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Vertical Flight Society Technical Papers - Coming Soon to Mobilus

Vertical Flight Society papers coming soon to SAE Mobilus. In partnership with the Vertical Flight Society (VFS), SAE Mobilus will be hosting more than 17,000 technical papers and proceedings from VFS. Click here to see a sample of the content covering decades of rotorcraft and vertical flight technologies.

Important Update – Accessibility Enhancements on SAE Mobilus

We’re pleased to share that SAE Mobilus has recently completed a comprehensive set of accessibility improvements across the platform. As a result, Mobilus is now aligned with WCAG 2.2 Level AA standards in most key categories. These updates are part of our ongoing commitment to ensuring the platform is accessible to all users. Enhancements include improvements to keyboard navigation, screen reader compatibility, visual contrast, error handling, and overall usability across core areas of the site. An updated Voluntary Product Accessibility Template (VPAT v2.5 – March 2026) is now available, providing a detailed overview of our accessibility conformance. You can access the VPAT directly within the Help section. Accessibility is a continuous effort. We will continue to evaluate and improve the platform to better support all users and meet evolving standards. If you have any feedback or experience any accessibility issues, we welcome your input. - The SAE Mobilus Team

SAE AI Chat — Update and What's Next

* Important Update - SAE AI chatbot Beta program * The SAE AI Chatbot Beta program - Phase 1 will end on March 31, 2026. Following this date, the AI chatbot capabilities will be temporarily unavailable as we begin development of a significantly enhanced version. We sincerely thank all Phase 1 Beta participants for their engagement and valuable feedback - your insights have played an important role in shaping the next phase of this experience. The upcoming version of the SAE AI Chatbot will expand content coverage beyond current standards, incorporating additional critical resources from our digital library. It will also be made available to a broader audience across Mobilus. Want to be part of what's next? Register your interest here to receive updates and be considered for early access. For additional information, visit the FAQs. — The Mobilus Team

SAE International Digitization and AI Policy

SAE International prohibits the entry of SAE Content into any form of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT, OpenAI, or Microsoft Copilot. Additionally, creating derivatives of SAE Content using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from SAE International. In the case of such use, SAE International will suspend access to SAE Content, and further legal action will be considered.

Welcome to the new SAE Mobilus®

Welcome to the new era of SAE Mobilus®, redesigned with a modern, intuitive web interface featuring enhanced search capabilities to help you stay informed and easily discover content. Login today: To access content within your subscription and make the most of the platform, please log into your subscription and your personal My Library (sign up is free) located in the top right corner of the screen. Key Features Intuitive User Interface: We've listened to our customers and tied this to the best practices in the industry to offer an improved, intuitive, and desirable website experience for our users. Improved In-app Discoverability: Enhanced search and expanded menu featuring search suggestions that allow for quick discovery of content. Announcements: Stay up to date on new features through a dedicated announcements page. Most recent announcements also get featured on the homepage. Enhanced Browse capabilities: Browse through over 200,000 publications that are now classified into categories commonly used across the industry. Deep-dive further into any topic or sub-topic of interest to make the most for your corporate projects or research. Smart Automation: "Meta Tags" on each result will help you find content related to your search. My Library: My dashboard is rebranded as My Library with powerful features to help you make the most out of the platform Mobile Friendly: Upgraded navigation on mobile devices Training Available SAE’s Customer Success team is dedicated to delivering the best platform experience possible. Through monthly trainings and short, on-demand video tutorials, find answers to your questions here: SAE Mobilus Spotlight training - Available monthly, hosted live by SAE’s Customer Success team Mobilus Minute – 2-minute videos, available on-demand Need some troubleshooting help? Access our FAQs by visiting our Help section: https://saemobilus.sae.org/help/home Resources to help you navigate the new platform are available here, where you can find links to quick start guides and video tutorials on features like My Library, Announcements, Saved Search, Login and new features. Have feedback that you'd like to share with us? Please submit your feedback to the Mobilus team through the blue Knowledge bot in the bottom right hand corner of the new platform.

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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

Browse All 177

Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response

EPR202501711/24/2025

The wing-in-ground effect (WIG) vehicle represents a significant advancement in aerodynamics and vehicle design, leveraging the ground effect phenomenon to enhance lift and reduce drag when flying close to the surface. This unique capability allows WIG vehicles to achieve higher payloads, longer range, and greater fuel efficiency compared to traditional aircraft, making them an attractive option for modern military and global disaster response applications. Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response discusses future disaster response, logistics, and military applications for WIG vehicles, including the ongoing development of aerospace and transportation technology. Relavant advancements in materials and propulsion systems holds promise for further enhancing WIG performance and operational range. Additionally, cost-effective and powerful flight computers with various types of mission-enabling sensor suites from the advanced air mobility and drone industry further enable the development of modern, safe, and practical WIG platforms. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering

EPR20250169/22/2025

Despite growing investments, the widespread adoption and scalable deployment of generative artificial intelligence (AI) remains a challenge due to data trustworthiness, regulatory uncertainty, interpretability, and ethical governance. The need to accelerate automation and maintain the human-in-the-loop demonstrates broader questions of responsibility and transparency. Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering investigates the transformative role of GenAI within aerospace engineering, examining its shift from conventional workflows toward more AI-driven solutions in design, manufacturing, and maintenance. It emphasizes GenAI’s emerging ability to automate repetitive mundane tasks, reduce design complexity, and optimize engineering pipelines. The report underscores the need for validation methods that must align AI-generated outputs with physics-informed models, integration with legacy engineering tools (e.g., computational fluid dynamics, finite element analysis, digital twins), and mitigation of algorithmic biases. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles

EPR20250159/22/2025

The next generation of mobility, driven by shared, driverless, connected, and electrified vehicles, holds strong potential to advance sustainability through lower emissions and improved resource efficiency. However, critical questions remain regarding their true environmental impact, including battery lifecycle management, material consumption, and circular manufacturing practices. Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles explores these unresolved issues, focusing on the shift from internal combustion to electric vehicles, supply chain challenges, regulatory gaps, and the operational realities of sustainable productization. It also critically examines the risks of greenwashing, the need for consistent standards, and the role of intersectoral collaboration—with energy, urban planning, information and communications technologies, and waste management sectors—in building resilient, scalable solutions. The report provides strategic recommendations and actionable solutions to help stakeholders better navigate the transition toward a circular future for mobility. It further highlights the overlooked complexities in the Global South, emphasizing the importance of ethical market expansion and localized mobility strategies. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features

