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Vertical Flight Society Technical Papers - Coming Soon to Mobilus

Vertical Flight Society papers coming soon to SAE Mobilus. In partnership with the Vertical Flight Society (VFS), SAE Mobilus will be hosting more than 17,000 technical papers and proceedings from VFS. Click here to see a sample of the content covering decades of rotorcraft and vertical flight technologies.

Important Update – Accessibility Enhancements on SAE Mobilus

We’re pleased to share that SAE Mobilus has recently completed a comprehensive set of accessibility improvements across the platform. As a result, Mobilus is now aligned with WCAG 2.2 Level AA standards in most key categories. These updates are part of our ongoing commitment to ensuring the platform is accessible to all users. Enhancements include improvements to keyboard navigation, screen reader compatibility, visual contrast, error handling, and overall usability across core areas of the site. An updated Voluntary Product Accessibility Template (VPAT v2.5 – March 2026) is now available, providing a detailed overview of our accessibility conformance. You can access the VPAT directly within the Help section. Accessibility is a continuous effort. We will continue to evaluate and improve the platform to better support all users and meet evolving standards. If you have any feedback or experience any accessibility issues, we welcome your input. - The SAE Mobilus Team

SAE AI Chat — Update and What's Next

* Important Update - SAE AI chatbot Beta program * The SAE AI Chatbot Beta program - Phase 1 will end on March 31, 2026. Following this date, the AI chatbot capabilities will be temporarily unavailable as we begin development of a significantly enhanced version. We sincerely thank all Phase 1 Beta participants for their engagement and valuable feedback - your insights have played an important role in shaping the next phase of this experience. The upcoming version of the SAE AI Chatbot will expand content coverage beyond current standards, incorporating additional critical resources from our digital library. It will also be made available to a broader audience across Mobilus. Want to be part of what's next? Register your interest here to receive updates and be considered for early access. For additional information, visit the FAQs. — The Mobilus Team

SAE International Digitization and AI Policy

SAE International prohibits the entry of SAE Content into any form of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT, OpenAI, or Microsoft Copilot. Additionally, creating derivatives of SAE Content using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from SAE International. In the case of such use, SAE International will suspend access to SAE Content, and further legal action will be considered.

Welcome to the new SAE Mobilus®

Welcome to the new era of SAE Mobilus®, redesigned with a modern, intuitive web interface featuring enhanced search capabilities to help you stay informed and easily discover content. Login today: To access content within your subscription and make the most of the platform, please log into your subscription and your personal My Library (sign up is free) located in the top right corner of the screen. Key Features Intuitive User Interface: We've listened to our customers and tied this to the best practices in the industry to offer an improved, intuitive, and desirable website experience for our users. Improved In-app Discoverability: Enhanced search and expanded menu featuring search suggestions that allow for quick discovery of content. Announcements: Stay up to date on new features through a dedicated announcements page. Most recent announcements also get featured on the homepage. Enhanced Browse capabilities: Browse through over 200,000 publications that are now classified into categories commonly used across the industry. Deep-dive further into any topic or sub-topic of interest to make the most for your corporate projects or research. Smart Automation: "Meta Tags" on each result will help you find content related to your search. My Library: My dashboard is rebranded as My Library with powerful features to help you make the most out of the platform Mobile Friendly: Upgraded navigation on mobile devices Training Available SAE’s Customer Success team is dedicated to delivering the best platform experience possible. Through monthly trainings and short, on-demand video tutorials, find answers to your questions here: SAE Mobilus Spotlight training - Available monthly, hosted live by SAE’s Customer Success team Mobilus Minute – 2-minute videos, available on-demand Need some troubleshooting help? Access our FAQs by visiting our Help section: https://saemobilus.sae.org/help/home Resources to help you navigate the new platform are available here, where you can find links to quick start guides and video tutorials on features like My Library, Announcements, Saved Search, Login and new features. Have feedback that you'd like to share with us? Please submit your feedback to the Mobilus team through the blue Knowledge bot in the bottom right hand corner of the new platform.

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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

Browse All 177

Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response

EPR202501711/24/2025

The wing-in-ground effect (WIG) vehicle represents a significant advancement in aerodynamics and vehicle design, leveraging the ground effect phenomenon to enhance lift and reduce drag when flying close to the surface. This unique capability allows WIG vehicles to achieve higher payloads, longer range, and greater fuel efficiency compared to traditional aircraft, making them an attractive option for modern military and global disaster response applications. Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response discusses future disaster response, logistics, and military applications for WIG vehicles, including the ongoing development of aerospace and transportation technology. Relavant advancements in materials and propulsion systems holds promise for further enhancing WIG performance and operational range. Additionally, cost-effective and powerful flight computers with various types of mission-enabling sensor suites from the advanced air mobility and drone industry further enable the development of modern, safe, and practical WIG platforms. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering

EPR20250169/22/2025

Despite growing investments, the widespread adoption and scalable deployment of generative artificial intelligence (AI) remains a challenge due to data trustworthiness, regulatory uncertainty, interpretability, and ethical governance. The need to accelerate automation and maintain the human-in-the-loop demonstrates broader questions of responsibility and transparency. Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering investigates the transformative role of GenAI within aerospace engineering, examining its shift from conventional workflows toward more AI-driven solutions in design, manufacturing, and maintenance. It emphasizes GenAI’s emerging ability to automate repetitive mundane tasks, reduce design complexity, and optimize engineering pipelines. The report underscores the need for validation methods that must align AI-generated outputs with physics-informed models, integration with legacy engineering tools (e.g., computational fluid dynamics, finite element analysis, digital twins), and mitigation of algorithmic biases. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles

