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Vertical Flight Society Technical Papers - Coming Soon to Mobilus

Vertical Flight Society papers coming soon to SAE Mobilus. In partnership with the Vertical Flight Society (VFS), SAE Mobilus will be hosting more than 17,000 technical papers and proceedings from VFS. Click here to see a sample of the content covering decades of rotorcraft and vertical flight technologies.

Important Update – Accessibility Enhancements on SAE Mobilus

We’re pleased to share that SAE Mobilus has recently completed a comprehensive set of accessibility improvements across the platform. As a result, Mobilus is now aligned with WCAG 2.2 Level AA standards in most key categories. These updates are part of our ongoing commitment to ensuring the platform is accessible to all users. Enhancements include improvements to keyboard navigation, screen reader compatibility, visual contrast, error handling, and overall usability across core areas of the site. An updated Voluntary Product Accessibility Template (VPAT v2.5 – March 2026) is now available, providing a detailed overview of our accessibility conformance. You can access the VPAT directly within the Help section. Accessibility is a continuous effort. We will continue to evaluate and improve the platform to better support all users and meet evolving standards. If you have any feedback or experience any accessibility issues, we welcome your input. - The SAE Mobilus Team

SAE AI Chat — Update and What's Next

* Important Update - SAE AI chatbot Beta program * The SAE AI Chatbot Beta program - Phase 1 will end on March 31, 2026. Following this date, the AI chatbot capabilities will be temporarily unavailable as we begin development of a significantly enhanced version. We sincerely thank all Phase 1 Beta participants for their engagement and valuable feedback - your insights have played an important role in shaping the next phase of this experience. The upcoming version of the SAE AI Chatbot will expand content coverage beyond current standards, incorporating additional critical resources from our digital library. It will also be made available to a broader audience across Mobilus. Want to be part of what's next? Register your interest here to receive updates and be considered for early access. For additional information, visit the FAQs. — The Mobilus Team

SAE International Digitization and AI Policy

SAE International prohibits the entry of SAE Content into any form of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT, OpenAI, or Microsoft Copilot. Additionally, creating derivatives of SAE Content using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from SAE International. In the case of such use, SAE International will suspend access to SAE Content, and further legal action will be considered.

Welcome to the new SAE Mobilus®

Welcome to the new era of SAE Mobilus®, redesigned with a modern, intuitive web interface featuring enhanced search capabilities to help you stay informed and easily discover content. Login today: To access content within your subscription and make the most of the platform, please log into your subscription and your personal My Library (sign up is free) located in the top right corner of the screen. Key Features Intuitive User Interface: We've listened to our customers and tied this to the best practices in the industry to offer an improved, intuitive, and desirable website experience for our users. Improved In-app Discoverability: Enhanced search and expanded menu featuring search suggestions that allow for quick discovery of content. Announcements: Stay up to date on new features through a dedicated announcements page. Most recent announcements also get featured on the homepage. Enhanced Browse capabilities: Browse through over 200,000 publications that are now classified into categories commonly used across the industry. Deep-dive further into any topic or sub-topic of interest to make the most for your corporate projects or research. Smart Automation: "Meta Tags" on each result will help you find content related to your search. My Library: My dashboard is rebranded as My Library with powerful features to help you make the most out of the platform Mobile Friendly: Upgraded navigation on mobile devices Training Available SAE’s Customer Success team is dedicated to delivering the best platform experience possible. Through monthly trainings and short, on-demand video tutorials, find answers to your questions here: SAE Mobilus Spotlight training - Available monthly, hosted live by SAE’s Customer Success team Mobilus Minute – 2-minute videos, available on-demand Need some troubleshooting help? Access our FAQs by visiting our Help section: https://saemobilus.sae.org/help/home Resources to help you navigate the new platform are available here, where you can find links to quick start guides and video tutorials on features like My Library, Announcements, Saved Search, Login and new features. Have feedback that you'd like to share with us? Please submit your feedback to the Mobilus team through the blue Knowledge bot in the bottom right hand corner of the new platform.