EPR20250138/13/2025

Advanced technologies that assist the human driver or reduce (or even eliminate) the human driver’s role are becoming increasingly prevalent in new light-duty vehicles used by the general public. These technologies are divided between Active Safety features that monitor the human driver and vehicle motion and act intermittently to mitigate and avoid crashes, and Driving Automation features that assume some or all of the dynamic driving task from the human driver. Both types of technologies have the potential to reduce injuries and save lives by reducing the frequency and/or severity of crashes. Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features addresses the current capabilities and future potential for Active Safety and Driving Automation features to reduce crash frequency and severity and provides an overview of the state of the industry for both types of features, including current deployments, trends, and anticipated rollouts. Gaps in knowledge, unsettled issues, and suggestions for future research will also be discussed. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots

EPR20250128/13/2025

The automation of labor-intensive picking and planting operations is having an immediate impact in the agricultural indutry. In its simplest form, robotic automation can reduce the labor and soil disturbance while enabling organic soil cover and increasing species diversification through precision approaches to planting, weeding, and spraying. With this, pesticides and fertilizers can be applied in a more targeted way, and with machinery visiting fields more frequently, earlier and more targeted intervention can occur before pests become established. Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots identifies issues that need to be resolved fo for this technology to thrive, including improving methods of acquiring and labeling training data to facilitate more accurate models for specific applications. It also discusses concepts such as general-purpose mechanical platforms for use as carriers of agricultural automation systems with high stability, positional accuracy, and variable track, as well as the economics of moving capital intensive automation systems toward a service-provision business model. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles

EPR20250147/18/2025

Autonomous vehicle motion planning and control are vital components of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. Recent advances in both data- and physical model-driven methods have improved driving performance, yet current technologies still fall short of achieving human-level driving in complex, dynamic traffic scenarios. Key challenges include developing safe, efficient, and human-like motion planning strategies that can adapt to unpredictable environments. Data-driven approaches leverage deep neural networks to learn from extensive datasets, offering promising avenues for intelligent decision-making. However, these methods face issues such as covariate shift in imitation learning and difficulties in designing robust reward functions. In contrast, conventional physical model-driven techniques use rigorous mathematical formulations to generate optimal trajectories and handle dynamic constraints. Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-Driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles presents a hybrid framework that combines data-driven insights with the robustness of physical models. It identifies key challenges in fusing these disparate methods and outlines potential solutions in developing robust fusion strategies, establishing generalized mixed dynamics models, and designing multi-objective robust control systems. In addition, the report explores future research directions to enhance learning efficiency, improve adaptability to rare but critical scenarios, and ultimately pave the way for secure, efficient, and human-like autonomous driving systems. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

EPR20250115/21/2025

Driven by the vast consumer marketplace, the electronics megatrend has reshaped nearly every sector of society. The advancements in semiconductors and software, originally built to serve consumer demand, are now delivering significant value to non-consumer industries. Today, electronics are making inroads into traditionally conservative, safety-critical sectors such as automotive and aerospace. In doing so, electronics—now further propelled by artificial intelligence—are disrupting the functional safety architectures of these cyber-physical systems. Electronics have created the world of cyber-physical systems, raising broader concerns about the broader category of product assurance. Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence continues the work of previous SAE Edge Research Reports in examining open research challenges arising from this shift, particularly in automotive systems, as core electronic technologies (e.g., the combination of software and communications) have even redefined what it means to be a "product." Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Edge Artificial Intelligence in Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mobility

EPR20250095/20/2025

With many stakeholders involved, and major investments supporting it, the advancements in automated driving (AD) are undoubtedly there. Generally speaking, the motivation for advancing AD is driver convenience and road safety. Regarding the development of AD, original equipment manufacturers, technology start-ups, and AD systems developers have taken different approaches for automated vehicles (AVs). Some manufacturers are on the path toward stand-alone vehicles, mostly relying on onboard sensors and intelligence. On the other hand, the connected, cooperative, and automated mobility (CCAM) approach relies on additional communication and information exchange to ensure safe and secure operation. CCAM holds great potential to improve traffic management, road safety, equity, and convenience. In both approaches, there are increasingly large amounts of data generated and used for AD functions in perception, situational awareness, path prediction, and decision-making. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is instrumental in processing such data, and in that context, “edge AI” is a more recent type of implementation. Edge AI involves AI algorithms in edge computing devices, which requires hardware operating close to where data is generated. This report explores the potential of edge AI in CCAM. Different perspectives on edge AI for CCAM are explored and definitions drafted. Primary applications are explored, and an outlook on further advancements in applications is presented. The report includes a discussion on the benefits, risks, and challenges related to the use of edge AI in this domain. Major issues such as privacy and cybersecurity are considered, as are misconceptions. Furthermore, potential learning benefits, using experiences gained in other sectors, are introduced. NOTE: SAE Edge Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. These reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.

Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management

EPR20250085/20/2025

The transportation industry is transforming with the integration of advanced data technologies, edge devices, and artificial intelligence (AI). Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are pivotal in optimizing traffic flow and safety. Central to this are transportation management centers, which manage transportation systems, traffic flow, and incident responses. Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management explores emerging trends in transportation data, focusing on data collection, aggregation, and sharing. Effective data management, AI application, and secure data sharing are crucial for optimizing operations. Integrating edge devices with existing systems presents challenges impacting security, cost, and efficiency. Ultimately, AI in transportation offers significant opportunities to predict and manage traffic conditions. AI-driven tools analyze historical data and current conditions to forecast future events. The importance of multidisciplinary approaches and educational programs in leveraging AI for transportation applications are emphasized in this report. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on Earth

EPR20250054/24/2025

Recent advances are reducing the cost of space launch, high specific power solar cells, and the production of satellite systems. Modular architectures with no moving parts and distributed power systems would minimize assembly and maintenance costs. Together, this may enable space-based solar power to provide decarbonized dispatchable power at a lower cost than equivalent technologies such as nuclear power stations. Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on Earth discusses the advances in emerging technologies, like thin film solar cells, reusable launch vehicles, and mass-produced modular satellite systems that would make economic space power feasible. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Latest Journal Issues

Browse All 16

Passenger Vehicle Systems

Electrified Vehicles

Advances and Current Practices in Mobility

Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy

Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy

Connected and Automated Vehicles

Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH

Transportation Safety

Alternative Powertrains

Commercial Vehicles

Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems

Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems

Fuels and Lubricants

Materials and Manufacturing

Aerospace

Recent Books

Browse All 633

Composite Materials Handbook Volume 5 - Revision B

R-4608/27/2026

The fifth volume of this six-volume compendium publishes technical guidance and properties on ceramic matrix composite material systems. The selected guidance on technical topics related to this class of composites includes material selection, processing, characterization, testing, data reduction, design, analysis, quality control, application, case histories, and lessons learned of typical ceramic matrix composite materials. Volume 5, which covers ceramic matrix composites, supersedes MIL-HDBK-17-5 of June 17, 2002. The Composite Materials Handbook, referred to by industry groups as CMH-17, is an engineering reference tool that contains over 1,000 records of the latest test data for polymer matrix, metal matrix, ceramic matrix, and structural sandwich composites. CMH-17 provides information and guidance necessary to design and fabricate end items from composite materials. It includes properties of composite materials that meet specific data requirements as well as guidelines for design, analysis, material selection, manufacturing, quality control, and repair. The primary purpose of the handbook is to standardize engineering methodologies related to testing, data reduction, and reporting of property data for current and emerging composite materials. It is used by engineers worldwide in designing and fabricating products made from composite materials.

