuzhi, Yao, Zihao, Wang, Qian, Han, Ziwen, Zhang, Chao, Zhang, Yumei, Li, Shunli

Study on Fatigue Crack Growth of Sandwich Composite Panels with Opening

2026-99-2327

10/30/2026

Owing to their remarkable specific strength and stiffness, coupled with superior impact resistance and thermal/acoustic insulation, sandwich composite panels are extensively utilized in marine, aerospace, and transportation sectors. In contrast to conventional monolithic structures, the multi-layered architecture of sandwich panels introduces complex fatigue failure mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. This study experimentally investigates a U-shaped core sandwich panel featuring a rectangular hatch opening under uniaxial tensile fatigue loading, aiming to characterize its crack initiation and propagation behavior. Subsequently, a custom three- dimensional fatigue crack growth simulation code is developed, grounded in linear elastic fracture mechanics and the extended finite element method (XFEM). A comparison with experimental measurements reveals that the maximum relative error between the predicted and observed fatigue life is 15.7%. The findings offer a theoretical foundation and a technical reference for the fatigue design and life assessment of such sandwich structures.

Chen, Siyu, Xu, Yunze, Liu, Gang

Comparative Numerical Study of Different Turbulence Modeling Approaches for Civil Aircraft Inlet Flows under Crosswind Conditions

2026-99-2331

10/30/2026

This study constructs and validates a high-efficiency and high-fidelity adaptive Very Large Eddy Simulation (VLES) strategy based on user defined function(UDF) secondary development to investigate the complex and unsteady flow characteristics of civil aircraft intakes under crosswind conditions, conducting a comparative study of turbulence simulation methods across different hierarchies. Initially, the performance of traditional RANS turbulence models, including S-A, BSL k-ω, and SST k-ω, in simulating large-scale flow separation within intakes under crosswind conditions is evaluated, revealing that their applicability is limited. However, the predictive accuracy of RANS models can be improved to some extent by incorporating Explicit Algebraic Reynolds Stress Models (EARSM) and non-linear constitutive corrections. Under the maximum crosswind mass-flow condition, for complex flows dominated by shock and boundary-layer interaction, the SST model, high-resolution Large Eddy Simulation (LES), and the developed VLES model are compared. Furthermore, under variable crosswind mass-flow conditions, a comparative study on separation characteristics between the VLES and SST models is carried out. Finally, the simulation performance of the VLES model under installed nacelle conditions is verified. Research results indicate that the VLES model achieves superior near-wall boundary layer resolution while effectively mitigating the over-prediction of separation zone extent typically associated with LES, demonstrating higher accuracy without a significant increase in computational cost. Through verification via independent nacelle calculations, the VLES method shows a high degree of consistency with experimental data and non-linear SST model results in predicting separation characteristics under varying mass-flow rates, accurately reproducing the processes of shock-induced separation and boundary-layer reattachment. This research establishes the superiority of the VLES method in handling complex intake flow separation, laying a theoretical and technical foundation for its engineering application in the aerodynamic assessment of actual installed nacelles.

Jiang, Jintao, Han, Xingsi, Liu, Hao, Guo, Jin, Yu, Fan, Xu, Xiao

A Spacecraft Targeting Method Based on 3D Imaging and Point Cloud Alignment

2026-99-2301

10/30/2026

Spacecraft are now required to possess all-weather, zero-window, and support-independent launch capabilities. Consequently, research on spacecraft targeting must continue to focus on improving convenience and efficiency. In this paper, a spacecraft targeting method based on point cloud alignment is proposed. Firstly, external Triple Self-targeting Inertial Measurement Units are utilized to complete self-targeting. Secondly, the 3D point cloud of the spacecraft is obtained by binocular imaging technology, and an attitude transformation matrix is obtained by aligning the measured point cloud with the standard point cloud. Finally, the installation relationships between the binocular camera and the Triple Self-targeting Inertial Measurement Units, as well as between the guidance system and the spacecraft body, are determined. Combining these installation relationships with the attitude transformation matrix, the targeting results from the Triple Self-targeting Inertial Measurement Units are transferred to the spacecraft guidance system. In the simulation experiment, the maximum standard deviation of the three directions after multiple targetings is 9′9″, which can meet the requirements of spacecraft targeting. The method proposed in this paper fully retains the self-targeting advantages of the Triple Self-targeting Inertial Measurement Units without external support, while making spacecraft targeting more flexible and rapid. If applied to actual equipment, it will effectively enhance the adaptability of spacecraft equipment to environments.