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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

Browse All 177

Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response

EPR202501711/24/2025

The wing-in-ground effect (WIG) vehicle represents a significant advancement in aerodynamics and vehicle design, leveraging the ground effect phenomenon to enhance lift and reduce drag when flying close to the surface. This unique capability allows WIG vehicles to achieve higher payloads, longer range, and greater fuel efficiency compared to traditional aircraft, making them an attractive option for modern military and global disaster response applications. Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response discusses future disaster response, logistics, and military applications for WIG vehicles, including the ongoing development of aerospace and transportation technology. Relavant advancements in materials and propulsion systems holds promise for further enhancing WIG performance and operational range. Additionally, cost-effective and powerful flight computers with various types of mission-enabling sensor suites from the advanced air mobility and drone industry further enable the development of modern, safe, and practical WIG platforms. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering

EPR20250169/22/2025

Despite growing investments, the widespread adoption and scalable deployment of generative artificial intelligence (AI) remains a challenge due to data trustworthiness, regulatory uncertainty, interpretability, and ethical governance. The need to accelerate automation and maintain the human-in-the-loop demonstrates broader questions of responsibility and transparency. Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering investigates the transformative role of GenAI within aerospace engineering, examining its shift from conventional workflows toward more AI-driven solutions in design, manufacturing, and maintenance. It emphasizes GenAI’s emerging ability to automate repetitive mundane tasks, reduce design complexity, and optimize engineering pipelines. The report underscores the need for validation methods that must align AI-generated outputs with physics-informed models, integration with legacy engineering tools (e.g., computational fluid dynamics, finite element analysis, digital twins), and mitigation of algorithmic biases. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles

EPR20250159/22/2025

The next generation of mobility, driven by shared, driverless, connected, and electrified vehicles, holds strong potential to advance sustainability through lower emissions and improved resource efficiency. However, critical questions remain regarding their true environmental impact, including battery lifecycle management, material consumption, and circular manufacturing practices. Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles explores these unresolved issues, focusing on the shift from internal combustion to electric vehicles, supply chain challenges, regulatory gaps, and the operational realities of sustainable productization. It also critically examines the risks of greenwashing, the need for consistent standards, and the role of intersectoral collaboration—with energy, urban planning, information and communications technologies, and waste management sectors—in building resilient, scalable solutions. The report provides strategic recommendations and actionable solutions to help stakeholders better navigate the transition toward a circular future for mobility. It further highlights the overlooked complexities in the Global South, emphasizing the importance of ethical market expansion and localized mobility strategies. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features

EPR20250138/13/2025

Advanced technologies that assist the human driver or reduce (or even eliminate) the human driver’s role are becoming increasingly prevalent in new light-duty vehicles used by the general public. These technologies are divided between Active Safety features that monitor the human driver and vehicle motion and act intermittently to mitigate and avoid crashes, and Driving Automation features that assume some or all of the dynamic driving task from the human driver. Both types of technologies have the potential to reduce injuries and save lives by reducing the frequency and/or severity of crashes. Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features addresses the current capabilities and future potential for Active Safety and Driving Automation features to reduce crash frequency and severity and provides an overview of the state of the industry for both types of features, including current deployments, trends, and anticipated rollouts. Gaps in knowledge, unsettled issues, and suggestions for future research will also be discussed. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots

EPR20250128/13/2025

The automation of labor-intensive picking and planting operations is having an immediate impact in the agricultural indutry. In its simplest form, robotic automation can reduce the labor and soil disturbance while enabling organic soil cover and increasing species diversification through precision approaches to planting, weeding, and spraying. With this, pesticides and fertilizers can be applied in a more targeted way, and with machinery visiting fields more frequently, earlier and more targeted intervention can occur before pests become established. Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots identifies issues that need to be resolved fo for this technology to thrive, including improving methods of acquiring and labeling training data to facilitate more accurate models for specific applications. It also discusses concepts such as general-purpose mechanical platforms for use as carriers of agricultural automation systems with high stability, positional accuracy, and variable track, as well as the economics of moving capital intensive automation systems toward a service-provision business model. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles

EPR20250147/18/2025

Autonomous vehicle motion planning and control are vital components of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. Recent advances in both data- and physical model-driven methods have improved driving performance, yet current technologies still fall short of achieving human-level driving in complex, dynamic traffic scenarios. Key challenges include developing safe, efficient, and human-like motion planning strategies that can adapt to unpredictable environments. Data-driven approaches leverage deep neural networks to learn from extensive datasets, offering promising avenues for intelligent decision-making. However, these methods face issues such as covariate shift in imitation learning and difficulties in designing robust reward functions. In contrast, conventional physical model-driven techniques use rigorous mathematical formulations to generate optimal trajectories and handle dynamic constraints. Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-Driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles presents a hybrid framework that combines data-driven insights with the robustness of physical models. It identifies key challenges in fusing these disparate methods and outlines potential solutions in developing robust fusion strategies, establishing generalized mixed dynamics models, and designing multi-objective robust control systems. In addition, the report explores future research directions to enhance learning efficiency, improve adaptability to rare but critical scenarios, and ultimately pave the way for secure, efficient, and human-like autonomous driving systems. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

EPR20250115/21/2025

Driven by the vast consumer marketplace, the electronics megatrend has reshaped nearly every sector of society. The advancements in semiconductors and software, originally built to serve consumer demand, are now delivering significant value to non-consumer industries. Today, electronics are making inroads into traditionally conservative, safety-critical sectors such as automotive and aerospace. In doing so, electronics—now further propelled by artificial intelligence—are disrupting the functional safety architectures of these cyber-physical systems. Electronics have created the world of cyber-physical systems, raising broader concerns about the broader category of product assurance. Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence continues the work of previous SAE Edge Research Reports in examining open research challenges arising from this shift, particularly in automotive systems, as core electronic technologies (e.g., the combination of software and communications) have even redefined what it means to be a "product." Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Edge Artificial Intelligence in Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mobility

EPR20250095/20/2025

With many stakeholders involved, and major investments supporting it, the advancements in automated driving (AD) are undoubtedly there. Generally speaking, the motivation for advancing AD is driver convenience and road safety. Regarding the development of AD, original equipment manufacturers, technology start-ups, and AD systems developers have taken different approaches for automated vehicles (AVs). Some manufacturers are on the path toward stand-alone vehicles, mostly relying on onboard sensors and intelligence. On the other hand, the connected, cooperative, and automated mobility (CCAM) approach relies on additional communication and information exchange to ensure safe and secure operation. CCAM holds great potential to improve traffic management, road safety, equity, and convenience. In both approaches, there are increasingly large amounts of data generated and used for AD functions in perception, situational awareness, path prediction, and decision-making. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is instrumental in processing such data, and in that context, “edge AI” is a more recent type of implementation. Edge AI involves AI algorithms in edge computing devices, which requires hardware operating close to where data is generated. This report explores the potential of edge AI in CCAM. Different perspectives on edge AI for CCAM are explored and definitions drafted. Primary applications are explored, and an outlook on further advancements in applications is presented. The report includes a discussion on the benefits, risks, and challenges related to the use of edge AI in this domain. Major issues such as privacy and cybersecurity are considered, as are misconceptions. Furthermore, potential learning benefits, using experiences gained in other sectors, are introduced. NOTE: SAE Edge Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. These reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.

Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management

EPR20250085/20/2025

The transportation industry is transforming with the integration of advanced data technologies, edge devices, and artificial intelligence (AI). Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are pivotal in optimizing traffic flow and safety. Central to this are transportation management centers, which manage transportation systems, traffic flow, and incident responses. Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management explores emerging trends in transportation data, focusing on data collection, aggregation, and sharing. Effective data management, AI application, and secure data sharing are crucial for optimizing operations. Integrating edge devices with existing systems presents challenges impacting security, cost, and efficiency. Ultimately, AI in transportation offers significant opportunities to predict and manage traffic conditions. AI-driven tools analyze historical data and current conditions to forecast future events. The importance of multidisciplinary approaches and educational programs in leveraging AI for transportation applications are emphasized in this report. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on Earth

EPR20250054/24/2025

Recent advances are reducing the cost of space launch, high specific power solar cells, and the production of satellite systems. Modular architectures with no moving parts and distributed power systems would minimize assembly and maintenance costs. Together, this may enable space-based solar power to provide decarbonized dispatchable power at a lower cost than equivalent technologies such as nuclear power stations. Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on Earth discusses the advances in emerging technologies, like thin film solar cells, reusable launch vehicles, and mass-produced modular satellite systems that would make economic space power feasible. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Latest Journal Issues