July 2026 AMS Index

AMSJULY-20267/22/2026

Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2026 - Volume I

B-994_VOLUME17/1/2026

The Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization MMPDS-2026 supersedes MMPDS-25 and prior editions of the MMPDS Handbook as well as all editions of MIL-HDBK-5, Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures Handbook that were maintained by the U.S. Air Force. The last edition, MIL-HDBK-5J was cancelled by the U.S. Air Force in March 2006. This document contains design information on the mechanical and physical properties of metallic materials and joints commonly used in aircraft and aerospace vehicle structures. All information contained in this Handbook has been reviewed and approved using a standardized process. The development and ongoing maintenance process involves certifying agencies, including the FAA, DoD, and NASA, and major material suppliers and material users worldwide. The information and procedures in this Handbook are continuously reviewed and modified or removed as determined to be appropriate. With advances in materials and fastener systems, and with the review process of existing information, periodic updates of the MMPDS should be expected. As such, it is recommended that the latest version of the MMPDS be used. Volume II: Process Intensive Materials and Joining Technologies.

Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2026 - Volume II

B-994_VOLUME27/1/2026

Volume II publishes the framework for generating and analyzing the data so that material sponsors can generate the right data, knowing how it will be analyzed by the Battelle Memorial Institute. MMPDS-2026 Volume II Process Intensive Materials and Joining Technologies does not currently have any material properties, focusing on additive manufacturing of metallic materials. MMPDS-2026 Volume II focuses on non-conventional processes and will be published each year. Volume I: Conventional Materials and Joint Allowables.

1D and MultiD Modeling Techniques for IC Engine Simulation Second Edition

R-5805/29/2026

The internal combustion (IC) engine remains the most widely used thermal machine in the world and will continue to play a central role in global mobility for decades to come. Even as alternative powertrains expand, optimized IC engines—often integrated within hybrid and electrified architectures—are essential to achieving low fuel consumption, near-zero pollutant emissions, and reduced carbon dioxide output. Advances in combustion strategies, synthetic fuels, turbocharging, and aftertreatment systems are driving this evolution. This fully revised and expanded second edition reflects the rapid progress made in engine modeling and simulation over the past two decades. One-dimensional (1D), three-dimensional (3D), and coupled 1D–3D modeling techniques have become indispensable tools in modern engine design, enabling engineers to evaluate performance, efficiency, and emissions through advanced virtual engine environments. Bringing together contributions from leading international researchers and industry experts, this book presents the most significant and recent developments in IC engine simulation. Topics include 0D, 1D, quasi-3D, and full 3D modeling approaches; turbocharging and aftertreatment systems; co-simulation and real-time applications; hydrogen and two-stroke engines; and advanced thermal modeling techniques. Designed for engineers, researchers, and graduate students, this second edition serves as a comprehensive reference for understanding, comparing, and applying state-of-the-art IC engine modeling methodologies in an evolving mobility landscape. Chapter topics include: • state of the art of 1D thermo-fluid dynamic simulation models • virtual engine development: 1D- and 3D-CFD up to full engine simulation • advanced 0D and quasiD thermodynamic combustion models for SI and CI engines • compressor and turbine (turbocharger, supercharger, or turbocompounding device) as boundary conditions for 1D simulations • 3D-CFD combustion models for SI and CI engines • model order reduction for real-time simulation and control applications • modeling of EGR systems •1D engine model in XiL application-a simulation environment for the entire powertrain development process • coupling of 1D and 3D fluid dynamic models for hybrid simulations • extending the 1D approach to the simulation of 3D components: the quasi-3D approach • 1D simulation models for aftertreatment components• 3D simulation models for after-treatment systems • modeling of IC engine silencers and tailpipe noise: 1D and 3D approaches • hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines • optimization of the gas exchange process in advanced 2-stroke engines • IC engine 0D/1D thermal modeling

Variable Compression Systems for Future Engines and Fuels

R-5534/30/2026

Variable Compression Engines: Enabling Net Zero explores variable compression ratio (VCR): one of the most promising—and historically elusive—advancements in internal combustion engine (ICE) technology. Long recognized for its thermodynamic benefits, VCR has challenged engineers for decades due to its mechanical complexity. Today, as the global mobility landscape demands ever higher efficiency, lower emissions, and greater fuel flexibility, VCR has emerged as a viable and transformative solution. This book delivers a comprehensive and authoritative examination of VCR technology, quantifying its efficiency and CO2-reduction potential while surveying the wide range of mechanisms conceived, developed, and tested over more than a century of engine innovation. By combining historical insight with modern analysis, the authors reveal the remarkable ingenuity of past and present engine designers—and demonstrate that VCR is not only feasible, but increasingly essential. Positioned squarely within the context of global decarbonization, the book argues for a realistic, inclusive pathway to net-zero emissions—one in which ICEs continue to play a critical role. VCR technology enables higher efficiency across almost all operating conditions, supports advanced combustion strategies, and allows engines to operate effectively on a broad spectrum of low- and zero-carbon fuels, from biofuels to synthetic e-fuels. With VCR now in high-volume production and poised for broader adoption across automotive, heavy-duty, and marine applications, this timely volume is an essential resource for OEMs, suppliers, policymakers, researchers, and students seeking practical, scalable solutions for a sustainable energy future. Chapter topics include: • compression ratios and fuels • compression ratio limits • cylinder head VCR • cylinder block VCR • connecting rod variable compression • piston VCR • cranktrain and linkages VCR • modulated crankshaft eccentricity VCR • axial or barrel engine VCRs • high power and downsized engines • impact of VCR systems on engines • VCR applications for the future • variable compression for future engines and fuels • VCR cost–benefit analysis

Aerospace Standards Index - 2026

ASIN20262/25/2026

This valuable resource lists all Aerospace Standards (AS), Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP), Aerospace Information Reports (AIR), and Aerospace Resource Documents (ARD) published by SAE. Each listing includes title, subject, document number, key words, new and revised documents, and DODISS-adopted documents. AMS Index - Now Available!