Wu, Bingjie, Wang, Xiaozi, Zhang, Wei, Li, Mingrun

Research on Dynamic Force Formation in Aerospace Search and Rescue Missions Based on an Improved Contract Net Algorithm

2026-99-2310

10/30/2026

hierarchical biddingjoint evaluation

Lv, Nan, Liu, Ruirui, Li, Donghao, Liu, Xin

The Effect of Arc Ion-Plated Chromium Coatings on the Thermal Shock Behavior of Steel at 900°C

2026-99-2342

10/30/2026

To improve the thermal shock resistance of the shell steel, a Cr coating was deposited on its surface using arc ion plating technology. The protective capability of the Cr coating on the shell steel at 900 °C following a water-cooling cycle was investigated. Automatic scratch tester, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were employed to characterize adhesion to the substrate, the microstructure, phase composition, and elemental composition of the shell steel and the Cr coating. The results indicate that the adhesion strength of the Cr coating is approximately 26.21 N, which is about 20.16% lower than the 32.83 N adhesion strength of the original Cr coating. At 900 °C, Fe₃O₄ and Fe₂O₄ form on the surface of the shell-and-tube steel. The oxide film exhibits cracking, peeling, and thermal fatigue, while oxidation defects accumulate within the steel, accompanied by significant precipitation of Ni. A dense Cr₂O₃ oxide film formed on the surface of the Cr coating, releasing thermal stress in the form of grid-like cracks. Under 10× magnification, no oxidation defects were observed within the Cr coating, and Fe from the substrate did not diffuse into the Cr coating; Under 100× magnification, the Cr coating exhibits fewer oxygen channels than the steel tube body. Oxygen is concentrated within these channels, and the Cr coating demonstrates significant resistance to thermal fatigue, providing markedly superior protection against thermal shock compared to the steel tube body.

Sun, Huixian, Lu, Xudong, Zhang, Rui, Guo, Cean

Model-Based Flight Test Methodology Research for Transport Category Aircraft Stall

2026-99-2340

10/30/2026

Model-based approaches have brought about a qualitative leap in enhancing flight test safety, improving the efficiency of concurrent engineering, and enabling knowledge reuse and sharing. Focusing closely on the engineering application of model-based methods in the field of stall flight testing, this paper systematically reviews the stall airworthiness certification requirements for transport-category aircraft. It proposes a stall flight test process model based on functional flow models and investigates a model-based design method for stall flight test point matrices. Furthermore, an improved practical approach for multi-disciplinary collaborative modeling, simulation, and compliance data analysis in stall flight testing is presented. Taking a specific aircraft type's stall flight test as an example, this paper provides a detailed description of model-based application cases across the pre-flight, in-flight, and post-flight phases.

Liu, Xu, Ding, Junliang

Deep Damage Detection of Plain Weave CFRP Using Microwave Rectangular Open-Ended Waveguide

2026-99-2334

10/30/2026

Chen, Xiaoyuan, He, Yongbo

Contact Mechanics and Release Dynamics Analysis of the Test Mass

2026-99-2332

10/30/2026

–7

Kang, Mingdi, Si, Jixing, Ouyang, Junyong, Lu, Yifan, Yue, Honghao, Yang, Fei

Self-Regulation of Force in the Space Truss-Type Deployable Structure Based on Magnetic-Electric Material

2026-99-2341

10/30/2026

Under on-orbit disturbances, large space truss-type deployable structures readily undergo vibration. Such vibration may degrade pointing accuracy and positioning precision. As a countermeasure, an internal-force self-regulation method is proposed using a magnetoelectric self-sensing actuator. This actuator combines Terfenol-D with piezoelectric material, thereby realizing force output and self-sensing. It can be placed at critical truss joints. By exploiting the ΔE and Villari effects of magnetostrictive materials, a resonant-force self-sensing mechanism is established. The actuator model is then integrated into the deployable truss’s dynamic model, and an LQR-based active vibration suppression strategy is derived. Simulation results show that the actuator detects static and dynamic output forces. Over a specific magnetic field range, sensing behavior exhibits an approximately linear dependence on the output force. Control outcomes confirm effective suppression of structural vibration, reduced response amplitudes at key nodes, and enhanced structural stability. Therefore, a novel method for vibration suppression in large deployable truss-type space structures is provided by these findings.

