This document describes guidelines, methods, and tools used to perform the ongoing safety assessment process for transport airplanes in commercial service (hereafter termed “airplane”). The process described herein is intended to support an overall management of safety. It is associated with showing compliance to regulations and also establishing and meeting internal company safety standards. The methods identify a systematic means, but not the only means, to assess ongoing safety. While economic decision-making is an integral part of the safety management process, this document addresses only the ongoing safety assessment process. To put it succinctly, this document addresses the “Is it safe?” part of safety management; it does not address the “How much does it cost?” part of safety management. This document also does not address any specific organizational structures for accomplishing the safety assessment process. While the nature of the organizational structure is significant to the quality of a safety program, this document focuses on the functions to be accomplished and does not attempt to define what the structure should be. The intent is to leave the greatest amount of flexibility to the organizations that use this document.

S-18C Ongoing Safety Assessment Committee

Vehicle OBD II Compliance Test Cases

J1699/3_202608 (Current)

8/15/2026

The main purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to verify that vehicles are capable of communicating a minimum subset of information in accordance with the diagnostic test services specified in SAE J1979, or the equivalent document ISO 15031-5. Any software meeting these specifications will utilize the vehicle interface that is defined in SAE J2534. SAE J1699-3 tests shall be run using an SAE J2534-1 (API Version 04.04) Interface. However, the use of an SAE J2534-2 (API Version 04.04) Interface shall be permitted if the following conditions are met: The number of 29-bit ISO 15765 OBD ECUs exceeds the capability of the SAE J2534-1 Interface. The SAE J2534-2 Interface meets or exceeds all of the SAE J2534-1 requirements and also supports the SAE J2534-2 feature “Mixed Format Frames on a CAN Network.”

Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee

Standard Test Method for Aerodynamic Acceptance of AMS1424 and AMS1428 Aircraft Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids

AS5900F (Current)

8/14/2026

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the aerodynamic flowoff requirements and test procedures for AMS1424 Type I and AMS1428 Type II, III, and IV fluids used to deice and/or anti-ice aircraft. The objective of this standard is to ensure acceptable aerodynamic characteristics of the deicing/anti-icing fluids as they flow off of aircraft lifting and control surfaces during the takeoff ground acceleration and climb. Aerodynamic acceptance of an aircraft ground deicing/anti-icing fluid is based upon the fluid’s boundary layer displacement thickness (BLDT) on a flat plate, measured after experiencing the free stream velocity time history of a representative aircraft takeoff. Acceptability of the fluid is determined by comparing BLDT measurements of the candidate fluid with a datum established from the values of a reference fluid BLDT and the BLDT over the dry (clean) test plate. Testing is carried out in the temperature range at which the fluid, undiluted and diluted, is to be used in aircraft service. NOTE: No additional aerodynamic testing is required for non-glycol fluids at this time. For more information about non-glycol fluids, please refer to AMS1424 and AMS1428.

G-12ADF Aircraft Deicing Fluids

Research and Practice of Emergency Rescue Unmanned Patrol Flying Equipment

2026-99-0337

8/14/2026

To enhance China’s disaster and accident emergency response capabilities and strengthen the digital battlefield system for emergency rescue, an integrated multi-payload unmanned aerial surveillance and communication support system has been developed for extreme weather conditions and ‘triple-disconnection’ disaster scenarios. This paper sets out to address the limitations of traditional emergency drones, including poor environmental adaptability, weak payload capacity, and operational inconvenience. The system’s resistance to wind and rain has been significantly enhanced through the optimization of its airframe design. The innovative design incorporates dual-station symmetric conjugate antennas with planar blind-spot coverage systems, integrating public and self-organizing network base stations to achieve three-dimensional signal coverage and heterogeneous network integration. This enhances ground cellular network resilience. Multi-functional reconnaissance payloads are integrated and compatible with day/night and smoke/rain scenarios, thus overcoming the limitations of single-source visual information perception. The system employs zero-length deployment and parachute recovery methods, thereby facilitating rapid deployment and terrain-independent take-off and landing capabilities. The simulation results obtained demonstrate excellent aerodynamic performance, thus permitting safe operation in wind conditions up to Force 8. The antenna system under discussion is innovative in nature and has been developed to achieve 360° three-dimensional signal coverage. The primary function of this system is to ensure sustained communication link integrity. The field trials further corroborate the aircraft’s stable low-altitude cruising capability in Force 8 winds, thereby averting congestion in constrained rescue airspace. The dual-base station design, incorporating symmetric conjugate antennas and blind-spot compensation antennas, has been demonstrated to reliably restore public ground network signals within a 6.7-kilometre radius. The development of this unmanned aerial patrol system addresses a significant gap in low-altitude rescue capabilities for intelligent unmanned equipment in harsh environments. It underpins the integrated emergency command and operations system for intelligence, command, and execution, as well as the integrated emergency communication support system spanning the air, land, and sea domains. This advancement has been demonstrated to enhance disaster response efficiency and auxiliary decision-making effectiveness under extreme conditions.