Business Reliability Growth for Automotive Engineering, Volume 4

R-5522/17/2026

In a world where every business process is under pressure to perform faster, safer, and more reliably, this book delivers a powerful roadmap for sustained operational excellence. Centered on the proven methodology of Design of Experiments (DOE), it shows how organizations can move beyond reactive problem-solving to systematic reliability growth. From well-defined standard operating practices to management-level decision-making, the book connects strategy, data, and execution to create repeatable, measurable results across the enterprise. Readers are guided through practical, real-world applications of DOE, from selecting the right factors and levels to executing robust experiments, analyzing outcomes, validating solutions, and continuously monitoring performance. Each chapter translates complex statistical and engineering concepts into actionable business value, helping teams improve quality, reduce waste, and increase return on investment. Key capabilities explored in this book include: • Holistic reliability across design, manufacturing, supply chain, and marketing. • Advanced experimental designs, including split-plot and fractional factorial methods. • Fault tree analysis (FTA) and FMEA for failure prediction and prevention. • Supply chain optimization through multivariate process control. • Production and field reliability using design for testability and diagnostics. • Electric vehicle system and battery reliability analysis. • Marketing reliability driven by voice of customer and data-based value analysis. This book is an essential resource for engineers, operations leaders, and technical managers who want to build resilient systems, unlock innovation, and achieve long-term competitive advantage through disciplined, data-driven reliability.

Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels

R-5471/22/2026

As global energy demands rise and environmental challenges intensify, the aviation industry faces a critical need to redefine how it powers the skies. Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels presents a comprehensive, research-driven exploration of the transition from fossil-based fuels to renewable alternatives that promise to reshape the future of air transportation. This book bridges the gap between academic knowledge and industrial application, offering a detailed overview of the science, technology, and policy driving the adoption of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs). From understanding feedstocks and conversion pathways to evaluating production technologies, emissions performance, and life-cycle impacts, the text equips readers with a holistic understanding of SAFs within today’s global energy landscape. Across five insightful chapters, readers will find a clear roadmap: the evolution and importance of SAFs; production methods and technological foundations; environmental performance and emissions reduction potential; safety, certification, and market integration; and future projections supported by international initiatives and regulatory frameworks. By combining technical depth with practical relevance, Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels serves as both a foundational reference and a forward-looking guide for researchers, policymakers, industry professionals, and students. It underscores that achieving sustainability in aviation depends not only on innovation but also on global collaboration, paving the way toward cleaner skies and a resilient, low-carbon future for air travel.

SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles

R-5591/20/2026

The convergence of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and connected vehicle technologies is ushering in a transformative era of automotive innovation—one that is fundamentally enhancing vehicle safety, efficiency, reliability, and the overall driving experience. SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles stands as the definitive reference for this rapidly evolving domain, meticulously compiled to clarify and standardize the language shaping modern mobility. Inside, readers will find clear, authoritative definitions encompassing the full spectrum of technologies that enable connected and automated driving—including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication systems. This comprehensive resource translates complex engineering terminology into accessible language, enabling engineers, researchers, policymakers, educators, and enthusiasts to share a common technical foundation. Reflecting the latest global standards, research, and innovations, this dictionary bridges the gap between theory and application. It fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, supports safer system design, and provides clarity for those engaged in regulatory development or technology deployment. As the pace of mobility innovation accelerates, precise and accessible communication becomes indispensable. SAE International remains committed to advancing global transportation knowledge—empowering professionals to navigate, contribute to, and shape the future of intelligent, connected, and sustainable mobility with confidence and clarity.

Recently Published

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A Novel Physics-Informed Graph Convolutional Reduced-Order Model for Fluid Flow on Unstructured Meshes

2026-99-1245

9/4/2026

This study proposes a physics-informed graph convolutional reduced-order model, namely Phys-GCN, for high-fidelity and computationally efficient prediction of steady incompressible flow fields. In Phys-GCN, the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are embedded into the loss function via residual constraints, such that the spatial feature extraction of graph convolutional networks is integrated with the physics-constrained learning strategy of physics-informed neural networks. This mixed design enables the model to capture complex nonlinear flow features while maintaining a clear level of physical interpretability. Benefiting from the node-edge encoding inherent to graph neural networks, Phys-GCN operates directly on unstructured CFD meshes to learn flow features from graph representations constructed using node attributes and adjacency relationships. In doing so, Phys-GCN dispenses with voxelization or SDF preprocessing and fully preserves the local geometric and topological characteristics of the flow domain. The proposed model is systematically evaluated on steady flows past circular and elliptical cylinders, where the predicted velocity and pressure fields are compared against reference CFD solutions in both interpolation and extrapolation scenarios. Results show that, for all physical quantities, the reconstructed steady flow fields achieve mean relative errors below 5%, exhibiting excellent agreement with the CFD benchmark solutions. After offline training, Phys-GCN achieves inference times that are several orders of magnitude faster than conventional CFD solvers, while maintaining comparable predictive accuracy. These findings demonstrate that Phys-GCN provides an accurate and efficient graph-based and physics-informed surrogate for steady flow-field reconstruction on non-uniform, unstructured meshes, thereby laying a solid foundation for future extensions to more complex three-dimensional and compressible flow configurations.

Xie, Haoran, Zhou, Hao, Yu, Changhao, Li, Qiang, Liu, Tianyu, Peng, Jiangzhou

Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of Needle Roller Bearings in Planetary Gear Trains with Consideration of Inner Bore Spalling Defects of Planet Gears

2026-99-1279

9/4/2026

Driven by the growing demand for higher efficiency and load-bearing capacity in fields such as new energy vehicles and heavy-duty engineering machinery, planetary gear sets are increasingly operating at elevated rotational speeds, coupled with a corresponding expansion of their revolution radii. This dual trend directly induces a substantial surge in centrifugal acceleration acting on the internal needle roller bearings. Under the cyclic stress inherent to transmission operations, such enhanced acceleration not only accelerates the initiation of spalling faults on the inner bores of planet gears but also exacerbates the propagation and deterioration of these faults throughout the service life. To elucidate the influence mechanism of inner bore spalling on the dynamic response of planetary gear bearings, this study develops a specialized dynamic model. This model explicitly incorporates the compound kinematic effects of simultaneous rotation and revolution, thereby ensuring a high-fidelity reconstruction of actual operating scenarios. The research systematically investigates how different spalling types and dimensional parameters affect the system’s dynamic behavior. Numerical results demonstrate a positive correlation between the severity of the spalling defect and the dynamic response intensity. Specifically, the expansion of defect dimensions under harsh operating regimes markedly exacerbates both the contact impulses at the needle-roller interface and the overall vibration acceleration amplitudes. Notably, the amplitude increment of the needle rollers is far more pronounced than that of other components. These findings enrich the theoretical understanding of fault-induced dynamic responses in planetary gear systems and provide a solid theoretical and model-based foundation for optimizing the fault diagnosis, condition monitoring, and maintenance strategies of the associated needle roller bearings.