Xie, Dongjian, Ni, Xiaofeng, Cheng, Lei, Cui, Qifeng, Zhang, Yahui

Research on Trajectory Planning Based on High-Precision Improved C-W Equation

2026-99-2329

10/30/2026

In today’s space environment, the number of tumbling objects such as abandoned satellites, uncontrolled spacecraft, and space debris has increased dramatically. Therefore, in-orbit services such as maintenance, recovery, and capture of rolling targets is an urgent topic that needs to be explored. In this paper, for the mission of spacecraft approaching the tumbling target at close range, the trajectory planning method is studied by using the high-precision relative equation of motion as the orbital dynamic model. Firstly, the error of the relative equation of motion of the center of mass is analyzed, and a method to improve the accuracy of the C-W (Clohessy-Wiltshire) equation is considered to construct a higher-precision orbital dynamics model. The constraints such as attitude dynamics, line-of-sight range, control ability and keep-out zone are mathematically described, and the optimal control problem of pose synchronization is established. On this basis, this paper takes the traditional C-W equation and the improved C-W equation as the relative motion models of the centroids, and, based on the adaptive pseudospectral method and sequential convex optimization, solves the position and attitude synchronization planning problem. This article focuses on analyzing the errors of the C-W equation before and after improvement, as well as the impact of linearization on these errors, studies the accuracy improvement brought by the improved equation and the safe obstacle avoidance of position and attitude trajectories, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods. Simulations verify the accuracy and efficiency of this trajectory optimization algorithm and confirm the accuracy improvement of the improved C-W equation. The improved C-W equation has significant application potential in trajectory planning tasks in complex orbital environments with high-precision requirements.

Zhang, Chao, Yao, Zihao, Gou, Jingwen, Zhang, Yumei, Wang, Yuzhi, Li, Shunli

Multi-Objective Robust Optimization Method for CFRP Laminates Based on a Dual Dimensionality Reduction Strategy

2026-99-2345

10/30/2026

This paper presents a robust multi-objective optimization method for a symmetric carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminate under uniaxial tension. The study focuses on the combined design problem of failure strength and failure displacement under material uncertainty. A fast structural response model is built by using classical laminate theory, and the Hashin failure criterion is used to predict the first-failure state of the laminate. The model takes uncertain material properties into account, so it can describe the effect of random changes in stiffness and strength on the structural response. To reduce the computational cost, the method uses a dual reduction strategy. The first step reduces the parameter space. Latin hypercube sampling is used to generate random samples, and Spearman correlation analysis is used to identify the key uncertain parameters. The second step reduces the sample space. K-means clustering is used to group the reduced samples and generate representative scenarios. Based on these scenarios, the study defines robust failure strength and robust failure displacement by combining the mean value and the standard deviation of the responses. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is then used to search for the Pareto solution set. After that, two single-objective optimizations are carried out to obtain the best strength and the best displacement, and these two values are used to form an ideal point. The two objectives are normalized, and the Pareto point with the smallest distance to the ideal point is selected as the final design. The results show that the proposed method can capture the positive relation between failure strength and failure displacement, identify the main uncertain parameters that control the response change, and provide a balanced design with good strength and displacement performance under uncertainty.