Browse All 16

Passenger Vehicle Systems

Electrified Vehicles

Advances and Current Practices in Mobility

Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy

Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy

Connected and Automated Vehicles

Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH

Transportation Safety

Alternative Powertrains

Commercial Vehicles

Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems

Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems

Engines

Materials and Manufacturing

Fuels and Lubricants

Recent Books

Browse All 633

Composite Materials Handbook Volume 5 - Revision B

R-4608/27/2026

The fifth volume of this six-volume compendium publishes technical guidance and properties on ceramic matrix composite material systems. The selected guidance on technical topics related to this class of composites includes material selection, processing, characterization, testing, data reduction, design, analysis, quality control, application, case histories, and lessons learned of typical ceramic matrix composite materials. Volume 5, which covers ceramic matrix composites, supersedes MIL-HDBK-17-5 of June 17, 2002. The Composite Materials Handbook, referred to by industry groups as CMH-17, is an engineering reference tool that contains over 1,000 records of the latest test data for polymer matrix, metal matrix, ceramic matrix, and structural sandwich composites. CMH-17 provides information and guidance necessary to design and fabricate end items from composite materials. It includes properties of composite materials that meet specific data requirements as well as guidelines for design, analysis, material selection, manufacturing, quality control, and repair. The primary purpose of the handbook is to standardize engineering methodologies related to testing, data reduction, and reporting of property data for current and emerging composite materials. It is used by engineers worldwide in designing and fabricating products made from composite materials.

July 2026 AMS Index

AMSJULY-20267/22/2026

Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2026 - Volume I

B-994_VOLUME17/1/2026

The Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization MMPDS-2026 supersedes MMPDS-25 and prior editions of the MMPDS Handbook as well as all editions of MIL-HDBK-5, Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures Handbook that were maintained by the U.S. Air Force. The last edition, MIL-HDBK-5J was cancelled by the U.S. Air Force in March 2006. This document contains design information on the mechanical and physical properties of metallic materials and joints commonly used in aircraft and aerospace vehicle structures. All information contained in this Handbook has been reviewed and approved using a standardized process. The development and ongoing maintenance process involves certifying agencies, including the FAA, DoD, and NASA, and major material suppliers and material users worldwide. The information and procedures in this Handbook are continuously reviewed and modified or removed as determined to be appropriate. With advances in materials and fastener systems, and with the review process of existing information, periodic updates of the MMPDS should be expected. As such, it is recommended that the latest version of the MMPDS be used. Volume II: Process Intensive Materials and Joining Technologies.

Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2026 - Volume II

B-994_VOLUME27/1/2026

Volume II publishes the framework for generating and analyzing the data so that material sponsors can generate the right data, knowing how it will be analyzed by the Battelle Memorial Institute. MMPDS-2026 Volume II Process Intensive Materials and Joining Technologies does not currently have any material properties, focusing on additive manufacturing of metallic materials. MMPDS-2026 Volume II focuses on non-conventional processes and will be published each year. Volume I: Conventional Materials and Joint Allowables.