Zou, Desheng, Lai, Junbin, Guo, Wei, Dong, Peng, Xu, Xiangyang, Sun, Qiang

Strain Analysis of Buried Pipelines in Trench Models Crossing Strike-Slip Faults

2026-99-1280

9/4/2026

Long-distance buried pipelines are the core type in pipeline transportation; the technical indexes and requirements for protection are stricter. In the previous coupling model of pipe and soil, the in-situ soil and backfill soil are treated as a unified continuous medium, and the actual geometric shape and boundary effect of the pipe trench are ignored through simplification of the calculation model. In this study, a new coupling model of in-situ soil, backfill soil, and pipeline is proposed to analyze the actual strain state of buried pipeline with different backfill soil and in-situ soil materials. A model was established based on the ANSYS software to simulate and investigate the mechanical behavior of strike-slip fault-crossing buried pipelines under real trench conditions. By varying multiple parameters, this study analyzes the effects of different operating conditions on the strain distribution and magnitude of buried pipelines. The findings of this study can serve as a reference for the design, construction, and protection of buried pipelines traversing active faults.

Li, Yuxiang, Wang, Guang, Zhang, Chengbin, Wang, Ke, Bi, Haisheng

Simulation and Structural Optimization Design of Thermal-Mechanical Coupling Performance of Supporting Components

2026-99-1293

9/4/2026

This research aims to develop a high-performance composite material support component that meets extreme performance requirements. It is used to solve the problem of protecting critical electronic control units (ECUs) and flight data recorders in aerospace and automotive safety systems under harsh combined conditions of high temperature and high shock. Its internal dimensions are 0.14 m × 0.08 m × 0.08 m. In addition, it is required to withstand a constant temperature of 65°C for 3600 seconds, with the internal core temperature not exceeding 35°C. It can withstand a static load of 1.8 kg and a transient impact acceleration of 1400 G. The dual-layer composite structure based on functional decomposition solves the problems of thermal insulation and load-bearing/impact resistance. The inner layer uses ultra-low thermal conductivity aerogel to form a thermal barrier. The outer layer is a load-bearing frame made of high-strength/high-modulus quartz fiber reinforced epoxy composite material. The study employs a systematic numerical simulation method to verify the optimized design parameters. The results show that the internal temperature remained stable at 34.173°C. The outer layer deforms only at the micrometer level under static load. The inner layer is under zero load and there is no distortion in the internal space. The integrated design method of “material-function-structure-simulation” proposed in this paper provides a research approach for the survivability design of mechanical structures of new-generation aircraft and ground vehicles under complex multiphysics constraints.

Liu, Jiaxin, Wang, Yi, Zhao, Xiaorong, Wu, Chaofu, Zhao, Zhuo, Chen, Long

Numerical Analysis of the Frequency Acceleration Effect on the Aerodynamic Efficiency of 3-DoFs Flapping Wing

2026-99-1288

9/4/2026

This study examines how frequency acceleration affects the aerodynamic efficiency of a forward flying airfoil by establishing a kinematic model and conducting numerical simulations using the NACA0012 model. Since the aerodynamic force coefficients have been obtained in previous studies, this paper directly utilizes these coefficients to evaluate the effects of different frequency acceleration combinations on aerodynamic efficiency. It is concluded that under the condition of no pitch frequency acceleration, the combination of positive plunging frequency acceleration and sweep frequency acceleration significantly reduces the lift efficiency from 89.7% (under no frequency acceleration) to 18.1%, and can increase the propulsion efficiency from 44.1% (under no frequency acceleration) to 75.5%. Furthermore, under the AM-8 condition, the lift efficiency shows a decreasing trend as the acceleration factor increases. The analysis and investigation of frequency acceleration effect provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the aerodynamic performance and optimizing the structural design of flapping wing drones.

Kong, Fanwei, Qu, Ligang, Li, Zhandong, Li, Jing, Lao, Yile

Numerical simulation of downwash airflow of rescue helicopter rotor

2026-99-1294

9/4/2026

The helicopters conducting carrier deck operations and performing maritime rescue missions experience significant impacts from the downwash generated by their rotors, affecting both landing performance and the surrounding environment. Addressing the unclear mechanisms of downwash effects during water rescue operations, this study employed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods, including overlapping grids, to investigate the operational characteristics of helicopter rotor airflow. Numerical simulations were conducted under various operating conditions, including different inflow velocities and rotor speeds. Based on the calculation results, the implementation process of helicopter rescue operations is proposed. These findings provided valuable guidance for helicopter water rescue operations. The results showed that as the rotor speed of the rescue helicopter gradually increased, the force of the rotor downwash flow on the water surface was greater. Moreover, when the rescue helicopter had an incoming flow velocity, the interference of the rotor downwash flow on the water force could be reduced accordingly.

Feng, Xu, Cui, Jia, Zhang, Yi, Han, Qingtian, Liu, Wei, Xing, Li, Wang, Jingyu

Application of Two-Component Flocculant Underwater Non-Dispersible Concrete in Ship Lock Engineering

2026-99-1282

9/4/2026

To tackle the challenges of pronounced dispersion and inadequate cohesion of concrete in the underwater repair of ship lock engineering, this study presents a novel approach involving acrylate copolymer emulsion (PAE) and waterborne polyamine curing agent (WE) as the two-component flocculant, integrated with fiber modification technology, to fabricate non-dispersible concrete tailored for ship lock underwater rehabilitation. Mechanical property tests and elastic modulus analyses demonstrate that the resultant concrete exhibits significantly improved scour resistance, endowing it with robustness against erosion in complex subaqueous environments. This work thus offers a dependable technical solution for the structural repair and toughening of ship lock structures.