Bian, Lu, Fang, Yudong, Yang, Jixing, Zhang, Chen, Hu, Bin, Zhang, Mingyue

Mechatronic Transfer Wheelchair Based on SLAM, A*/DWA Algorithms, and Finite Element Safety Assurance

2026-99-0341

8/14/2026

With the acceleration of population aging, the number of disabled older people is increasing, and the demand for home care is also rising. In the case of a narrow space and no gap between the bed and the ground, the transfer of patients between the wheelchair and the bed has become a challenge. Current solutions suffer from bulky designs, require caregiver assistance, and pose potential safety risks. In order to solve the above problems, this paper proposes an intelligent transfer wheelchair with voice interaction and autonomous navigation function. The wheelchair innovatively adopts a cantilever transfer device, which can enable safe and stable transfer without requiring bed-floor clearance, and has the dual functions of a wheelchair and a transfer device, effectively saving family space. The stability of the structure is verified by finite element analysis. Under the action of a 500 N load, the maximum stress and maximum displacement are within the safety limit of the material. The wheelchair is also equipped with an advanced human-computer interaction system with voice interaction and autonomous navigation functions. Users can control the operation of the wheelchair through voice. The navigation module of SLAM and the hybrid A*/Dynamic Window Approach (DWA) path planner realizes the high-precision docking of the wheelchair and the bed. The results show that the design can realize the safe transfer of disabled people between wheelchair and bed, and provide a solution for home intelligent nursing.

Wang, Shunli, Peng, Li, Zhao, Liang

Stress Analysis and Simulation Study of Propane Spherical Tanks

2026-99-0334

8/14/2026

As special pressure-bearing vessels, spherical tanks are widely used in chemical, oil refining, and other fields. However, their safe operation faces the dual challenges of structural failure and leakage diffusion. Meanwhile, due to its low lower explosive limit and the low ignition energy required, propane will evaporate rapidly after leakage to form an explosive mixed gas, which may further trigger severe accidents such as combustion and explosion. Therefore, this paper takes a 3000 m3 propane spherical tank as the research object, comprehensively applies the finite element analysis method, and systematically researches stress distribution, aiming to provide theoretical support for the safety design of spherical tanks and accident prevention and control.

Huang, Yuanxuan, Tao, Gang, Zhang, Lijing

Reliability Calculation and Analysis of Influencing Factors for Girth Welds in High-Grade Steel Pipelines Based on HMC-SS

2026-99-0342

8/14/2026

Fracture failure of girth welds in high-grade steel pipelines poses a critical threat to pipeline integrity. Leveraging enhanced digitalization in pipeline engineering, a statistical database has been developed to support reliability analysis based on actual operational data. This study utilizes real project data to analyze the failure probability and key influencing factors of girth welds containing crack defects, thereby providing theoretical support for safety design and risk management. To overcome the conservatism of traditional deterministic methods, a probabilistic reliability model was established, incorporating a modified PRCI-CRES ultimate tensile strain criterion. Addressing the inefficiency of standard Monte Carlo (MC) simulation in high-dimensional low-probability contexts, an efficient Hamiltonian Monte Carlo-Subset Simulation (HMC-SS) strategy was introduced. Results show that HMC-SS improves computational efficiency by 99.95% over MC, with only 0.90% relative error. Key findings include: crack depth has the strongest influence – variation from 0.92 mm to 3.68 mm, which increases failure probability by 103 times; the strength matching coefficient is dominant, and higher values reduce failure risk; strain demand exhibits a positive correlation with failure probability and couples with material properties. It is concluded that high- or equal-strength material matching should be emphasized in welding, and reliability-informed design should account for multi-parameter interactions to ensure global safety.