EPR20250159/22/2025

The next generation of mobility, driven by shared, driverless, connected, and electrified vehicles, holds strong potential to advance sustainability through lower emissions and improved resource efficiency. However, critical questions remain regarding their true environmental impact, including battery lifecycle management, material consumption, and circular manufacturing practices. Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles explores these unresolved issues, focusing on the shift from internal combustion to electric vehicles, supply chain challenges, regulatory gaps, and the operational realities of sustainable productization. It also critically examines the risks of greenwashing, the need for consistent standards, and the role of intersectoral collaboration—with energy, urban planning, information and communications technologies, and waste management sectors—in building resilient, scalable solutions. The report provides strategic recommendations and actionable solutions to help stakeholders better navigate the transition toward a circular future for mobility. It further highlights the overlooked complexities in the Global South, emphasizing the importance of ethical market expansion and localized mobility strategies. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features

EPR20250138/13/2025

Advanced technologies that assist the human driver or reduce (or even eliminate) the human driver’s role are becoming increasingly prevalent in new light-duty vehicles used by the general public. These technologies are divided between Active Safety features that monitor the human driver and vehicle motion and act intermittently to mitigate and avoid crashes, and Driving Automation features that assume some or all of the dynamic driving task from the human driver. Both types of technologies have the potential to reduce injuries and save lives by reducing the frequency and/or severity of crashes. Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features addresses the current capabilities and future potential for Active Safety and Driving Automation features to reduce crash frequency and severity and provides an overview of the state of the industry for both types of features, including current deployments, trends, and anticipated rollouts. Gaps in knowledge, unsettled issues, and suggestions for future research will also be discussed. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots

EPR20250128/13/2025

The automation of labor-intensive picking and planting operations is having an immediate impact in the agricultural indutry. In its simplest form, robotic automation can reduce the labor and soil disturbance while enabling organic soil cover and increasing species diversification through precision approaches to planting, weeding, and spraying. With this, pesticides and fertilizers can be applied in a more targeted way, and with machinery visiting fields more frequently, earlier and more targeted intervention can occur before pests become established. Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots identifies issues that need to be resolved fo for this technology to thrive, including improving methods of acquiring and labeling training data to facilitate more accurate models for specific applications. It also discusses concepts such as general-purpose mechanical platforms for use as carriers of agricultural automation systems with high stability, positional accuracy, and variable track, as well as the economics of moving capital intensive automation systems toward a service-provision business model. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles

EPR20250147/18/2025

Autonomous vehicle motion planning and control are vital components of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. Recent advances in both data- and physical model-driven methods have improved driving performance, yet current technologies still fall short of achieving human-level driving in complex, dynamic traffic scenarios. Key challenges include developing safe, efficient, and human-like motion planning strategies that can adapt to unpredictable environments. Data-driven approaches leverage deep neural networks to learn from extensive datasets, offering promising avenues for intelligent decision-making. However, these methods face issues such as covariate shift in imitation learning and difficulties in designing robust reward functions. In contrast, conventional physical model-driven techniques use rigorous mathematical formulations to generate optimal trajectories and handle dynamic constraints. Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-Driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles presents a hybrid framework that combines data-driven insights with the robustness of physical models. It identifies key challenges in fusing these disparate methods and outlines potential solutions in developing robust fusion strategies, establishing generalized mixed dynamics models, and designing multi-objective robust control systems. In addition, the report explores future research directions to enhance learning efficiency, improve adaptability to rare but critical scenarios, and ultimately pave the way for secure, efficient, and human-like autonomous driving systems. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

EPR20250115/21/2025

Driven by the vast consumer marketplace, the electronics megatrend has reshaped nearly every sector of society. The advancements in semiconductors and software, originally built to serve consumer demand, are now delivering significant value to non-consumer industries. Today, electronics are making inroads into traditionally conservative, safety-critical sectors such as automotive and aerospace. In doing so, electronics—now further propelled by artificial intelligence—are disrupting the functional safety architectures of these cyber-physical systems. Electronics have created the world of cyber-physical systems, raising broader concerns about the broader category of product assurance. Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence continues the work of previous SAE Edge Research Reports in examining open research challenges arising from this shift, particularly in automotive systems, as core electronic technologies (e.g., the combination of software and communications) have even redefined what it means to be a "product." Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Edge Artificial Intelligence in Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mobility

EPR20250095/20/2025

With many stakeholders involved, and major investments supporting it, the advancements in automated driving (AD) are undoubtedly there. Generally speaking, the motivation for advancing AD is driver convenience and road safety. Regarding the development of AD, original equipment manufacturers, technology start-ups, and AD systems developers have taken different approaches for automated vehicles (AVs). Some manufacturers are on the path toward stand-alone vehicles, mostly relying on onboard sensors and intelligence. On the other hand, the connected, cooperative, and automated mobility (CCAM) approach relies on additional communication and information exchange to ensure safe and secure operation. CCAM holds great potential to improve traffic management, road safety, equity, and convenience. In both approaches, there are increasingly large amounts of data generated and used for AD functions in perception, situational awareness, path prediction, and decision-making. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is instrumental in processing such data, and in that context, “edge AI” is a more recent type of implementation. Edge AI involves AI algorithms in edge computing devices, which requires hardware operating close to where data is generated. This report explores the potential of edge AI in CCAM. Different perspectives on edge AI for CCAM are explored and definitions drafted. Primary applications are explored, and an outlook on further advancements in applications is presented. The report includes a discussion on the benefits, risks, and challenges related to the use of edge AI in this domain. Major issues such as privacy and cybersecurity are considered, as are misconceptions. Furthermore, potential learning benefits, using experiences gained in other sectors, are introduced. NOTE: SAE Edge Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. These reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.

Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management

EPR20250085/20/2025

The transportation industry is transforming with the integration of advanced data technologies, edge devices, and artificial intelligence (AI). Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are pivotal in optimizing traffic flow and safety. Central to this are transportation management centers, which manage transportation systems, traffic flow, and incident responses. Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management explores emerging trends in transportation data, focusing on data collection, aggregation, and sharing. Effective data management, AI application, and secure data sharing are crucial for optimizing operations. Integrating edge devices with existing systems presents challenges impacting security, cost, and efficiency. Ultimately, AI in transportation offers significant opportunities to predict and manage traffic conditions. AI-driven tools analyze historical data and current conditions to forecast future events. The importance of multidisciplinary approaches and educational programs in leveraging AI for transportation applications are emphasized in this report. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on Earth

EPR20250054/24/2025

Recent advances are reducing the cost of space launch, high specific power solar cells, and the production of satellite systems. Modular architectures with no moving parts and distributed power systems would minimize assembly and maintenance costs. Together, this may enable space-based solar power to provide decarbonized dispatchable power at a lower cost than equivalent technologies such as nuclear power stations. Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on Earth discusses the advances in emerging technologies, like thin film solar cells, reusable launch vehicles, and mass-produced modular satellite systems that would make economic space power feasible. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Latest Journal Issues

Browse All 16

Passenger Vehicle Systems

Electrified Vehicles

Advances and Current Practices in Mobility

Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy

Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy

Connected and Automated Vehicles

Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH

Transportation Safety

Alternative Powertrains

Commercial Vehicles

Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems

Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems

Fuels and Lubricants

Materials and Manufacturing

Aerospace

Recent Books

Browse All 634

Composite Materials Handbook Volume 5 - Revision B

R-4608/27/2026

The fifth volume of this six-volume compendium publishes technical guidance and properties on ceramic matrix composite material systems. The selected guidance on technical topics related to this class of composites includes material selection, processing, characterization, testing, data reduction, design, analysis, quality control, application, case histories, and lessons learned of typical ceramic matrix composite materials. Volume 5, which covers ceramic matrix composites, supersedes MIL-HDBK-17-5 of June 17, 2002. The Composite Materials Handbook, referred to by industry groups as CMH-17, is an engineering reference tool that contains over 1,000 records of the latest test data for polymer matrix, metal matrix, ceramic matrix, and structural sandwich composites. CMH-17 provides information and guidance necessary to design and fabricate end items from composite materials. It includes properties of composite materials that meet specific data requirements as well as guidelines for design, analysis, material selection, manufacturing, quality control, and repair. The primary purpose of the handbook is to standardize engineering methodologies related to testing, data reduction, and reporting of property data for current and emerging composite materials. It is used by engineers worldwide in designing and fabricating products made from composite materials.

July 2026 AMS Index

AMSJULY-20267/22/2026

Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2026 - Volume I

B-994_VOLUME17/1/2026

The Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization MMPDS-2026 supersedes MMPDS-25 and prior editions of the MMPDS Handbook as well as all editions of MIL-HDBK-5, Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures Handbook that were maintained by the U.S. Air Force. The last edition, MIL-HDBK-5J was cancelled by the U.S. Air Force in March 2006. This document contains design information on the mechanical and physical properties of metallic materials and joints commonly used in aircraft and aerospace vehicle structures. All information contained in this Handbook has been reviewed and approved using a standardized process. The development and ongoing maintenance process involves certifying agencies, including the FAA, DoD, and NASA, and major material suppliers and material users worldwide. The information and procedures in this Handbook are continuously reviewed and modified or removed as determined to be appropriate. With advances in materials and fastener systems, and with the review process of existing information, periodic updates of the MMPDS should be expected. As such, it is recommended that the latest version of the MMPDS be used. Volume II: Process Intensive Materials and Joining Technologies.

Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2026 - Volume II

B-994_VOLUME27/1/2026

Volume II publishes the framework for generating and analyzing the data so that material sponsors can generate the right data, knowing how it will be analyzed by the Battelle Memorial Institute. MMPDS-2026 Volume II Process Intensive Materials and Joining Technologies does not currently have any material properties, focusing on additive manufacturing of metallic materials. MMPDS-2026 Volume II focuses on non-conventional processes and will be published each year. Volume I: Conventional Materials and Joint Allowables.