1D and MultiD Modeling Techniques for IC Engine Simulation Second Edition

R-5805/29/2026

The internal combustion (IC) engine remains the most widely used thermal machine in the world and will continue to play a central role in global mobility for decades to come. Even as alternative powertrains expand, optimized IC engines—often integrated within hybrid and electrified architectures—are essential to achieving low fuel consumption, near-zero pollutant emissions, and reduced carbon dioxide output. Advances in combustion strategies, synthetic fuels, turbocharging, and aftertreatment systems are driving this evolution. This fully revised and expanded second edition reflects the rapid progress made in engine modeling and simulation over the past two decades. One-dimensional (1D), three-dimensional (3D), and coupled 1D–3D modeling techniques have become indispensable tools in modern engine design, enabling engineers to evaluate performance, efficiency, and emissions through advanced virtual engine environments. Bringing together contributions from leading international researchers and industry experts, this book presents the most significant and recent developments in IC engine simulation. Topics include 0D, 1D, quasi-3D, and full 3D modeling approaches; turbocharging and aftertreatment systems; co-simulation and real-time applications; hydrogen and two-stroke engines; and advanced thermal modeling techniques. Designed for engineers, researchers, and graduate students, this second edition serves as a comprehensive reference for understanding, comparing, and applying state-of-the-art IC engine modeling methodologies in an evolving mobility landscape. Chapter topics include: • state of the art of 1D thermo-fluid dynamic simulation models • virtual engine development: 1D- and 3D-CFD up to full engine simulation • advanced 0D and quasiD thermodynamic combustion models for SI and CI engines • compressor and turbine (turbocharger, supercharger, or turbocompounding device) as boundary conditions for 1D simulations • 3D-CFD combustion models for SI and CI engines • model order reduction for real-time simulation and control applications • modeling of EGR systems •1D engine model in XiL application-a simulation environment for the entire powertrain development process • coupling of 1D and 3D fluid dynamic models for hybrid simulations • extending the 1D approach to the simulation of 3D components: the quasi-3D approach • 1D simulation models for aftertreatment components• 3D simulation models for after-treatment systems • modeling of IC engine silencers and tailpipe noise: 1D and 3D approaches • hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines • optimization of the gas exchange process in advanced 2-stroke engines • IC engine 0D/1D thermal modeling

Variable Compression Systems for Future Engines and Fuels

R-5534/30/2026

Variable Compression Engines: Enabling Net Zero explores variable compression ratio (VCR): one of the most promising—and historically elusive—advancements in internal combustion engine (ICE) technology. Long recognized for its thermodynamic benefits, VCR has challenged engineers for decades due to its mechanical complexity. Today, as the global mobility landscape demands ever higher efficiency, lower emissions, and greater fuel flexibility, VCR has emerged as a viable and transformative solution. This book delivers a comprehensive and authoritative examination of VCR technology, quantifying its efficiency and CO2-reduction potential while surveying the wide range of mechanisms conceived, developed, and tested over more than a century of engine innovation. By combining historical insight with modern analysis, the authors reveal the remarkable ingenuity of past and present engine designers—and demonstrate that VCR is not only feasible, but increasingly essential. Positioned squarely within the context of global decarbonization, the book argues for a realistic, inclusive pathway to net-zero emissions—one in which ICEs continue to play a critical role. VCR technology enables higher efficiency across almost all operating conditions, supports advanced combustion strategies, and allows engines to operate effectively on a broad spectrum of low- and zero-carbon fuels, from biofuels to synthetic e-fuels. With VCR now in high-volume production and poised for broader adoption across automotive, heavy-duty, and marine applications, this timely volume is an essential resource for OEMs, suppliers, policymakers, researchers, and students seeking practical, scalable solutions for a sustainable energy future. Chapter topics include: • compression ratios and fuels • compression ratio limits • cylinder head VCR • cylinder block VCR • connecting rod variable compression • piston VCR • cranktrain and linkages VCR • modulated crankshaft eccentricity VCR • axial or barrel engine VCRs • high power and downsized engines • impact of VCR systems on engines • VCR applications for the future • variable compression for future engines and fuels • VCR cost–benefit analysis

Aerospace Standards Index - 2026

ASIN20262/25/2026

This valuable resource lists all Aerospace Standards (AS), Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP), Aerospace Information Reports (AIR), and Aerospace Resource Documents (ARD) published by SAE. Each listing includes title, subject, document number, key words, new and revised documents, and DODISS-adopted documents. AMS Index - Now Available!