Yang, Kai, Wang, Kaihong, Wang, Bin, Shao, Jia, Yu, Weichao, Zhang, Dong

Anti-splash System of Sprinkler Based on Millimeter Wave Radar and Machine Vision Fusion

2026-99-0323

8/14/2026

In view of the problems that it is difficult to accurately control the spraying area of the mining sprinkler, and the resource waste caused by the mis-spraying material stacking area, as well as the failure of traditional radar monitoring in the complex electromagnetic environment, this paper proposes an anti-splashing system for the mining sprinkler. By combining millimeter wave radar and visual recognition fusion technology, the overall scheme of the anti-splash system is proposed. Then the control simulation of the whole system is carried out. The results show that the problem of poor control in traditional sprinkler operation can be effectively solved, and the sprinkler area can be adjusted intelligently. Finally, in order to verify the accuracy of the algorithm used in this paper, different algorithms are used for comparative experimental verification. The results show that the Modified YOLOv4 algorithm has a high accuracy of 98.75 %, which has good applicability and provides a theoretical basis for subsequent research.

Hou, Lin

Comparative Study on the Strength Calculation Method for Pumped-Storage Power Plant Head-Cover-to-Stay-Ring Bolts and on Relevant Preload and Strength Standards

2026-99-0324

8/14/2026

Head-cover-to-stay-ring bolts in pumped-storage plants face fatigue fracture risks due to axial alternating loads, with catastrophic failure cases reported globally. In China, the absence of a unified design code in early projects produced widely divergent bolt designs. This study proposes a hybrid “field measurement and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) correction” method to analyze bolt forces under turbine load-rejection transients (max. stress: 780 MPa, error <3.1%), benchmarks three Chinese standards (GB/T 22581-2024, NB/T 10135-2019, GB/T 15468-2020) for preload design, and refines their technical clauses to provide actionable guidance for future tender specifications and long-term bolt maintenance.

Long, Zhe, Guo, Meichao, Kang, Caini, Li, Chengjun

Design and On-Vehicle Validation of a Clutchless Electro-Pneumatic Gear-Shifting System for a Formula Student Race Car

2026-01-5069

8/14/2026

Gear-shift execution is critical to power delivery, vehicle acceleration, and driver workload in Formula Student racing vehicles. Conventional shifting solutions for sequential gearboxes are often limited by driver-dependent operation, insufficient actuator authority, incomplete torque coordination, or the absence of closed-loop gear-state confirmation. This study develops and validates a clutchless electro-pneumatic gear-shifting system for a CF700-powered Formula Student vehicle equipped with an integrated sequential dog-engagement gearbox. The system is treated as a shift-assist form of automated manual transmission, in which the driver retains gear-selection authority while shift actuation and engine torque coordination are performed electronically. Although pneumatic shifting systems are already established in motorsport applications, the present work focuses on their vehicle-specific integration through measured shift-load characterization, geometry-based actuator design, gear-position-based closed-loop control, and electronic-throttle-assisted torque intervention. Vehicle tests were conducted under straight-line acceleration, high-speed obstacle-avoidance, and endurance-oriented training conditions. Across 76 recorded shift events, no failed gear transition or missed target-gear confirmation was observed. In straight-line acceleration tests, the mean target-gear confirmation time for recorded upshifts was 96 ± 5 ms, and the representative gear-position transition interval was approximately 20 ms. The full Engine Control Unit (ECU)-controlled upshift event was 0.50 ± 0.10 s because it included the calibrated low-torque dwell and torque-recovery phase, and should therefore be interpreted as a control-event window rather than the mechanical shift duration. After powertrain-specific actuation and torque-control calibration, the developed system provides an implementation basis for similar electronically controlled sequential-gearbox racing platforms, with potential to reduce shift time and driver workload and to support improved autocross drivability and performance.