Li, Jun, Zhu, Xunsong, Yang, Ning, Meng, Xingyu, Zong, Jiawei

Aerodynamic Load Calculation and Prediction Method for Folded Wing Mechanism

2026-99-1289

9/4/2026

The folding wing mechanism is widely used in aircraft design. Whether the folding wing surface can unfold smoothly determines whether the aircraft can fly normally. Therefore, studying the aerodynamic loads and structural deformations during the unfolding process of folded wing surfaces is very important. The motion process of a folded wing mechanism is a typical fluid-structure interaction (FSI) process. During deployment, the wing surface moves under the combined action of the actuator’s pull and the aerodynamic loads from the incoming flow, while the large deformation of the wing surface during its movement, in turn, affects the aerodynamic loads on the mechanism from the flow field. Considering the FSI effects during the unfolded motion process of the folded wing, simulation was conducted using the ALE algorithm in LS-DYNA to obtain the kinematic and dynamic parameters in the unfolded motion process, and also to get the aerodynamic torque on the wing under different angles and angular velocities. In practical engineering applications, the actuation force of the deployment mechanism can vary due to factors such as the amount and performance of the pyrotechnic material. Consequently, the final velocity and the whole motion process of the wing mechanism will also change. For the calculation of aerodynamic external loads under multiple operating conditions, using the ALE algorithm will consume a large amount of computational time and cost. Given the high computational cost and long computation time of finite element simulations, a BP neural network was established to calculate the aerodynamic loads on the wing surface under different actuation forces. This allows for a rapid assessment of whether significant deformation or damage will occur to the folding mechanism or nearby components during the deployment process.

Wei, Ting, Li, Naitian, Tong, Zongkai

High-Precision Micro-Satellite Attitude Control: Design and Testing of an Ultrasonic Motor-Driven Control Moment Gyroscope

2026-99-1291

9/4/2026

The issues associated with the traditional single-gimbal control moment gyroscope (SGCMG) driven by electromagnetic motors, such as complex structure, significant gear backlash, weak anti- interference capability, poor adaptability to space environments, and large volume and weight, make it difficult to meet the attitude control requirements of micro/nano satellites. To address these issues, this paper proposes an SGCMG design based on a rotary traveling wave ultrasonic motor (RTWUM) drive. Ultrasonic motors offer advantages including high torque, fast response, self-locking upon power-off, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and simple structure, making them suitable for spacecraft attitude control systems. This paper elaborates on the working principle and structural design of the ultrasonic motor, covering the entire process from stator modal optimization, flywheel and gimbal structural design to system integration and control system implementation. Through finite element analysis and experimental verification, the designed ultrasonic motor-driven SGCMG meets the requirements of micro/nano satellites in terms of output torque, speed control accuracy, and structural compactness, demonstrating the promising application prospects of ultrasonic motors in aerospace attitude control.

Wu, Jintao, Zhang, Jiyang, Li, Huafeng, Pan, Song

Development of Engine Nozzle Characteristic Determination System

2026-99-1242

9/4/2026

The determination of flight thrust for aircraft engines is an important means of evaluating engine and aircraft performance. The characteristics of the tail nozzle of the tested engine are an important data support for calculating flight thrust. In order to accurately evaluate the flight thrust of a certain type of engine, an “engine nozzle characteristic determination test system” is developed to obtain the thrust characteristic curve and flow characteristic curve of the nozzle. A calibration device and calibration process were designed for the experimental system to achieve in-situ calibration of the system.

Ren, Boyang, Jia, Wenjie, Song, Jiangtao

CFD-Based Aerodynamic Stability Analysis of a Quadrotor UAV

2026-99-1253

9/4/2026

This study analyzes the aerodynamic stability of a typical quadrotor UAV during hover and vertical flight using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). A fitted relationship between single propeller rotational speed versus lift and torque was obtained through simulation. Rotor speed input parameters were determined by combining this relationship with force analysis under ideal conditions. Lift and torque variation data for each rotor under two typical flight conditions were subsequently acquired. The research examines changes in lift and torque caused by aerodynamic interference between rotors, which induces UAV instability. To address the additional rotor lift from airframe obstruction of airflow, a “Reduction Value Method” is proposed to correct the lift data. Kinematic simulations conducted in Adams show significant displacement and angular displacement fluctuations in both hover and vertical flight states. Instability is more pronounced during vertical motion. This research provides a theoretical basis for understanding UAV flight stability mechanisms and optimizing control strategies.

Zhao, Haiyuan, Li, Jia, Song, Jiafeng

Research on Scalelike Adaptive Suction Flow for Wide-Speed Range Hypersonic Inlets

2026-99-1252

9/4/2026

As critical components of aircraft, hypersonic inlets utilize shock wave compression effects to pressurize incoming flow. The interaction between shock waves and the boundary layer tends to generate separation zones, and it adversely affects inlet performance. As a method to significantly enhance inlet performance, suction technology can substantially reduce the size of separation zones when they form in the inlet. However, when the inlet is started and operating normally, suction configurations may cause mainstream leakage and make it difficult to meet the requirements of inlets with wider speed ranges. This paper designs an adaptive scaliform suction structure that utilizes a lift-generating design to induce a slight upward deflection of high-speed near-wall flow. It can reduce high-speed mainstream leakage without compromising the effectiveness in low-speed separation zones. Numerical simulations are employed to evaluate its suction performance in both inlet separation zone flow fields and supersonic mainstream flow fields. The internal flow mechanisms of the scaliform suction structure are investigated, and differences in its behavior across various suction flow fields, as well as its interference with the mainstream, are discussed. The study reveals that when the height of the scaliform suction structure is approximately 1/8 of the incoming flow’s velocity boundary layer height, the suction flow coefficient in the separation zone is twice that in the hypersonic mainstream. Furthermore, the loss in Mach number and total pressure recovery coefficient of the near-wall supersonic mainstream is controlled within 5%. This structure exhibits an adaptive suction capability for separation zones, thereby extending the starting speed range of the inlet.

Zhao, Xuening, Zhao, Yilong

A Simple and Efficient THINC Scheme for Multiphase Flow via Dominant-Material Selective Reconstruction

2026-99-1229

9/4/2026

αkαkNm

Wang, Wei, Zhong, Yanxu, Hu, Qinghua, Yang, Canqun

Optimized Design of Vibration Reduction for the Frame Structure of Metering, Considering Ground Impact Load

2026-99-1233

9/4/2026

To effectively mitigate the adverse effects of impact loads on the operational quality of a planter, this paper focuses on precision metering with dual planting chambers, and a novel approach is proposed to concurrently consider static and impact loads in the design of the frame structure, aiming to achieve a balanced design that combines load-bearing capacity and vibration reduction effects. The methodology employs a dual-layer cyclic process, where the outer layer calculates equivalent static loads based on the structural nonlinear dynamic response, and the inner layer introduces these equivalent static loads into the objective function of the optimization model using a weight method. The design of the frame structure, which simultaneously accounts for static and impact loads, is established through a topology optimization model based on the parametric level-set method. The simulation-optimization results indicate that, within the two-dimensional plane, the optimized seed metering frame achieves a marked reduction in volume fraction while its compliance remains almost unchanged. When the solution is expanded from 2-D to 3-D, and the optimized volume is increased to match the original volume, the optimized stiffness becomes 1.92 times the initial stiffness. This demonstrates that the frame is substantially lightened yet its stiffness is effectively enhanced, confirming that the design concurrently offers improved vibration attenuation and load-bearing capacity. The proposed structural optimization method can provide a viable design for improving the quality of precision metering. Although physical tests are still lacking, the soundness and consistency of both the simulation outcomes and numerical analyses provide strong evidence for the feasibility of the proposed method. Future tests can further verify its effectiveness.

