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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

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Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response

EPR202501711/24/2025

The wing-in-ground effect (WIG) vehicle represents a significant advancement in aerodynamics and vehicle design, leveraging the ground effect phenomenon to enhance lift and reduce drag when flying close to the surface. This unique capability allows WIG vehicles to achieve higher payloads, longer range, and greater fuel efficiency compared to traditional aircraft, making them an attractive option for modern military and global disaster response applications. Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response discusses future disaster response, logistics, and military applications for WIG vehicles, including the ongoing development of aerospace and transportation technology. Relavant advancements in materials and propulsion systems holds promise for further enhancing WIG performance and operational range. Additionally, cost-effective and powerful flight computers with various types of mission-enabling sensor suites from the

Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering

EPR20250169/22/2025

Despite growing investments, the widespread adoption and scalable deployment of generative artificial intelligence (AI) remains a challenge due to data trustworthiness, regulatory uncertainty, interpretability, and ethical governance. The need to accelerate automation and maintain the human-in-the-loop demonstrates broader questions of responsibility and transparency. Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering investigates the transformative role of GenAI within aerospace engineering, examining its shift from conventional workflows toward more AI-driven solutions in design, manufacturing, and maintenance. It emphasizes GenAI’s emerging ability to automate repetitive mundane tasks, reduce design complexity, and optimize engineering pipelines. The report underscores the need for validation methods that must align AI-generated outputs with physics-informed models, integration with legacy engineering tools (e.g., computational fluid dynamics, finite element analysis, digital twins), and

Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles

EPR20250159/22/2025

The next generation of mobility, driven by shared, driverless, connected, and electrified vehicles, holds strong potential to advance sustainability through lower emissions and improved resource efficiency. However, critical questions remain regarding their true environmental impact, including battery lifecycle management, material consumption, and circular manufacturing practices. Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles explores these unresolved issues, focusing on the shift from internal combustion to electric vehicles, supply chain challenges, regulatory gaps, and the operational realities of sustainable productization. It also critically examines the risks of greenwashing, the need for consistent standards, and the role of intersectoral collaboration—with energy, urban planning, information and communications technologies, and waste management sectors—in building resilient, scalable solutions. The report provides strategic recommendations and

Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features

EPR20250138/13/2025

Advanced technologies that assist the human driver or reduce (or even eliminate) the human driver’s role are becoming increasingly prevalent in new light-duty vehicles used by the general public. These technologies are divided between Active Safety features that monitor the human driver and vehicle motion and act intermittently to mitigate and avoid crashes, and Driving Automation features that assume some or all of the dynamic driving task from the human driver. Both types of technologies have the potential to reduce injuries and save lives by reducing the frequency and/or severity of crashes. Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features addresses the current capabilities and future potential for Active Safety and Driving Automation features to reduce crash frequency and severity and provides an overview of the state of the industry for both types of features, including current deployments, trends, and anticipated rollouts. Gaps in knowledge, unsettled issues, and

Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots

EPR20250128/13/2025

The automation of labor-intensive picking and planting operations is having an immediate impact in the agricultural indutry. In its simplest form, robotic automation can reduce the labor and soil disturbance while enabling organic soil cover and increasing species diversification through precision approaches to planting, weeding, and spraying. With this, pesticides and fertilizers can be applied in a more targeted way, and with machinery visiting fields more frequently, earlier and more targeted intervention can occur before pests become established. Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots identifies issues that need to be resolved fo for this technology to thrive, including improving methods of acquiring and labeling training data to facilitate more accurate models for specific applications. It also discusses concepts such as general-purpose mechanical platforms for use as carriers of agricultural automation systems with high stability, positional accuracy, and variable

Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles

EPR20250147/18/2025

Autonomous vehicle motion planning and control are vital components of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. Recent advances in both data- and physical model-driven methods have improved driving performance, yet current technologies still fall short of achieving human-level driving in complex, dynamic traffic scenarios. Key challenges include developing safe, efficient, and human-like motion planning strategies that can adapt to unpredictable environments. Data-driven approaches leverage deep neural networks to learn from extensive datasets, offering promising avenues for intelligent decision-making. However, these methods face issues such as covariate shift in imitation learning and difficulties in designing robust reward functions. In contrast, conventional physical model-driven techniques use rigorous mathematical formulations to generate optimal trajectories and handle dynamic constraints. Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-Driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and

Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

EPR20250115/21/2025

Driven by the vast consumer marketplace, the electronics megatrend has reshaped nearly every sector of society. The advancements in semiconductors and software, originally built to serve consumer demand, are now delivering significant value to non-consumer industries. Today, electronics are making inroads into traditionally conservative, safety-critical sectors such as automotive and aerospace. In doing so, electronics—now further propelled by artificial intelligence—are disrupting the functional safety architectures of these cyber-physical systems. Electronics have created the world of cyber-physical systems, raising broader concerns about the broader category of product assurance. Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence continues the work of previous SAE Edge Research Reports in examining open research challenges arising from this shift, particularly in automotive systems, as core electronic technologies (e.g., the combination of software and communications) have even

Edge Artificial Intelligence in Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mobility

EPR20250095/20/2025

With many stakeholders involved, and major investments supporting it, the advancements in automated driving (AD) are undoubtedly there. Generally speaking, the motivation for advancing AD is driver convenience and road safety. Regarding the development of AD, original equipment manufacturers, technology start-ups, and AD systems developers have taken different approaches for automated vehicles (AVs). Some manufacturers are on the path toward stand-alone vehicles, mostly relying on onboard sensors and intelligence. On the other hand, the connected, cooperative, and automated mobility (CCAM) approach relies on additional communication and information exchange to ensure safe and secure operation. CCAM holds great potential to improve traffic management, road safety, equity, and convenience. In both approaches, there are increasingly large amounts of data generated and used for AD functions in perception, situational awareness, path prediction, and decision-making. The use of artificial

Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management

EPR20250085/20/2025

The transportation industry is transforming with the integration of advanced data technologies, edge devices, and artificial intelligence (AI). Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are pivotal in optimizing traffic flow and safety. Central to this are transportation management centers, which manage transportation systems, traffic flow, and incident responses. Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management explores emerging trends in transportation data, focusing on data collection, aggregation, and sharing. Effective data management, AI application, and secure data sharing are crucial for optimizing operations. Integrating edge devices with existing systems presents challenges impacting security, cost, and efficiency. Ultimately, AI in transportation offers significant opportunities to predict and manage traffic conditions. AI-driven tools analyze historical data and current conditions to forecast future events. The importance of multidisciplinary approaches and

Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Dedicated Lanes

EPR20250074/24/2025

Dedicated lanes provide a simpler operating environment for ADS-equipped vehicles than those shared with other roadway users including human drivers, pedestrians, and bicycles. This final report in the Automation and Infrastructure series discusses how and when various types of lanes whether general purpose, managed, or specialty lanes might be temporarily or permanently reserved for ADS-equipped vehicles. Though simulations and economic analysis suggest that widespread use of dedicated lanes will not be warranted until market penetration is much higher, some US states and cities are developing such dedicated lanes now for limited use cases and other countries are planning more extensive deployment of dedicated lanes. Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure: Dedicated Lanes includes a review of practices across the US as well as case studies from the EU and UK, the Near East, Japan, Singapore, and Canada. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Latest Journal Issues

Browse All 16

Passenger Vehicle Systems

Electrified Vehicles

Advances and Current Practices in Mobility

Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy

Connected and Automated Vehicles

Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy

Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH

Transportation Safety

Alternative Powertrains

Commercial Vehicles

Fuels and Lubricants

Materials and Manufacturing

Engines

Aerospace

Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems

Recent Books

Browse All 721

January 2026 AMS Index

AMSJAN-20261/24/2026

Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels

R-5471/22/2026

As global energy demands rise and environmental challenges intensify, the aviation industry faces a critical need to redefine how it powers the skies. Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels presents a comprehensive, research-driven exploration of the transition from fossil-based fuels to renewable alternatives that promise to reshape the future of air transportation. This book bridges the gap between academic knowledge and industrial application, offering a detailed overview of the science, technology, and policy driving the adoption of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs). From understanding feedstocks and conversion pathways to evaluating production technologies, emissions performance, and life-cycle impacts, the text equips readers with a holistic understanding of SAFs within today’s global energy landscape. Across five insightful chapters, readers will find a clear roadmap: the evolution and importance of SAFs; production methods and technological foundations; environmental

SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles

R-5591/20/2026

The convergence of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and connected vehicle technologies is ushering in a transformative era of automotive innovation—one that is fundamentally enhancing vehicle safety, efficiency, reliability, and the overall driving experience. SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles stands as the definitive reference for this rapidly evolving domain, meticulously compiled to clarify and standardize the language shaping modern mobility. Inside, readers will find clear, authoritative definitions encompassing the full spectrum of technologies that enable connected and automated driving—including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication systems. This comprehensive resource translates complex engineering terminology into accessible language, enabling engineers, researchers, policymakers, educators, and enthusiasts to share a common technical foundation. Reflecting the latest

Automated Vehicles: Development, Testing, and Validation: Vol. 4

EPRCOMPV03202512/29/2025

Infrastructure Enablers for Automation: Vol. 4

EPRCOMPV02202512/29/2025

Safety, ADAS, and Cybersecurity: Vol. 4

EPRCOMPV01202512/29/2025

Aerospace Developments: Vol. 7

EPRCOMPV07202512/29/2025

Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 : Vol. 2

EPRCOMPV06202512/29/2025

Commercial Vehicles: Vol. 2

EPRCOMPV05202512/29/2025

Electrification: Vol. 3

EPRCOMPV04202512/29/2025

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FITTING, ELBOW, 45°, PIPE, INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL THREAD

AS4855B (Current)

2/16/2026

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

HOSE ASSEMBLY, LINED SILICONE, 125 PSI, FLARELESS, POTABLE WATER, 45° TO 90°

AS4473D (Current)

2/16/2026

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

FITTING, ELBOW, 90°, PIPE, INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL THREAD

AS4854B (Current)

2/16/2026

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

HOSE ASSEMBLY, LINED SILICONE, 125 PSI, FLARELESS, POTABLE WATER, STRAIGHT TO 90°

AS4471D (Current)

2/16/2026

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

HOSE ASSEMBLY, LINED SILICONE, 125 PSI, FLARELESS, POTABLE WATER, STRAIGHT TO 45°

AS4470D (Current)

2/16/2026

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

On the Modal Characteristics of Motor Stators under Different Interlaminate Fastening Conditions

14-15-01-0005

2/14/2026

The increasing demand for quiet and efficient electric vehicles has highlighted the importance of understanding vibration and noise characteristics of motor stators. Previous studies have extensively modeled electromagnetic excitation and laminated structures, but there has been little experimental evidence clarifying how different interlaminate fastening methods affect vibration modes under comparable conditions. This knowledge gap limits the ability to optimize fastening strategies for noise and vibration control in practical motor design. In this study, laminated stator cores were fabricated with different fastening conditions—bolting, clinching, and welding—and subjected to vibration testing and experimental modal analysis. Natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes were identified for torsional, circumferential, and breathing modes. The results revealed that the in-plane torsional natural frequencies increase with bolt axial force, while clinching provides additional

Matsubara, Masami, Saito, Akira, Shimada, Shogo, Oishi, Taizan, Furuya, Kohei, Kawamura, Shozo, Tajiri, Daiki

Teaching Points for a Class on “Critical Issues in Composite Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul”

AIR5719B (Current)

2/13/2026

This document is to be used as a checklist by curriculum developers to create courses or training for critical composite repair, maintenance, and overhaul issues. This document will not take the place of courses or training requirements for specific job roles of a composite repair technician, inspector, or engineer.

AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee

Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate, Alclad 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (2024 -T361 Sheet/Plate with 1½% Alclad) Solution Heat Treated, 6% Cold Worked and Naturally Aged

AMS4194F (Current)

2/13/2026

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate, alclad both sides, supplied in the -T361 temper.

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Optimized Design and Economic Evaluation of a Renewable Hydrogen Refueling Station for Public Transport on Elba Island

14-15-01-0004

2/13/2026

The aim of this study is to develop a methodology to significantly reduce emissions in bus fleet renewal scenarios by investigating both technical and economic aspects. This work presents a case study based on Elba Island, Italy, which investigates optimal solutions for replacing existing Diesel buses through a total cost of ownership analysis. The investigation is carried out for four different potential scenarios: renewing the fleet with Diesel buses, renewing the fleet with electric buses, adopting fuel cell buses, and implementing a hybrid solution. The latter represents a synergistic solution that integrates fuel cell buses with the development of a hydrogen refueling station driven by a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer, unlocking the techno-economic potential of self-producing green hydrogen for bus refueling. The novelty of this study is its integrated methodology that combines a total cost of ownership analysis with a tailored design of a green hydrogen production network

Bove, Giovanni, Sorrentino, Marco, Baldinelli, Arianna, Desideri, Umberto

CLIP, SPRING RETENTION - ELECTRICAL CABLE

AS5117A (Current)

2/13/2026

SCOPE IS UNAVAILABLE.

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

HOSE ASSEMBLY, LINED SILICONE, 125 PSI, FLARELESS, POTABLE WATER, STRAIGHT MALE TO STRAIGHT FEMALE

AS4475D (Current)

2/13/2026

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 15Cr - 4.5Ni - 0.30Cb (Nb) - 3.5Cu (15-5PH®), Consumable Electrode Remelted, Premium Aircraft Quality, Solution Heat Treated and Precipitation Hardened (H1025)

AMS5862/H1025 (Current)

2/13/2026

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product in the solution and precipitation heat-treated (H1025) condition, 4 inches (102 mm) and under in nominal thickness.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

In-Service Reliability Data of Continuously Active Ball Screw and Geared Flight Control Actuation Systems

AIR5713A (Current)

2/13/2026

This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) has been written to provide in-service reliability data of continuously active ball screw and geared flight control actuation systems.

A-6B3 Electro-Mechanical Actuation Committee

NUT, SELF-LOCKING, 12 POINT, REDUCED HEIGHT, SILVER PLATE, UNS S66286, CLASS 160 KSI/1200 °F

AS3485C (Current)

2/13/2026

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

Blackening Solution for Steel Touch-Up Method

AMS2484D (Current)

2/13/2026

This specification covers the requirements for an inorganic blackening solution for steel, applied at room temperature.

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Thoracic Responses of Rear-Seated Midsized Male Surrogates during Frontal Sled Tests

2025-22-0011

2/13/2026

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thoracic responses of the 50th-percenitle male Hybrid III, THOR, and post mortem human surrogates (PMHS) in the rear seat during frontal sled tests using conventional and advanced restraints in multiple vehicle environments. Twenty-one sled tests were conducted using the Hybrid III and THOR in seven vehicle bucks, and 12 PMHS sled tests were performed using four vehicle bucks. Trends in chest deflections between vehicles and restraint conditions were compared between surrogates. The Hybrid III and THOR thoracic injury risk predictions were compared to the thoracic skeletal damage observed during the PMHS tests. The Hybrid III chest deflections were statistically significantly greater for vehicles equipped with conventional restraints compared to those equipped with advanced restraints. The THOR chest deflections generally followed this trend, but the differences between restraint types were not statistically significant. Hence, the THOR

Albert, Devon L., Bianco, Samuel T., Guettler, Allison J., Boyle, David M., Kemper, Andrew R., Hardy, Warren N.

Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate, Alclad 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (Alclad 2024, -T361 Sheet and Plate) Solution Heat Treated, 6% Cold Worked, and Naturally Aged

AMS4466C (Current)

2/13/2026

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of alclad sheet and plate 0.020 to 0.500 inch (0.508 to 12.70 mm), inclusive, in thickness, supplied in the -T361 temper (see 8.5).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

An Analysis of the Energy Requirement for a Synthesized City Drive Cycle for Electric Two-wheelers

2026-01-5010

2/12/2026

Range estimation for electric vehicles based on standard drive cycles generally underestimates energy consumption and fails to accurately represent the actual driving characteristics. This paper aims to develop a representative driving cycle for electric two-wheelers that emulate the real-world driving scenario in Lucknow, India. The micro-trip-based random selection scheme is used to form the drive cycle. The onboard Global Positioning System (GPS) module is used to log vehicle speed data for every second, and nine assessment parameters were used to analyze the candidate drive cycles. The total duration of the developed drive cycle is 1800 s, and the length is 17.45 km. Traffic attributes of the developed drive cycle are compared with the India drive cycle (IDC), Delhi motorcycle drive cycle (DMDC), and Edinburgh motorcycle drive cycle (EMDC). A comparison of the estimated energy requirement of the developed drive cycle with IDC indicates that the estimated actual energy requirement

Vashist, Devendra, Pandey, Bhaskar, Malik, Varun

The Membrane Engine: Concept, Model, and First Results

03-19-01-0003

2/12/2026

This study investigates the feasibility of a novel internal combustion engine (ICE) architecture, termed the membrane engine, in which the conventional piston is replaced by a flexible elastic membrane. Although the concept appears in several patent documents proposing reduced friction, improved sealing, and lower heat losses, no empirical data has been published to support these claims. To the authors’ knowledge, this work presents the first membrane engine built and experimentally tested. The primary aim is to verify whether such an engine can operate as a functional ICE, regardless of its current efficiency or performance level. To support concept validation, a simplified mathematical model was developed to describe the membrane’s deformation and its effect on combustion chamber volume. Unlike conventional piston engines, the membrane introduces a pressure-dependent geometry, enabling a variable compression ratio. The model is not intended to predict performance but to assist in

Allmägi, Roland, Ilves, Risto

SAE TOMORROW TODAY - The Power of Model-Based Battery Engineering

135552/12/2026

Battery development is typically a lengthy and difficult process, but one company is proving that it doesn't have to be. Listen in as we sit down with Gavin White, Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer, About:Energy, to discover how model-based design and advanced simulation are revolutionizing battery development -- cutting timelines by up to 70%. You'll also learn about the creation of The Voltt database, a game-changing resource for engineers and manufacturers. From motorsports to satellites to microgrids in developing regions, this conversation is proof that batteries are shaping the future of energy, technology, and society. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on your preferred

Patterson, Lori

Life Cycle Assessment for Sustainable EV Battery Recycling: A Technical Framework for EBRR

2026-28-0092

2/12/2026

Electric vehicle (EV) battery life cycle assessment (LCA) is emerging as a strategic necessity amid booming demand and tightening environmental regulations. This report consolidates key findings and recommendations for EBRR (Electric Battery Reuse & Recycling) to implement a comprehensive LCA program covering EV lithium-ion batteries from cradle-to-grave and cradle-to-cradle perspectives. The study confirms that global Li-ion battery demand is skyrocketing – projected to increase 14-fold by 2030[1] – amplifying the urgency for sustainable battery management (see Figure 1). It outlines the full life cycle stages of EV batteries (raw material extraction, manufacturing, use, and end-of-life) and compares linear vs. circular approaches. Using the ISO 14040/44 framework[18, 19] and industry-standard LCA tools, the report evaluates environmental impacts and identifies hotspots. Key findings show that mining and manufacturing dominate the battery’s carbon footprint, but end-of-life strategies

Asokan, Gayathri, Raju cEng, Rajkumar, Dhananjaya, Chandan, Sattigeri cEng, Sudhir V

Computational Study on Dynamic Handling Performance of a Retro Fitted Electric Two-Wheeler Using 125cc Powered ICE Reference