Cao, Yuanyi

2025 International Conference on Intelligent Manufacturing and Mechatronics

2026-99-0300

8/14/2026

TOC

Tobolski, Sue

Comparative Analysis of CDTire Model and FTire Model in Vehicle Comfort and Durability Simulation

2026-99-0301

8/14/2026

Applicability of the CDTire tire model in vehicle handling and stability simulations is studied in this paper by comparison with the PAC2002 tire model. Based on the physical tire 245/50 R20, corresponding CDTire and PAC2002 models are established and assembled on the multibody dynamics model of an SUV. After simulating 5 handling and stability conditions, it is found that the CDTire calculation is more time-consuming compared with PAC2002, but the increased time cost does not exceed 10%. In addition, the relative errors of the 17 evaluation indices obtained based on CDTire compared to PAC2002 do not exceed 5%. Therefore, in terms of both computational accuracy and efficiency, CDTire is suitable for application in vehicle handling and stability simulation.

Gao, Fengling, Wu, Wenwen, Fei, Yuanjun

Design of a Digital Twin for Robot-Assembled Workpiece Transfer Station and Virtual Commissioning with It

2026-99-0347

8/14/2026

In this research, the design of a digital twin system for a Robot-Assembled Workpiece Transfer Station (RAWTS) and virtual commissioning with it were detailed, aiming for debugging high-repeatability, high-precision robotic motions. The system employs a structured three-layer digital twin framework, Physical, Digital, and Information Fusion layers, interconnected via an OPC UA communication architecture to enable real-time virtual-physical data synchronization. The 6-axis industrial robot’s kinematic model is established using the D-H parameter method, and the translational end-effector’s kinematic relationships are configured with defined OPEN/CLOSE poses. A behavior-driven digital twin model is constructed within NX MCD, incorporating lightweight-processed 3D geometry from SolidWorks. Virtual commissioning involves PLC and robot program integration, OPC UA-based signal mapping, and kinematic path planning with reachability validation to avoid singularities and collisions. Key joint angles at critical path points are optimized, and virtual-physical integration debugging is performed, resulting in first-attempt success in physical operation. The study demonstrates that the NX MCD-based digital twin approach effectively validates control logic, optimizes robot trajectories, reduces on-site debugging time, and enhances operational precision and safety, offering a practical reference for digital twin applications in robotic systems.

Zang, Yuping, Wang, Ye, Fu, Hudai, Li, Weiwei, Jiang, Zhiyu, Wang, Dayu

Research on the Assembly Sequence Planning Algorithm under Cabin and System Constraints

2026-99-0345

8/14/2026

Assembly sequence planning is a crucial part of process preparation in aircraft final assembly. A scientifically designed assembly sequence can significantly improve assembly efficiency and reduce costs in aircraft production. Efficient planning not only streamlines the workflow but also minimizes potential errors and rework, which are critical in high-stakes aviation manufacturing. This paper examines the constraint relationships in aircraft assembly from the perspectives of cabin constraints and system constraints, covering both spatial layout restrictions and functional logical dependencies to ensure the comprehensiveness of constraint analysis. It establishes a directed graph for the aircraft assembly outline and generates the corresponding adjacency matrix, which converts the complex constraint relationships into a structured mathematical expression for easier subsequent algorithmic processing. The Warshall algorithm and Johnson algorithm are used to check and extract contradictory constraints from the directed graph. The adjacency matrix is then employed to calculate the reachability matrix, which helps identify redundant constraints and reduces the computational effort in assembly sequence planning. Finally, the optimized constraint relationships are used to calculate the aircraft’s final assembly sequence, which generates a Gantt chart for assembly sequence planning, guiding the on-site assembly order and accelerating aircraft development efficiency. The integrated approach effectively addresses the key challenges in complex aircraft assembly sequence planning.

