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Simulation plays a significant role in the validation and verification of Automated Driving Systems (ADS). In a scenario-based validation strategy, the road and the actions of the traffic participants must be captured in a portable and flexible format for simulation. XML-based parametric models constitute a common combination upon which the static and dynamic aspects of the environment are captured. Although there are plenty of tools for generating these XML files there are few alternatives to verify their content. This paper suggests a method for converting and simplifying a synthetic road network into a graph for which the Chinese Postman Problem is solved. The resulting sequence can be converted back into a route that can be sampled to verify the drivability of the whole network. Once the network is verified, it can be safely used for simulation, increasing the speed at which ADS systems are developed. The graph representation can also be used to provide interactive feedback to LLMs
Vargas Rivero, Jose RobertoKern, AndreasMenken, StefanHarth, MichaelKuipou, Franck Russel
This paper presents an innovative study in exploring, evaluating, and implementing deep-learning architectures for the calibration of multimodal sensor systems. The aim of this paper is to leverage the use of sensor fusion to achieve dynamic, real-time alignment between 3D LiDAR and 2D camera sensors. Static calibration methods are tedious and time-consuming, which is why we propose utilizing conventional neural networks (CNNs) coupled with geometrically informed learning to solve this issue. We leverage the foundational principles of extrinsic LiDAR–camera calibration tools such as RegNet, CalibNet, and LCCNet by exploring open-source models that are available online and compare our results with their corresponding research papers. Requirements for extracting these visual and measurable outputs involved tweaking source code, fine-tuning, training, validation, and testing of each of these frameworks for equal comparisons. This approach aims to investigate which of these advanced
Karramreddy, Venkat Sai RaxitMitchell, Liam
In this study, high-speed back-illuminated imaging and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) methods were employed to investigate the impingement behavior of millimeter-sized single isooctane drops on a dry solid wall and various liquid films, including isooctane and glycerol solution films of different concentrations. Various fuel spray impingement scenarios in gasoline direct injection engines were examined. High-speed back-illuminated imaging was primarily used to examine the impact of fuel drops on a dry wall and a fuel film of the same composition as the drops. The LIF method was used to examine the impact of fuel drops on the glycerol solution film, allowing for the distinction between fuel drops and the glycerol solution film. The impingement behavior varied depending on the Weber number of the incident drop and the wall condition. When fuel drops impacted the solid dry wall vertically, they spread into a circular liquid film. The outer edge of the liquid film folded and bulged, and
Yang, TianLu, LiliGuo, ZongweiSong, EnzheYao, ChongNing, YilinKe, Yun
This work aims to investigate how disturbance-aware, robustness-embedding reference trajectories translate into actual driving performance when executed by professional drivers in a dynamic driving simulator. The study compares three planned reference trajectories against a free-driving baseline (NO-REF) to assess the trade-offs between lap time (LT) performance and steering effort: NOM, the nominal time-optimal trajectory; TLC, a track-limit-robust, time-optimal trajectory obtained by tightening margins to the track edges; and FLC, a friction-limit-robust, time-optimal trajectory obtained by tightening against axle/tire saturation. All reference trajectories share the same minimum LT objective with a small steering-smoothness regularizer, and are evaluated with two professional drivers driving a high-performance car on a virtual track. The reference trajectories stem from a disturbance-aware minimum-LT framework recently proposed by some of the authors, where worst-case disturbance
Masoni, MatteoPalermo, VincenzoGabiccini, MarcoGulisano, MartinoPreviati, GiorgioGobbi, MassimilianoComolli, FrancescoMastinu, GianpieroGuiggiani, Massimo
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of extruded bars, tubes, and shapes, flash-welded rings up through 4.000 square inches (25.81 cm2) cross section, and stock for flash-welded rings (see 8.6).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
AMS3970/2B gives specific information about the qualification program for carbon fiber fabric reinforced epoxy structural repair prepreg systems, curing under vacuum at 120 °C (250 °F), and a companion non-structural glass fabric prepreg used for repair of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy structures. The prepreg system shall include an epoxy film adhesive to be applied in a co-curing process with the prepreg for joint solid laminate and sandwich bonding.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of bars, forgings, flash-welded rings under 4 inches (102 mm) in least cross-sectional dimension, and stock of any size for forging or flash-welded rings (see 8.3).
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This Purchase Specification (PS), AMS3970/5, specifies the batch release and delivery requirements for the companion non-structural glass fiber fabric prepreg. This specification also defines the procedure and requirements for storage life extension of materials purchased against this specification. It is only applicable for materials which are qualified and shall be carried out within the responsibility of the purchaser and under control of its Quality organization.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
This Purchasing Specification (PS) AMS3970/4 specifies the batch release and delivery requirements for film adhesive used for repair. This specification is applicable only when the film adhesive is used as part of the prepreg system as defined in AMS3970 and AMS3970/1. This specification also defines the procedure and requirements for storage life extension of materials purchased against this specification. It is only applicable for materials which are qualified and shall be carried out within the responsibility of the purchaser and under control of its Quality organization.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
The intent of this specification is for the procurement of carbon fiber and fiberglass epoxy prepreg products with 350 °F (177 °C) cure for aerospace applications; therefore, no qualification or equivalency threshold values are provided. Users that intend to conduct a new material qualification or equivalency program must refer to the production quality assurance section (see 4.3) of this base specification, AMS6891.