1D and MultiD Modeling Techniques for IC Engine Simulation Second Edition

R-5805/29/2026

The internal combustion (IC) engine remains the most widely used thermal machine in the world and will continue to play a central role in global mobility for decades to come. Even as alternative powertrains expand, optimized IC engines—often integrated within hybrid and electrified architectures—are essential to achieving low fuel consumption, near-zero pollutant emissions, and reduced carbon dioxide output. Advances in combustion strategies, synthetic fuels, turbocharging, and aftertreatment systems are driving this evolution. This fully revised and expanded second edition reflects the rapid progress made in engine modeling and simulation over the past two decades. One-dimensional (1D), three-dimensional (3D), and coupled 1D–3D modeling techniques have become indispensable tools in modern engine design, enabling engineers to evaluate performance, efficiency, and emissions through advanced virtual engine environments. Bringing together contributions from leading international researchers and industry experts, this book presents the most significant and recent developments in IC engine simulation. Topics include 0D, 1D, quasi-3D, and full 3D modeling approaches; turbocharging and aftertreatment systems; co-simulation and real-time applications; hydrogen and two-stroke engines; and advanced thermal modeling techniques. Designed for engineers, researchers, and graduate students, this second edition serves as a comprehensive reference for understanding, comparing, and applying state-of-the-art IC engine modeling methodologies in an evolving mobility landscape. Chapter topics include: • state of the art of 1D thermo-fluid dynamic simulation models • virtual engine development: 1D- and 3D-CFD up to full engine simulation • advanced 0D and quasiD thermodynamic combustion models for SI and CI engines • compressor and turbine (turbocharger, supercharger, or turbocompounding device) as boundary conditions for 1D simulations • 3D-CFD combustion models for SI and CI engines • model order reduction for real-time simulation and control applications • modeling of EGR systems •1D engine model in XiL application-a simulation environment for the entire powertrain development process • coupling of 1D and 3D fluid dynamic models for hybrid simulations • extending the 1D approach to the simulation of 3D components: the quasi-3D approach • 1D simulation models for aftertreatment components• 3D simulation models for after-treatment systems • modeling of IC engine silencers and tailpipe noise: 1D and 3D approaches • hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines • optimization of the gas exchange process in advanced 2-stroke engines • IC engine 0D/1D thermal modeling

Variable Compression Systems for Future Engines and Fuels

R-5534/30/2026

Variable Compression Engines: Enabling Net Zero explores variable compression ratio (VCR): one of the most promising—and historically elusive—advancements in internal combustion engine (ICE) technology. Long recognized for its thermodynamic benefits, VCR has challenged engineers for decades due to its mechanical complexity. Today, as the global mobility landscape demands ever higher efficiency, lower emissions, and greater fuel flexibility, VCR has emerged as a viable and transformative solution. This book delivers a comprehensive and authoritative examination of VCR technology, quantifying its efficiency and CO2-reduction potential while surveying the wide range of mechanisms conceived, developed, and tested over more than a century of engine innovation. By combining historical insight with modern analysis, the authors reveal the remarkable ingenuity of past and present engine designers—and demonstrate that VCR is not only feasible, but increasingly essential. Positioned squarely within the context of global decarbonization, the book argues for a realistic, inclusive pathway to net-zero emissions—one in which ICEs continue to play a critical role. VCR technology enables higher efficiency across almost all operating conditions, supports advanced combustion strategies, and allows engines to operate effectively on a broad spectrum of low- and zero-carbon fuels, from biofuels to synthetic e-fuels. With VCR now in high-volume production and poised for broader adoption across automotive, heavy-duty, and marine applications, this timely volume is an essential resource for OEMs, suppliers, policymakers, researchers, and students seeking practical, scalable solutions for a sustainable energy future. Chapter topics include: • compression ratios and fuels • compression ratio limits • cylinder head VCR • cylinder block VCR • connecting rod variable compression • piston VCR • cranktrain and linkages VCR • modulated crankshaft eccentricity VCR • axial or barrel engine VCRs • high power and downsized engines • impact of VCR systems on engines • VCR applications for the future • variable compression for future engines and fuels • VCR cost–benefit analysis

Aerospace Standards Index - 2026

ASIN20262/25/2026

This valuable resource lists all Aerospace Standards (AS), Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP), Aerospace Information Reports (AIR), and Aerospace Resource Documents (ARD) published by SAE. Each listing includes title, subject, document number, key words, new and revised documents, and DODISS-adopted documents. AMS Index - Now Available!

Business Reliability Growth for Automotive Engineering, Volume 4

R-5522/17/2026

In a world where every business process is under pressure to perform faster, safer, and more reliably, this book delivers a powerful roadmap for sustained operational excellence. Centered on the proven methodology of Design of Experiments (DOE), it shows how organizations can move beyond reactive problem-solving to systematic reliability growth. From well-defined standard operating practices to management-level decision-making, the book connects strategy, data, and execution to create repeatable, measurable results across the enterprise. Readers are guided through practical, real-world applications of DOE, from selecting the right factors and levels to executing robust experiments, analyzing outcomes, validating solutions, and continuously monitoring performance. Each chapter translates complex statistical and engineering concepts into actionable business value, helping teams improve quality, reduce waste, and increase return on investment. Key capabilities explored in this book include: • Holistic reliability across design, manufacturing, supply chain, and marketing. • Advanced experimental designs, including split-plot and fractional factorial methods. • Fault tree analysis (FTA) and FMEA for failure prediction and prevention. • Supply chain optimization through multivariate process control. • Production and field reliability using design for testability and diagnostics. • Electric vehicle system and battery reliability analysis. • Marketing reliability driven by voice of customer and data-based value analysis. This book is an essential resource for engineers, operations leaders, and technical managers who want to build resilient systems, unlock innovation, and achieve long-term competitive advantage through disciplined, data-driven reliability.

Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels

R-5471/22/2026

As global energy demands rise and environmental challenges intensify, the aviation industry faces a critical need to redefine how it powers the skies. Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels presents a comprehensive, research-driven exploration of the transition from fossil-based fuels to renewable alternatives that promise to reshape the future of air transportation. This book bridges the gap between academic knowledge and industrial application, offering a detailed overview of the science, technology, and policy driving the adoption of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs). From understanding feedstocks and conversion pathways to evaluating production technologies, emissions performance, and life-cycle impacts, the text equips readers with a holistic understanding of SAFs within today’s global energy landscape. Across five insightful chapters, readers will find a clear roadmap: the evolution and importance of SAFs; production methods and technological foundations; environmental performance and emissions reduction potential; safety, certification, and market integration; and future projections supported by international initiatives and regulatory frameworks. By combining technical depth with practical relevance, Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels serves as both a foundational reference and a forward-looking guide for researchers, policymakers, industry professionals, and students. It underscores that achieving sustainability in aviation depends not only on innovation but also on global collaboration, paving the way toward cleaner skies and a resilient, low-carbon future for air travel.

SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles

R-5591/20/2026

The convergence of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and connected vehicle technologies is ushering in a transformative era of automotive innovation—one that is fundamentally enhancing vehicle safety, efficiency, reliability, and the overall driving experience. SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles stands as the definitive reference for this rapidly evolving domain, meticulously compiled to clarify and standardize the language shaping modern mobility. Inside, readers will find clear, authoritative definitions encompassing the full spectrum of technologies that enable connected and automated driving—including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication systems. This comprehensive resource translates complex engineering terminology into accessible language, enabling engineers, researchers, policymakers, educators, and enthusiasts to share a common technical foundation. Reflecting the latest global standards, research, and innovations, this dictionary bridges the gap between theory and application. It fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, supports safer system design, and provides clarity for those engaged in regulatory development or technology deployment. As the pace of mobility innovation accelerates, precise and accessible communication becomes indispensable. SAE International remains committed to advancing global transportation knowledge—empowering professionals to navigate, contribute to, and shape the future of intelligent, connected, and sustainable mobility with confidence and clarity.

Recently Published

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Quantifying the Accuracy of Reporting the Onset of Lateral Movement for a Selection of Bicycle Global Positioning System Computers

2026-01-5078

10/1/2026

Bicycle computers and apps record, at minimum, positional data over time, and these data are commonly used in accident reconstruction to understand the behavior of the bicycle and rider prior to an incident in question. These positional data are obtained using the Global Positioning System (GPS), and while their absolute positional accuracy has been the subject of prior research, their accuracy at detecting and reporting particular movements is less studied. To improve the accident reconstruction industry’s understanding of these devices’ performance, this research aims to statistically quantify the temporal and positional accuracy of these devices reporting the onset of a lateral deviation or lane change. Controlled testing was performed and recorded with several commercially available bicycle GPS computers and apps, which were compared to a RaceLogic VBox 3i ADAS with Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) corrections from a RaceLogic Base Station. Three separate test bouts were performed, with each test bout consisting of 30 or 32 repeats of three different lateral deviation maneuvers. The bicycle GPS computers were individually synchronized to the RaceLogic data by offsetting their time to minimize the mean-square positional error across the entire test bout, which enabled calculation of the 50th percentile and 95th percentile absolute positional errors for each device. A custom script was then used to programmatically detect the start of each lateral deviation, and then, confidence intervals were calculated to estimate the probability of each GPS device reporting the start of the lateral deviation with zero lead or lag, with 1 s of lag, or with 0 or 1 s of lag based on the relative timestamps and positional data. All three of the tested bicycle GPS computers had a probability of at least 0.5 of reporting the onset of sharp lateral movements with zero lead or lag based on the time data, while only two of the devices maintained a similarly high probability for the position-based data. The iPhone 17 Pro had a probability greater than 0.6 of detecting the onset of both gradual and sharp lateral movements with 1 s of lag for both the time-based and position-based data. And across all lateral movement types, all devices had a probability of at least 0.6 of reporting the onset of lateral movement with either 0 or 1 s of lag.

Sweet, David Michael, Bretting, Gerald, Wilhelm, Chris, O’Brien, Nathan

Exhaust Emissions Tests of Small Gasoline Engines Used as Drives for Power Generators and Handheld Machinery in Real-Operating Conditions

2026-01-5080

10/1/2026

The paper presents the results of investigations on the exhaust emissions carried out under real-world operating conditions of gasoline engines used in lawnmowers and power generators. During the operation of these engines, the authors measured the emissions of the following exhaust gaseous components: CO, HC, NOx, and CO2. For the measurements, the authors used Axion R/S+, a PEMS (Portable Exhaust Emission System) analyzer. The presented method is a new approach to exhaust emissions measurements performed on small engines. The emission coefficient, as a related value of the emission of harmful compounds and CO2, was proposed. Additionally, some remarks related to the measurement method were made. The paper presents the modal analysis of the investigations of the exhaust emissions from engines and the total mass of gaseous compounds. Moreover, the obtained results of the exhaust emissions from the power generator engine were compared with the applicable emission standards, and the real emissions of CO and HC+NOx were, respectively, about 10% and 38% higher than Stage II standards. Based on the investigation results, the authors considered the possibilities of using the said measurement method in real-world operating conditions, applying the PEMS equipment for small gasoline engines.