Business Reliability Growth for Automotive Engineering, Volume 4

R-5522/17/2026

In a world where every business process is under pressure to perform faster, safer, and more reliably, this book delivers a powerful roadmap for sustained operational excellence. Centered on the proven methodology of Design of Experiments (DOE), it shows how organizations can move beyond reactive problem-solving to systematic reliability growth. From well-defined standard operating practices to management-level decision-making, the book connects strategy, data, and execution to create repeatable, measurable results across the enterprise. Readers are guided through practical, real-world applications of DOE, from selecting the right factors and levels to executing robust experiments, analyzing outcomes, validating solutions, and continuously monitoring performance. Each chapter translates complex statistical and engineering concepts into actionable business value, helping teams improve quality, reduce waste, and increase return on investment. Key capabilities explored in this book include: • Holistic reliability across design, manufacturing, supply chain, and marketing. • Advanced experimental designs, including split-plot and fractional factorial methods. • Fault tree analysis (FTA) and FMEA for failure prediction and prevention. • Supply chain optimization through multivariate process control. • Production and field reliability using design for testability and diagnostics. • Electric vehicle system and battery reliability analysis. • Marketing reliability driven by voice of customer and data-based value analysis. This book is an essential resource for engineers, operations leaders, and technical managers who want to build resilient systems, unlock innovation, and achieve long-term competitive advantage through disciplined, data-driven reliability.

Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels

R-5471/22/2026

As global energy demands rise and environmental challenges intensify, the aviation industry faces a critical need to redefine how it powers the skies. Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels presents a comprehensive, research-driven exploration of the transition from fossil-based fuels to renewable alternatives that promise to reshape the future of air transportation. This book bridges the gap between academic knowledge and industrial application, offering a detailed overview of the science, technology, and policy driving the adoption of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs). From understanding feedstocks and conversion pathways to evaluating production technologies, emissions performance, and life-cycle impacts, the text equips readers with a holistic understanding of SAFs within today’s global energy landscape. Across five insightful chapters, readers will find a clear roadmap: the evolution and importance of SAFs; production methods and technological foundations; environmental performance and emissions reduction potential; safety, certification, and market integration; and future projections supported by international initiatives and regulatory frameworks. By combining technical depth with practical relevance, Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels serves as both a foundational reference and a forward-looking guide for researchers, policymakers, industry professionals, and students. It underscores that achieving sustainability in aviation depends not only on innovation but also on global collaboration, paving the way toward cleaner skies and a resilient, low-carbon future for air travel.

SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles

R-5591/20/2026

The convergence of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and connected vehicle technologies is ushering in a transformative era of automotive innovation—one that is fundamentally enhancing vehicle safety, efficiency, reliability, and the overall driving experience. SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles stands as the definitive reference for this rapidly evolving domain, meticulously compiled to clarify and standardize the language shaping modern mobility. Inside, readers will find clear, authoritative definitions encompassing the full spectrum of technologies that enable connected and automated driving—including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication systems. This comprehensive resource translates complex engineering terminology into accessible language, enabling engineers, researchers, policymakers, educators, and enthusiasts to share a common technical foundation. Reflecting the latest global standards, research, and innovations, this dictionary bridges the gap between theory and application. It fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, supports safer system design, and provides clarity for those engaged in regulatory development or technology deployment. As the pace of mobility innovation accelerates, precise and accessible communication becomes indispensable. SAE International remains committed to advancing global transportation knowledge—empowering professionals to navigate, contribute to, and shape the future of intelligent, connected, and sustainable mobility with confidence and clarity.

Recently Published

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Track De-icing and Road Maintenance Method Based on Induction Heating Technology

2026-99-1536

9/11/2026

In order to solve the problems of long preheating time and high energy consumption caused by the traditional resistance heating track deicing technology and large power supply load, this paper presents a track deicing and road maintenance method based on electromagnetic induction heating. This paper studies the operational bottlenecks of the resistance heating system in a certain marshalling yard. It explains the eddy current heating from the principle of electromagnetic induction heating and designs an appropriate coil for turnouts and derives its power calculation formula. A mathematical model for the 'solid-liquid' phase transformation in the melting of snow is created and the melting parameter α = 0.623. In comparative experiments, compared to a 4kW electromagnetic induction heating device with no preheating time which melts snow up to 5cm in 40 minutes and consumes 40kW · h of energy in 1 hour, a 13kW resistance heating device needs 150 minutes to preheat, 180 minutes to melt, and consumes 130kW · h of energy. Use 70% less energy and help with track and road de-icing and upkeep with this technology.