AMS P17 Polymer Matrix Composites Committee
This document contains information and guidance on assessment of the risk posed by observed tin whiskers for aerospace, defense, and high-performance (ADHP) products or other products that demand high reliability.
G-24 Pb-free Risk Management Committee for ADHP
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the requirements for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) lined, metallic reinforced, hose assemblies suitable for use in aerospace hydraulic, fuel, and lubricating oil systems at temperatures between -67 and 450 °F for Class I assemblies, -67 and 275 °F for Class II assemblies, and at nominal pressures up to 1500 psi. The hose assemblies are also suitable for use within the same temperature and pressure limitations in aerospace pneumatic systems where some gaseous diffusion through the wall of the PTFE liner can be tolerated. The use of these hose assemblies in pneumatic storage systems is not recommended. In addition, installations in which the limits specified herein are exceeded, or in which the application is not covered specifically by this standard (for example, oxygen), shall be subject to the approval of the procuring activity.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
This SAE Standard provides general and dimensional specifications for beaded ends and hose fittings. These connections are intended for general applications in low-pressure automotive and hydraulic systems on automotive, industrial, and commercial products. The fittings shown are designed to be used with hoses that are intended to be retained by hose clamps. It is recommended that where step sizes or additional types of fittings are required they be designed to conform with the specifications of this document insofar as they may apply. The following general specifications shall supplement the dimensional data contained in the tables with respect to all unspecified detail.
Hydraulic Hose and Hose Fittings Committee
The purpose of this document is to establish guidelines for determining the critical R134a and R1234yf refrigerant charge for off-road, self-propelled work machines as defined in SAE J1116 and agricultural tractors as defined in ANSI/ASAE S390. It will develop a minimum to maximum refrigerant charge range in which the HVAC system can maintain proper operation. Operating conditions and characteristics of the equipment will influence the optimum charge. Since these conditions and characteristics vary greatly from one application to another, careful consideration should be taken to determine the optimum R134a and R1234yf refrigerant charge for the HVAC system.
HFTC6, Operator Accommodation
This Purchasing Specification (PS), AMS3970/3, specifies the batch release and delivery requirements for carbon fiber fabric epoxy prepreg used for repair. This specification is applicable only when the carbon fiber fabric epoxy prepreg is used as part of the repair system defined in AMS3970 and AMS3970/1. This specification also defines the procedure and requirements for storage life extension of materials purchased against this specification. It is only applicable for materials that are qualified against AMS3970 (refer to PRI QPL AMS3970) and shall be carried out within the responsibility of the purchaser and under control of its Quality organization.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
This specification covers non-silicone synthetic rubber sealing compounds supplied as a two-component or pre-mixed and frozen (PMF) system that cures at room temperature.
AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee
The intent of this specification is for the procurement of the material listed on the QPL; therefore, no qualification or equivalency threshold values are provided. Users that intend to conduct a new material qualification or equivalency program must refer to the Quality Assurance section of the base specification, AMS6891.
AMS P17 Polymer Matrix Composites Committee
With the rapid development of the low-altitude economy—represented by drone logistics, aerial inspections, and air taxis—air traffic has exhibited new characteristics including diverse forms, high density, and significant speed differences. To address these changes, the traditional air traffic control system requires upgrades, particularly in dynamic aircraft scheduling. This study proposes an air traffic control model (DS-ATM) tailored to this domain, built on the Deepseek large model. By integrating spatiotemporal graph neural networks with multi-objective reinforcement learning algorithms, the model achieves real-time path planning and conflict resolution in complex airspace environments. Validated using public datasets such as OpenSky Network, NASA UTM Dataset, and METAR meteorological data, experimental results demonstrate its significant advantages in reducing conflict rates and scheduling delays.
Li, RuiZhao, FangyuShe, YueLi, Wujie
This study looks into the performance traits of a pure electric car that has a continuously variable transmission (CVT) system by doing careful simulations. The research is mostly about checking how well it performs dynamically and how much better its energy efficiency is compared to regular designs. With the help of AVL Cruise software, a detailed drivetrain model was made to test things like how fast it can accelerate, its top speed, how well it climbs hills, and how much energy it uses when driven in standard ways. The simulation results show some big improvements: the CVT car can go from 0 to 100 km/h in 12.92 seconds, which is 14% quicker than expected; it can reach a top speed of 179 km/h, 15% higher than planned; and it can climb really steep hills at a 41.33% gradient. The energy efficiency analysis also found that it uses less power, consuming just 15.88 kWh per 100km under NEDC conditions and 13.72 kWh per 100km in UDC cycles, which are 21% and 24% less than before. These
Chen, HaishanGong, NaifaPan, YulongCai, ZhichengGao, YujieShen, XiaobingFu, XianlanChen, Keren