Wang, Yaoqiang

A Study on the Tribological Behavior of Silicon Nitride-Based Multiphase Ceramics Under Different Lubrication Systems

2026-99-2339

10/30/2026

To address the urgent need for high-performance self-lubricating ceramic materials for rolling bearings under high-speed operating conditions in the aerospace sector, this study employs Si3N4 as the matrix and incorporates nano lignin and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) to develop a self-lubricating composite ceramic system. This paper systematically studies the tribological characteristics and wear mechanisms of the composites. The results indicate that nano lignin undergoes pyrolysis during sintering, forming nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs). These structures are uniformly distributed at grain boundaries and participate in the formation of a lubricating film during the friction process, thereby significantly improving the material’s friction and wear properties. Under the special conditions (10 N, 1000 r/min), the composite material exhibited optimal tribological performance when the nano-lignin content was 2 wt.%, The friction coefficient decreased to 0.22 and a significant decrease in wear rate, demonstrating excellent friction- reducing and wear-resistant effects. In contrast, the introduction of GNPs failed to effectively improve friction performance, which may be attributed to their poor dispersion in the matrix and weak interfacial bonding. Mechanistic analysis indicates that during friction, Si N hydrolyzes to form SiO, which, together with the metal transfer layer and N-GQDs, forms a composite lubricating film; under shear stress, the N-GQDs undergo oriented alignment, reducing interfacial shear strength and achieving a synergistic effect of friction reduction and wear resistance. This study gives a new perspective into the application of biomass-derived lubricating phases in high- performance ceramics.

Chen, Wei, Zhao, Wenzhuo, Zhou, Ao, Li, Yetong, Wang, Chao, Yang, Yongqiang, Lou, Rui

A Study on Energy Management Strategies for Range-Extended UAVs Based on A-ECMS

2026-99-2333

10/30/2026

An adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (A-ECMS) is proposed for a hydrogen fuel-cell range-extended UAV hybrid power system composed of a PEM fuel cell, a lithium-ion battery and a supercapacitor. The equivalent factor is updated online by a PID-based SOC feedback mechanism to improve the adaptability of conventional ECMS under variable flight loads. Under the same mission profile and the same initial and terminal SOC constraints, A-ECMS consumes 4.6277 g of hydrogen, reducing hydrogen consumption by 46.90%, 67.51% and 58.42% compared with PID control, conventional ECMS and state-machine control, respectively. Fuel-cell power fluctuation and battery SOC deviation are also reduced.

Li, Mengda, Liu, Zitong

Practical Predefined-Time Observer for Hypersonic Vehicle Attitude Control

2026-99-2328

10/30/2026

This article proposes a practical predefined-time observer for hypersonic vehicle attitude control. To improve the convergence performance, a practical predefined-time condition is introduced into the observer. This design provides high flexibility and allows for a precise prediction of the maximum settling time, which does not depend on initial conditions. Moreover, the actual settling time can be adjusted by modifying the preset parameters. Numerical simulations are carried out to confirm the theoretical properties and to illustrate the observer’s effectiveness.

Zhang, Yufei, Yang, Hua, Chen, Weifang

Geosynchronous Orbit Satellite Maneuver Detection Method Based on Dual-Model Parallel GLRT

2026-99-2367

10/30/2026

Ground-based radar can obtain high-precision radial velocity measurements through coherent integration Doppler processing, providing an important data source for geostationary orbit (GEO) satellite maneuver detection. An orbital maneuver causes a persistent mean shift in radial velocity residuals, whereas attitude motion or tumbling due to malfunction induces velocity scintillation, which manifests as a sudden variance amplification. Since both anomalies cause velocity residuals to deviate significantly from normal levels, a single detection model can easily misclassify one as the other. To address this problem, a maneuver detection method is proposed that combines precise orbit determination with a dual-model parallel Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT). A high-accuracy initial state is first obtained through the Gibbs method and weighted least squares. Two detection models are then constructed based on distinct residual characteristics: mean shift for maneuver detection and variance amplification for scintillation detection. An ε-contaminated Gaussian mixture GLRT detector is introduced to suppress the influence of outliers. Combined with Monte Carlo threshold calibration and a maneuver-priority competitive decision strategy, the method effectively distinguishes between the two anomaly types. Simulation results demonstrate that under strict false alarm constraints, the detection probability for both maneuvers and velocity scintillation exceeds 0.9, effectively eliminating mutual misclassification. The method achieves stable detection of weak maneuvers lasting tens of seconds with radial velocity increments of approximately 0.03 m/s, demonstrating strong engineering application potential.

Chen, Xiaoyi, Tang, Fujie, Zhang, Xianbo, Cong, Yang, Gao, Kaili, Chen, Defeng

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