Song, Zongying, Li, Zhongming, Wei, Dong, Yang, Jin, Wang, Xingzhong, Liu, Jingwei, Zhang, Xiaoyu

Research on the Synergetic Coupling Evaluation between the Yangtze River Delta Airport Cluster and the Regional Economy

2026-99-1542

9/11/2026

To explore the coordinated development status between the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) airport cluster and the regional economy, this study takes the period from 2015 to 2023 as the research timeframe. It constructs an evaluation index system covering two dimensions: regional economy (including scale, structure, and benefit) and airport cluster development (including transportation scale, operation efficiency, among others). The Gini coefficient method and Pearson correlation coefficient method are used to screen indicators, while the entropy weight-standard deviation combined weighting method is adopted to calculate weights. Additionally, the coupling coordination model and geographical detector are integrated for in-depth analysis. The results show that the coupling coordination degree of the Yangtze River Delta region as a whole and its internal provinces and cities has rapidly recovered from the severe imbalance during the COVID-19 pandemic, featuring an inherent characteristic of “gradient catch-up and coordinated upgrading”. Factors such as the growth rate of passenger throughput and local fiscal general budget revenue have been identified as core influencing factors, and the interaction among these factors presents trends of two-factor enhancement and nonlinear enhancement. This study provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for promoting the integrated and coordinated development of the Yangtze River Delta airport cluster and the regional economy.

You, Zihao, Li, Yanwei

Spatial Sight Distance Value for Curved Tunnel of Mountainous Highway Based on Driving Behaviour

2026-99-1553

9/11/2026

In order to conduct more in-depth research on the driving sight distance of curved tunnels in mountainous highways, a systematic theoretical calculation model of spatial sight distance of curved tunnels based on three-dimensional characteristics is established, and the spatial sight distance value of curved tunnels in mountainous highways is recommended in combination with the changes of driving behaviour under different spatial sight distances. Firstly, the concept of spatial sight distance of curved tunnels is proposed, the theoretical calculation model of spatial sight distance of curved tunnels is established, and the model is verified by a multi-scale neural network; Secondly, five UC-win/road simulation models of curved tunnel with different spatial sight distances are established, and the simulation experiments are carried out in combination with mp160 multi-channel physiological recorder and SMI etgtm eye tracker; Finally, the mathematical statistics method and SPSS software are used to analyse the operation behaviour, psychological behaviour and eye movement behaviour of drivers in curved tunnels with different spatial sight distances, and to verify the different effects of the critical value of spatial sight distance on driving behaviour in the theoretical calculation. Furthermore, by taking the spatial sight distance as the independent variable, the regression model is established with the average speed, trajectory offset, heart rate change rate, and pupil diameter change rate as the dependent variables. Based on the driver’s behaviour threshold, the recommended spatial sight distance of a curved tunnel is proposed. The results show that the recommended range of spatial sight distance of the curved tunnel of mountainous highway with a design speed of 80 km/h is 125 m to 140 m, the limit value is 110 m, and the appropriate value is 155 m. There is a critical value between two-dimensional sight distance and spatial sight distance, which has a significant impact on the change of driving behaviour in a curved tunnel.

Tang, Xie, Zheng, LiWen, Lin, GuoJin, Gao, YanYang, Lan, FuAn

A Maritime Occluded Ship Detection and Tracking Method Based on Improved YOLOv8 Fused with AIS Trajectory

2026-99-1549

9/11/2026

Typical maritime monitoring scenarios are usually constrained by factors such as multi-scale ship density, frequent motion overlap, and limited viewing angle of shore-based cameras. These challenges often lead to trajectory interruptions and identity mismatches in target detection and multi-target tracking tasks. In order to solve these problems, this study proposes a ship occlusion detection and tracking method based on the improved YOLOv8 model and further integrates an automatic identification system (AIS) trajectory reasoning. The method builds a unified perception framework with enhanced detection architecture, multi-source data fusion, and behavioral reasoning capabilities. First, in the target detection module, the improved SEConv structure is introduced into the YOLOv8 trunk network to address challenges caused by small-scale variations and severe occlusion in maritime scenes. The ReLU activation function in SEConv is replaced by the Swish activation function to enhance the nonlinear feature representation. In addition, the optimized SEConv is embedded in the C2f structure, and the convolutional block attention module (CBAM) attention mechanism is introduced to enhance the sensitivity of the model to the occlusion area. Next, for multi-target tracking, ByteTrack is used as the basic tracking framework. AIS trajectory data is introduced as auxiliary input to compensate for trajectory losses caused by occlusion. Finally, experimental results on the SeaShips public dataset and the self-built occlusion reference dataset show that the improved YOLOv8 detector achieves stable mAP gains in mild, moderate, and severe occlusion scenarios. The AIS enhanced tracking system improves the multi-target tracking accuracy (MOTA) and identification F1 score (IDF1) by about 6.3% and 8.1%, respectively, and the average occlusion reconstruction error is controlled within 1.4 seconds. The proposed method effectively enhances the perception ability of ships in complex occlusion environments and verifies the feasibility and superiority of the strategy of combining visual detection with AIS data assistance.