Lijewski, Piotr, Markiewicz, Filip, Fuć, Paweł, Dobrzyński, Michał, Wiśniewski, Sławomir

Simulation of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Truck Accidents during Heatwave Periods Using the Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres Program

2026-01-5079

10/1/2026

In this study, the effects of heatwaves (HWs) on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) leaks were analyzed using the Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) program. For this purpose, data from an accident at a gas station in the Eryaman District of Ankara in January 2024 were utilized. Approximately 40 m3 of LPG was released during the incident, but no explosion occurred. The accident was simulated using atmospheric data from the accident date in the ALOHA program. In the simulations, emissions of propane and butane—the primary components of LPG—were modeled separately. To simulate the LPG leak during a HW, a HW was first defined based on daily maximum temperature data. The threshold was set at the 90th percentile, and temperatures persisting for three or more consecutive days were classified as a HW. Using this definition, a four-day HW in Ankara in July 2024 was identified. The atmospheric conditions during this HW were input into the ALOHA program for simulation. The study compared the simulation results of the LPG leak in January with those during the HW period. The findings showed that the sub-explosion areas for propane and butane during the HW were 2% (95% CI: 0.91–1.15, p > 0.05) and 9% (95% CI: 0.84–1.42, p < 0.05) larger, respectively, than those during the accident in January. As a result, the study highlights the need for stricter safety measures during summer months when transporting explosive materials.

Öztürk, Yunus

Prognostic Thermal Modeling and Control of a Carbon–Ceramic Brake Disc for Electric Sports Cars under Racetrack Conditions

14-15-03-0020

10/1/2026

Carbon–ceramic brake discs in high-performance electric sports cars are vulnerable to heat fade under racetrack conditions, where repeated high-speed braking can raise disc temperature above the material’s safe limit of 1200°C. Three-dimensional finite-volume analysis is accurate but inefficient for long transient track events. To improve efficiency, a one-dimensional lumped capacitance method (LCM) is proposed to predict brake disc temperature evolution. A speed-dependent cooling coefficient links disc thermal response to vehicle operating conditions. The model is validated against wheel-end temperature measurements of sports cars on the Zhuzhou International Circuit and Nürburgring Nordschleife Circuit. It is then used to assess three thermal control measures: an external air director, increased disc thermal mass, and higher regenerative braking contribution. The model reproduces the measured trend with acceptable error and predicts that the baseline disc temperature can peak at 1445°C in a four-lap Zhuzhou scenario and 1540°C in a Nürburgring scenario. The air director provides substantial cooling but is insufficient on its own. A system-level safe temperature of 1050°C is achieved only when the disc size is increased to 410 mm × 40 mm and regenerative braking deceleration is raised to at least 0.1 g in combination with the air director scheme. The proposed LCM provides a practical and computationally efficient tool for early-stage brake thermal design of sports cars.

Fan, Yang, Huang, Longsheng, Shao, Xingyang, Huang, Taishuo, Liao, Yinsheng

Battery Management System: Surface Vehicle Battery Diagnostic Technical Information Report

J3356_202609 (Current)

9/28/2026

The purpose of this document is to expressly describe the required diagnostics (DIAG) related to the on-road traction battery management systems (BMS). This document will attempt to clearly educate and explain four key areas of BMS DIAG: (1) fault identification, (2) fault classification, (3) system reaction, and (4) diagnostic data and reporting.

Battery Management Systems Committee

Battery Management System: Surface Vehicle Battery SOC Technical Information Report

J3356/1_202609 (Current)

9/28/2026

The purpose of this document is to expressly describe the method of calculating state of charge (SOC) related to the on-road traction battery management systems (BMS). This document will attempt to clearly educate and explain four key areas of BMS SOC: (1) basic SOC definition, (2) SOC calculation methods, (3) influence items for SOC, and (4) SOC warnings.

Battery Management Systems Committee

Battery Management System: Surface Vehicle Battery SOH Technical Information Report

J3356/2_202609 (Current)

9/28/2026

The purpose of this document is to expressly describe the method of calculating state of health (SOH) related to the on-road traction battery management systems (BMS). This document will attempt to clearly educate and explain four key areas of BMS SOH: (1) basic SOH definition, (2) SOH calculation methods, (3) influence items for SOH, and (4) SOH reporting.

Battery Management Systems Committee

Sealing Compound, Polythioether Rubber Fast Curing, Light Weight (Specific Gravity 0.78, Max) for Integral Fuel Tanks and General Purpose, Intermittent Use to 360 °F (182 °C)

AMS3102B (Current)

9/28/2026

This specification covers a fuel-resistant polythioether sealing compound with low specific gravity, supplied as a two-component system which cures at room temperature.

AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee

Disc Wheel and Hub or Drum Interface Dimensions - Truck and Bus

J694_202609 (Current)

9/28/2026

This SAE Recommended Practice contains dimensions and their tolerances concerning disc wheel to hub or drum interface areas for truck and bus applications. Disc wheels designed only for single wheel applications (not dual wheels) for light trucks and special or less common applications are not covered in this document.

Truck and Bus Wheel Committee

Principles and Process for Developing Icons for Electronic Displays

J3113_202609 (Current)

9/28/2026

SAE J3113 provides principles and a process for developing icons for use in electronic displays related to off-road work machines as stated defined in SAE J1116. Following the process ensures that icons are derived from ISO-registered graphical symbols or ISO-compliant non-registered graphical symbols.

HFTC2, Machine Displays and Symbols

Screw Threads - UNJ Profile, Inch, Controlled Radius Root with Increased Minor Diameter

AS8879E (Current)

9/25/2026

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies the characteristics of screw threads - UNJ profile, inch, series, including a mandatory controlled radius as specified in Table 1 at the root of the external thread. The minor diameter of both external and internal threads provides a basic thread height of .5625H to accommodate the external thread maximum root radius. The following detailed design requirements are included: Screw threads - UNJ basic profile and design profiles. Standard series of diameter-pitch combinations for nominal thread diameters from 0.060 to 6.000 inches. Standard thread classes and form tolerances. Formulae for thread dimensions and tolerances. Method of designating UNJ threads. Tables for selected diameter-pitch combinations for close tolerance mechanical thread applications. Tables for screw thread - UNJ profile thread limit dimensions.

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

Cable Assemblies and Attachable Plugs, External Electrical Power, Aircraft, General Specification For

AS7974B (Current)

9/25/2026

This specification contains requirements for, and applies to, commercial and military aircraft external/ground electrical power cable assemblies, using either overmolded or attachable plug connectors used to connect external/ground electrical power to aircraft and to attachable plugs used as replacements for plugs damaged in service.

AE-8A Elec Wiring and Fiber Optic Interconnect Sys Install

IEEE 1394 Beta PHY Enhancements

AS5643/3 (Current)

9/25/2026

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes guidelines for enhancement to IEEE 1394-2008 Beta (formerly IEEE 1394b) PHYsical (PHY) layer. It encompasses enhancements to the IEEE 1394-2008 Beta PHY to reduce port connection times and increase port connection reliability. Therefore, this document contains extensions/restrictions to “off-the-shelf” IEEE 1394 standards and assumes that the reader already has a working knowledge of IEEE 1394. The enhancements covered in this document include: Detect loss of descrambler synchronization Fast-ReTrain (FRT) Fast Power-on Re-connect (FPR) Fast Connection Tone Debounce (FTD) Programmable invalidCount Bus Reset Cause This document does not identify specific environmental requirements (electromagnetic compatibility, temperature, vibration, etc.); such requirements will be vehicle-specific and even LRU-specific. One should refer to the appropriate sections of MIL-STD-461E for their particular LRU and utilize handbooks such as MIL-HDBK-454A and MIL-HDBK-5400 for guidance. This document is referred to as a “slash sheet” and accompanies the AS5643B base standard.

AS-1A Avionic Networks Committee

WASHER, FLARED TUBE FITTING ADJUSTABLE END, DEFINITION AND INSTALLATION

AS4324B (Current)

9/25/2026

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

Aircraft Propulsion System Health Management Guide

ARP1587C (Current)

9/25/2026

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) addresses aeronautical Propulsion System Health Management. Aircraft propulsion systems are broader than gas turbine engines and include electric and hybrid propulsion systems. Furthermore, health management of auxiliary systems such as for thermal management of electric propulsion modules is also included in the scope. This document uses the term Engine Health Management (EHM) to include health management of propulsion systems and related equipment such as electric motors and heat exchangers for thermal management in an integrated power and propulsion system (IPPS). This keystone document gives a top-level view and addresses EHM description, benefits, and capabilities, and provides examples. This ARP purposely addresses a wide range of EHM architectures to demonstrate possible EHM design options. This ARP is not intended as a legal document and does not provide detailed implementation steps but does address potential benefits and general implementation issues. Other SAE documents (aerospace standards, aerospace recommended practices, and aerospace information reports) address specific component specifications, procedures, and “lessons learned.”

E-32 Aerospace Propulsion Systems Health Management

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, and Forgings, and Forging Stock, 17Cr - 0.52Mo (0.95 - 1.20C) (440C), for Bearing Applications

AMS5923B (Current)

9/25/2026

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, and forging stock.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

BOLT, MACHINE - DOUBLE HEXAGON EXTENDED WASHER HEAD, DRILLED, PD SHANK, BLACK OXIDE, STEEL, UNS G87400, 125 KSI MIN .2500-28 UNF-3A

AS91701C (Current)

9/25/2026

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

BOLT, MACHINE - DOUBLE HEXAGON EXTENDED WASHER HEAD, DRILLED, PD SHANK, SILVER PLATED, NICKEL ALLOY, UNS N07718, 185 KSI MIN, .1900-32 UNJF-3A

AS3250E (Current)

9/25/2026

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Plate, 13Cr - 8.0Ni - 2.2Mo - 1.1Al (PH 13-8 Mo), Premium Aircraft-Quality, Vacuum Induction Plus Consumable Electrode Melted, Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation Hardenable

AMS5864E (Current)