Guo, Jingjing, Cun, Wenyuan, Zhao, Jiong, Yu, Yang, Yang, Rui, Yu, Long

Research on Rigidity-Intensity Analysis and Structural Optimization of the Shuttle Vehicle Load-Bearing Plate

2026-99-0306

8/14/2026

The shuttle vehicle is a critical piece of handling equipment in automated logistics warehouses. As its primary load-bearing component, the load plate is subject to spatial constraints, requiring both a compact structure and effective prevention of structural deformation that could compress the battery. For a shuttle vehicle load plate developed by a company—with a rated load of 1500 kg and a maximum allowable deformation of ≤ 2 mm—this study first adopts the finite element method (FEM) to analyze its structural characteristics and establish a hybrid mesh model consisting of 1D beam elements, 2D shell elements, and 3D solid elements. Symmetry constraints are applied to reduce the computational scale. The structural deformation and stress under two constraint schemes (fixed constraints and surface-to-surface contact constraints) are compared and analyzed. The results indicate that surface-to-surface contact constraints should be adopted under this working condition, and potential design risks are identified. During the analysis, mesh independence is verified to determine an appropriate mesh size, thereby avoiding errors induced by mesh dimensions. Finally, an optimization design is conducted with the goal of lightweighting. Taking the cross-sectional dimensions of the load plate’s stiffeners and the thickness of the load plate as variables, and deformation as the constraint condition, the overall structural weight is reduced from 32.7 kg to 29.6 kg through multiple gradient-based iterative optimizations, effectively achieving the lightweighting objective. Experimental results show good consistency with the computational predictions. Additionally, the manufacturing process requirements and cost impacts of the optimized scheme are analyzed, and a manufacturing solution that meets technical requirements while ensuring economic feasibility is proposed.

Liu, Rui, Shen, Jie, Chen, Meng

Study on the Impact of Vehicle Fixation Methods on the Range Testing of Electric Vehicles

2026-99-0326

8/14/2026

The range energy consumption testing of electric vehicles is usually completed in an environment where the environmental chamber and chassis dynamometer are built. The vehicle is bound to the chassis dynamometer to simulate the range performance on a real road, and the vehicle's fixing method is particularly important, as it even affects the test results. In order to investigate the impact of vehicle fixation as a key testing factor on the range test results of electric vehicles, this study conducted comparative experiments using rigid fixation test vehicles at different positions. By relying on a chassis dynamometer to simulate road resistance and following the Chinese Light Vehicle Test Code (CLTC-P), a range test is conducted on the same electric vehicle under strictly controlled environmental conditions. The experiment collected data on endurance mileage, total energy consumption, and segmented energy consumption. By comparing the differences in simulated resistance and electric energy change trends of chassis dynamometer under different binding methods of test vehicles during the test process, the comprehensive energy consumption results were different. The results showed that the rigid fixation at different positions significantly affected the sliding results of the test vehicle chassis dynamometer, leading to differences in the comprehensive endurance energy consumption results. The comprehensive endurance mileage difference reached 24 kilometers, and the comprehensive energy consumption difference reached 4Wh/km. This study reveals potential sources of system bias in laboratory testing and analyzes the impact of vehicle fixation methods on comprehensive range energy consumption results. The research conclusions can provide a theoretical basis and empirical reference for improving the current standards for energy consumption and range testing of electric vehicles, and enhancing the accuracy and reproducibility of test results.

Zhou, Meng, Jiang, Zhijie, Geng, Peilin

Numerical Simulation Study on Fire Prevention in Aero-Engine Fuel Tube

2026-99-0303

8/14/2026

Transient gas-liquid two-phase flow in aero-engine fuel pipelines was examined using numerical simulations, focusing on the influence of flow rate on phase change behavior. Under low-flow conditions, phase change occurred repeatedly near the pipe wall, where vapor layers formed and collapsed in an intermittent manner. These processes introduced noticeable unsteadiness in the local mass flow and pressure fields. When the flow rate was increased, vapor generation was largely confined to a narrow region adjacent to the wall, and the overall flow exhibited a more stable character. The results suggest that flow-rate-dependent phase change plays an important role in determining the stability of fuel transport and should be considered in the fire safety assessment of aircraft fuel systems.

Wu, Bin, Xin, Bo, Zeng, Tai, Su, Zhengliang

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