Zhang, Wenpeng, Zeng, Shan, Zang, Ying, Wang, Yu

Research on Online Zero-Point Calibration Technique for Ω-Shaped Coriolis Flowmeters in CCUS Applications

2026-99-1237

9/4/2026

222

Yu, Haobo, Hua, Chenquan, Yu, Wenxin, Zhao, Zerun

Design and Analysis of Transmission Line Tower Erection Equipment

2026-99-1240

9/4/2026

In response to the industry's problems of transportation difficulties, low efficiency, and high safety risks during the erection of high-voltage transmission line towers in mountainous areas, this paper proposes a light tower erection device that integrates connection, assembly, and fixing functions. The device adopts 180 mm Q345 equal-angle steel tower legs and is equipped with a hydraulic drive system. The tower body is raised through the coordinated work of the main and secondary hydraulic cylinders. In contrast, the vertical and horizontal hydraulic cylinders are used for auxiliary descent and precise fine adjustment. Its modular and lightweight structural design meets the transportation needs in narrow spaces in mountainous areas. The specifications of the hydraulic cylinder are determined by mechanical calculation, and the structural strength of the square tube and the main and secondary hydraulic cylinder connecting rods is verified by finite element analysis. Kinematic simulation confirms that the operating performance of the device is stable. This device provides an efficient and reliable piece of technical equipment for the construction of transmission lines in mountainous areas, which has important engineering application value and broad promotion and application prospects.

Li, Hailong, Chen, Zhen, He, Longping, Wang, Zhongpan, Li, Cheng

The Vacuum System of Arc Section Standard Cell for STCF Collider Rings

2026-99-1238

9/4/2026

31–2–1

Zhao, Lijuan, Zhang, Ruiyang, Sun, Kun, Gong, Hailiang, Jiao, Weijie, Zhang, Benfu, Mao, Mingyang

Research on the Evaluation of Uncertainty in Roundness Measurement

2026-99-1244

9/4/2026

Accurate evaluation of measurement uncertainty is crucial for precision manufacturing. This paper proposes a two-stage Bayesian-Monte Carlo method for assessing roundness measurement uncertainty in online inspection. The method separates machining errors from measurement system errors by first establishing a prior distribution via calibration with a standard artifact and then updating it with workpiece measurements. To validate the method, measurements were conducted on a certified roundness standard, showing close agreement with the reference value. The method demonstrates effective uncertainty quantification with small sample sizes and provides a foundation for intelligent evaluation in dimensional metrology.

Gu, Tingting, Qian, Xiaoming, Qian, Li

Experimental Study on Heat Transfer Performance of Gravity Heat Pipes in Green Highway Construction

2026-99-1239

9/4/2026

Gravity heat pipe technology offers an innovative solution for utilizing shallow geothermal energy to melt pavement snow and ice in winter, aligning with the requirements of green highway construction. By leveraging the evaporation and condensation of internal working fluids, these heat pipes efficiently transfer underground thermal energy to the ground surface, delivering a continuous and stable heat supply for road pavements in cold weather. To explore the factors affecting heat transfer efficiency, this study built an indoor environmental simulation platform and systematically examined the impacts of heat pipe shape, working fluid type (R-134a, R245fa), heating temperature (15°C–25°C), and working fluid filling rate (15%–30%). A winter pavement snow- melting simulation experiment was conducted to quantify key indicators such as pipe wall temperature and heat transfer power under medium-low temperature conditions. Experimental results show that R-134a heat pipes outperform R245fa counterparts in heat transfer power under simulated shallow geothermal snow-melting conditions. Low filling volumes tend to induce temperature gradients in the condensation section of L-shaped heat pipes, reducing overall efficiency. Straight heat pipes work best at a 15% filling rate, while L-shaped models achieve optimal performance at 25%. Comparative experimental analysis yielded parameter-effect diagrams for heat transfer power and thermal conductivity, which clarify the variation rules of heat pipe performance and provide engineering guidance for gravity heat pipe applications in green highway construction.

Wang, Zhen-kun, Yuan, Zhi-ming, Wang, Kang, Zhang, Wen-jun, Wu, Xiang-song, Liu, Guang-bo

Optimal Design of the Driving Axle Housing of a Heavy-duty Automobile

2026-99-1225

9/4/2026

As one of the important freight modes, heavy trucks need a high- strength and high-reliability drive system to carry huge goods. Therefore, the drive axle housing, a key component, significantly influences the performance and service life of vehicles, and its design and optimization have high practical significance. Firstly, this study begins by creating a geometric model of the axle housing using SW and analyzes its stress distribution under four typical operational conditions. Through static analysis, it is concluded that the most critical operational conditions are the maximum deformation of 2.151 mm and the peak stress of 272.3 MPa; in the fatigue analysis of ANSYS Workbench, the minimum life is 820,000 times. Results from both static and fatigue assessments indicate that the initial axle housing design satisfies stiffness, strength, and fatigue requirements. There is a large margin in the structure, which has certain optimization space. Considering the most dangerous working condition, the response surface optimization module of ANSYS Workbench is used with the objective of mass reduction. Finally, the axle housing is reduced by 4.09 kg; the corresponding maximum deformation is 2.262 mm, meeting stiffness criteria, while the peak equivalent stress reaches 280.3 MPa, remaining below the material's yield strength. The minimum life is about 620,000 times, and the maximum fatigue life is 1 million times, which still meets the requirements of the vertical bending fatigue test. This lightweight redesign reduces material and manufacturing costs while maintaining the requirements for deformation, stress, and fatigue strength.