9/25/2026

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of plate up to 3.00 inches (76.2 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate, 5.6Zn - 2.5Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.23Cr, 7075: (-T76 Sheet, -T7651 Plate), Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated

AMS4315C (Current)

9/25/2026

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate up to 2.000 inches (50.80 mm), inclusive, in thickness. (see 8.5)

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

BOLT, MACHINE - DOUBLE HEXAGON EXTENDED WASHER HEAD, DRILLED, PD SHANK, CADMIUM PLATED, STEEL, (UNS G87400), 125 KSI MIN, .1900-32 UNJF-3A

AS9923D (Current)

9/22/2026

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

Parametric Screening of Hybrid Powertrain Architectures for High-Energy Laser Vehicles: Application to Foxhound and Boxer

2026-01-7552

9/22/2026

The US Army and several NATO allies have committed funds for directed energy weapons including high energy lasers (HEL), which require substantial electrical power. Silent Mobility and Silent Watch requirements mandate hybridization, which also provides the electrical capacity needed for a HEL. This paper introduces a HEL framework of classes A-E based on target types and fluence physics. It estimates installed HEL mass and power demand by class, and applies rapid powertrain screening to hypothetical hybrid variants of the UK vehicles Foxhound and Boxer. Results show that HELs up to Class B (60 kW) and D (300 kW) laser output can be supported with minimal powertrain modifications by Foxhound and Boxer respectively, and upgrades to support Class C (150 kW) and E (500 kW) are containable within the payload of each vehicle. A rapid methodology is presented to determine what powertrain architecture is needed to support a given HEL.

Salis, Rupert Tull

A Method for Evaluating System Robustness in Stochastic, High-Dimensional, Multi-Failure Mode Models

2026-01-7528

9/22/2026

This paper introduces a method of predicting system robustness using engineering models with aleatory uncertainty. The Stochastic Robustness Evaluation and Categorization (SREC) method is useful for the design of systems where performance along some dimension is limited by several failure modes. SREC integrates and extends interaction plots and Monte Carlo methods to complex engineering models. These complex models are often difficult to evaluate and visualize due to the curse of dimensionality. SREC is effective for non-linear, non-convex, non-monotonic, and discontinuous models due to its basis in Monte Carlo methods. The method is based on the identification of low-performing solutions, the construction of probability density functions and intervals from these solutions, and the categorization of the input space based on the likelihood of low-performing solutions occurring. Using SREC in the late stages of the design process provides insight to the designer about possible improvements in the system’s robustness. A ground vehicle model based on a US Army test procedure is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of SREC on high-dimensional, multi-failure mode models.

Louis, Edward, Mocko, Gregory, Taylor, Evan

Physics-Constrained Procedural Generation of Synthetic Environments for the Robust Validation of Autonomous Maneuver and Logistics

2026-01-7549

9/22/2026

The validation of Autonomous Ground Vehicles (AGVs) and intelligent logistics planners is frequently compromised by the ”Sim-to-Real” gap, where simulation environments fail to replicate the physical friction of operational deployment. Ideally, valid test cases must enforce strict mobility constraints and impose realistic sustainment penalties; however, many current generation tools rely on idealized terrain interactions and infinite-resource assumptions. We present a real-time procedural framework designed to generate high-friction validation environments that stress-test the robustness of the System Under Test (SUT). The architecture integrates gradient-based terrain analysis with a stochastic contested logistics model. It ingests synthetic heightmaps to precompute mobility corridors, ensuring that every generated evaluation episode adheres to vehicle-specific traversability limits. Simultaneously, a logistics kernel enforces fuel consumption scaled by terrain gradients and models supply chain interdiction as a parameterized Bernoulli process. We validate this framework through a ”Digital Twin” methodology, demonstrating that terrain-aware generation eliminates invalid initialization states (0% mobility violations) while the logistics model induces operationally relevant failure modes in the SUT. This unclassified, open-architecture approach supports DoD Verification, Validation, and Accreditation (VV&A) requirements by providing deterministic, reproducible edge cases for autonomous system evaluation.

Soykan, Bulent, Rabadi, Ghaith, Bochenek, Grace, Paul, Victor J.

Multimodal Digital-Twin Simulations for Off-Road Autonomous Vehicles

2026-01-7550

9/22/2026

Research in autonomous driving has largely focused on structured, on-road environments in densely populated urban areas, leaving off-road autonomy comparatively underexplored despite its importance for applications such as search and rescue, agriculture, and defense. Progress in developing solutions for off-road autonomy is heavily constrained by the high cost, safety risks, and limited coverage of real-world off-road data collection, particularly for rare terrain-induced failure cases. To address these challenges, we introduce a large-scale simulation platform for off-road autonomous driving generated in the Unity3D engine. Our simulator provides indefinite data from multiple RGB cameras, LiDAR, GPS, and IMU sensors to support research in long-duration applications. Our platform also facilitates research in risk-aware planning through dynamic weather, lighting, and annotations for sequence-level failures like collisions and weather-induced sensor blockages. By combining long-duration temporal coverage, multimodal sensing, and procedurally generated terrain diversity, our simulator facilitates progress for systematic evaluation of learning-based autonomous driving models in unstructured, safety-critical environments.

Ross, Timothy, Boone, Julia, Afghah, Fatemeh

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