2026-28-0047

2/12/2026

With the development in motor technology and battery technologies, the scope for a low-cost EV has been increasing in India. There remains an after-mark potential for conversion of an ICE powered two-wheeler to an EV power train. Such a move reduces the carbon footprint from the vehicle drastically and is still being explored. This study investigates the effect of replacing the ICE with an electric motor in a 125cc motorcycle, with a particular focus on vehicle handling performance using Slalom test. The two wheelers were modelled using calculated mass properties and estimated / calculated moments of inertia using CAD for both ICE and electric powertrains. The electric propulsion system took into consideration the role of a battery pack in the mass and MI calculation. The framework with degrees of freedom is well established in BIKESIMTM simulation environment. A slalom test with automatic gear shift and throttle to maintain speed of the vehicle was set-up to estimate the handling

Sankarasubramanian, Hariharan, M, Shaghasra, V, Ramprathap

Design and Development of Integrated Brake and Bull Cage System for Enhanced Tractor Performance and Sustainability

2026-28-0005

2/12/2026

Conventional tractor transmission systems feature separate Brake and Bull Cage housings, with brakes often being proprietary components and Bull Cage designed by the Original Equipment manufacturer (OE). To optimize design and performance, an innovative integrated system was developed, combining an in-house braking system with a unitized Bull Cage assembly. This robust design reduces part count, eliminates proprietary dependency (except for friction liners), and enhances performance. Virtual simulations performed under RWUP conditions demonstrated enhanced strength and stiffness in the integrated design. In this Integrated Brake & Bull Cage assembly (IBCA), the braking layout was reconfigured from a 4+1 friction design to a 3+2 configuration which improved balancing, enhancing customer braking experience and increasing contact area by 11%. This adjustment extends friction liner life and boosts mechanical advantage by 7.9%, significantly improving tractor stability and performance

Dumpa, Mahendra Reddy, Dhanale, Swapnil, Perumal, Solairaj, Gomes, Maxson, Redkar, Dinesh, Savant, Kedarnath, V, Saravanan

Flow-Based Corrosion Analysis of NBR-PVC Fuel Hoses in Ethanol-Gasoline Blends

2026-28-0079

2/12/2026

The integration of ethanol into gasoline presents compatibility challenges for automotive fuel-system materials. In this study, the degradation of NBR-PVC fuel hoses exposed to ethanol-gasoline blends (E30, E50, E70, and E100) was investigated under dynamic flow conditions. A custom-designed test rig simulates real-time fuel circulation for 1,200 h. FESEM, ATR-FTIR, and elemental mapping analyses revealed ethanol-induced degradation, including dehydrochlorination, plasticizer leaching, and filler detachment. Among the blends, E30 exhibited the least material degradation, whereas E100 showed significant surface damage and chemical alteration. This study recommends multilayered fuel hose structures with ethanol-resistant inner linings for enhanced durability.

PC, Murugan, L S, Adhitya, G, Arun Prasad, W, Beno Wincy, T, Karthi

Design Evolution of a Novel LCA for a Multi-Link Rear Suspension System in a Born Electric Vehicle

2026-28-0009

2/12/2026

The spring link or the lower control arm (LCA) is a critical structural component in a multi-link rear suspension system especially in a sports utility vehicle (SUV). The design of the rear LCA is thus challenging due to higher loads owing to higher suspension articulation typical of a SUV and further complicated in a born electric vehicle (BEV) due to increased vehicle weight contributed by a large battery. In the present work, a novel LCA was designed for the rear suspension system of one such born electric SUV application. The unique link was designed to withstand 20% higher rear axle weight compared to the conventional LCA used in a typical SUV. The LCA housed the spring with increased stiffness and a semi-active damper with varying and higher damping forces which complicated the design. The link design was further complicated with stab link mounting provision and mass damper mounting for improved NVH performance. Furthermore, the link was designed to withstand significantly higher

Selvaraj, Saravanan, Nayak, Bhargav, J, Ramkumar, M, Sudhan, Chaudhari, Varun

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