Zhao, Shenglian, Zhong, Weijie, Zhang, Jian

Study on the “Vibration-Differential Pressure” Coupled Environment Test Technology for Airborne Equipment Vibration Isolation Systems

2026-99-1251

9/4/2026

The stable operation of airborne equipment determines the functionality and performance standards of aircraft. Installing vibration isolation systems on such equipment aims to improve its performance. With the advancement of aircraft capabilities, future evaluations of airborne equipment’s vibration isolation systems will require increasingly real-world experimental assessment. Achieving a ground-based simulation of the complex coupling environment encountered by airborne equipment at high altitudes presents a huge challenge. This paper proposes a method utilizing air springs to simulate differential pressure forces, successfully enabling ground-based testing of “vibration-differential pressure” coupled environments for airborne equipment. The results verify the effectiveness of this approach, and it can be used for this type of environmental testing.

Qin, Xiaomeng, Xing, Xiaoming, Mou, Haowen, Wang, Jianzhong

Design and Simulation of Mobile Straw Carbonization Equipment

2026-99-1265

9/4/2026

Straw is one of the major biomass energy sources. It has low economic benefits by conventional disposal methods, such as returning to the field, using as feed, pressing into block fuel, gasification power generation, papermaking, and manufacturing building materials. With the surplus of crop straw, a large amount of straw resources will be burned, resulting in severe resource waste, soil structure damage, and air pollution. Straw carbonization technology and equipment are effective measures to solve the problem of straw surplus. This paper proposes a mobile straw carbonization technology, studies the principles and processes of straw carbonization, and designs a high-efficiency mobile carbonization equipment that can be used in the field to reduce the costs of straw collection, transportation, and storage and realize the transformation of straw from waste to valuable resources. A mathematical model for the pyrolysis process of straw pellets was established. The structure of the mobile straw carbonization equipment was designed based on the research on the mechanism of straw pyrolysis and carbonization. A multi-layer sleeve rotary structure of the reactor is adopted, and the furnace body solves the problem of uneven heating of carbonization with a mixed feeding design of screws and scrapers. Simulation and experiments were conducted using corn straw as the raw material to analyze the variation law of temperature inside the furnace and verify the feasibility of the equipment designed for straw carbonization.

Shang, Chunmin, Yu, Jiadong

The Flexibility Coefficient Fitting of Bolt in Metal-Composite Hybrid Joint Structures Based on L-M Method

2026-99-1267

9/4/2026

This study used the L-M (Levenberg-Marquardt) algorithm to analyze the fitting of the flexibility coefficient of fasteners in the mixed connection structure of metal composite materials to address key challenges in aircraft structural design. Through parametric modeling and finite element simulation of single lap joints, the system evaluates eight key factors, including the direction of the composite material layer, the elastic modulus of the metal plate, the plate thickness ratio, the fastener diameter, the elastic modulus of the fastener, the Poisson’s ratio of the fastener, the magnitude of the preload force, and the type of bolt configuration, covering convex and countersunk variants. Advanced material modeling techniques are introduced in the study to accurately capture the anisotropic behavior of the composite material layer and its interaction with metal components under different load conditions. The results show that the higher modulus and thickness of the composite material plate and metal plate significantly reduce the flexibility of fasteners, and larger fastener diameters are associated with reinforcement. The elastic modulus further reduces flexibility. The flexibility of convex head bolts is significantly lower than that of countersunk head bolts, while Poisson’s ratio, preload force, and humidity have little effect. Based on these findings, a new flexible calculation formula containing nine undetermined parameters is proposed. The L-M algorithm is used for nonlinear regression to derive formulas with physical significance. The verification shows that the proposed formula is highly consistent with the finite element results, with a corrected coefficient of determination of 0.956. Among 864 test sample points, 73.61% have an error of less than 5%, and only 0.23% have a deviation of more than 15%. Comparative analysis with twelve existing methods, including the Delft University and Boeing formulas, confirms that the proposed method has better accuracy. This method effectively expands the applicability of traditional flexible formulas, provides solid theoretical support for advanced aircraft connection design, and realizes diverse mixing in aerospace engineering and accurate calculation of connection configuration.

Fan, Zhuotao, Wang, Xu, Wang, Tong, Li, Xianchao

An Experimental and Numerical Study on the Optimization of Quasi-static Energy Absorption Performance in Aluminum Alloy Thin-walled Tubes with Varied Notch Configurations

2026-99-1255

9/4/2026

Aluminum alloy thin-walled tubular parts play an important role in the energy absorbing elements of automotive passive safety. The number of geometry-trigger based notches is a factor in alleviate the initial force peak and shift the progressive buckling mode. However, until now, only limited work has been reported considering multiple notches. It is hard to clearly understand the impacts of the number of triggers on the buckling behavior and thresholds. Here, a mixture of quasi-static axial compression testing with high-fidelity finite element simulations is used to explore the influence of elliptical perforation number on AA6061-T6 tube crushing behaviour. For the first time, it is demonstrated that increasing the perforations leads to non-monotonic buckling evolution: from symmetry increasing → asymmetrical instability → optimal re-symmetrization → excessive weakening. We observe this transition from isolated holes to a collective “weakening hoop” controlling symmetric buckling as the number of holes increases. Our results give optima for separate objectives; T6 offers the best overall crashworthiness (45.2% less maximum force), with the other measures showing T4 with the best stiffness. We determine quantitative relationships between the number of holes and corresponding performance metrics. This gives practical design criteria for the design of energy absorbers.

Guo, Zifa, Jin, Ming

Comprehensive Analysis of Torsional Vibration Response in Marine Propulsion Shafting Systems

2026-99-1274

9/4/2026

The marine propulsion shafting system serves as the core component of ship power transmission, wherein torsional vibrations can easily lead to shaft cracking and failure. Thus, avoiding shafting resonance is vital for ship safety. Previous research primarily focuses on a single vibration mechanism of diesel engine propulsion shafting systems, lacking a comprehensive analysis of modal characteristics, frequency, and transient responses. This paper systematically investigates the torsional vibration characteristics of shafting systems, constructs a mathematical model for torsional vibrations, deduces a method for solving natural frequencies, and establishes a frequency-domain transfer function matrix using the Laplace Transform to theoretically derive the transient response of damped forced vibrations. Taking the propulsion shafting system of a low-speed diesel engine in a 10,000-ton oil tanker as an example, a multi-condition analysis based on a simplified shafting model is conducted. This includes modal solution analysis, 0–2000 Hz frequency sweep tests, and comparative experiments on transient responses under different excitation frequencies with a 1000 Nm torque. The study reveals the influence mechanism of the coupling between excitation frequency and natural frequency on the dynamic characteristics of the shafting system. By investigating torsional vibration patterns, this research provides a theoretical basis for vibration reduction design and resonance avoidance in marine propulsion shafting systems.

Zhang, Jiayi

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