Guan, Keping, Chen, Miao, Zhou, Yue

Analysis of Latency-Influencing Factors in Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integrated Systems Based on Fault Tree Analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process

2026-99-1543

9/11/2026

Vehicle–road–cloud integrated systems have great potential in terms of improving traffic efficiency and achieving intelligent automatic driving through the integration of on–board terminals, roadside facilities, and cloud computing. However, their operational capabilities are heavily reliant on ultra-low-latency collaborative communication. This paper constructs a latency fault tree model to comprehensively analyze multi-source triggering paths of computation delay and reveals the formation mechanism of the delay path from “germination–induction–evolution”. On this basis, the Analytic Hierarchy Process is used to construct a three-level evaluation framework, and the influencing factors are quantitatively evaluated using NS-3 simulation data of the 004-V2X Communication Performance Testing Dataset. The result shows that the weight value of the network communication layer is the largest, 0.498, which shows that the bottleneck of performance in network communication is the wireless link quality. The cloud processing layer is second 0.327, which is dominated by the computational complexity and resource allocation policy. The impact of the onboard terminal layer is the smallest, 0.175. The FTA–AHP framework supported by empirical data can find the key factors affecting delay, which can help engineering optimization. It is noted that the AHP consistency check (CR) just checks the inner transitivity of expert judgment (i.e., the matrix consistency), while it cannot assure the objectivity and the bias elimination. We reduce the subjectivity by combining multiple experts, anchoring judgment with the simulation data, and performing a sensitivity check on the perturbation of the weights.

Xu, Yunchuan, Wang, Xiaomeng, Wang, Yan

Research on Passenger Flow Prediction of Urban Rail Transit Based on Grey Improvement Model

2026-99-1564

9/11/2026

In recent years, China's urban rail transit sector has undergone rapid expansion, with passenger demand consistently increasing. Accurate passenger flow forecasting is essential for ensuring efficient and safe metro operations. This paper takes Nantong Metro Line 1 as a case study and applies an optimized forecasting approach that integrates a grey metabolism model with the Holt double-parameter exponential smoothing method. Based on an analysis of Automated Fare Collection (AFC) data from March 2023 to February 2024, passenger flow on this line demonstrates a clear linear growth trend, which aligns well with the assumptions of the grey metabolism model. The results indicate that the optimized grey metabolism model not only significantly enhances prediction accuracy but also greatly reduces the variance ratio, demonstrating high reliability in forecasting outcomes. This improved methodology provides a more robust tool for metro operators in planning services, managing capacity, and optimizing resource allocation.

Fan, Fan, Zhao, Zeheng, Zhang, Jin, Ma, Junhao, Qian, Beiyue

Exploration of the Minimum Safe Transverse Distance for Ships Passing Through the Pier of Huangpu River Tidal Barrier Based on the Boundary Element Method

2026-99-1546

9/11/2026

The Huangpu River tidal barrage is in a navigable reach where the quay wall greatly restrains the flow. Earlier studies focused on ship-structure interaction, but there aren’t many hard numbers on safe passing distance near the barrage pier. The purpose of this paper is to determine the lowest safe lateral gap for large vessels and to provide an engineering means of ascertaining the clear width of the main channel. A 20,000-ton oil tanker is used as the test vessel. Using the boundary element method (BEM), a 3D model is constructed to simulate the interactions between the ship and the pier under varying speeds, draft depths, and lateral offsets. Simulations were conducted for different speed levels, draft depths, and lateral offsets to observe the flow and the ship’s movement. Changes in side forces, yawing moments, and bow angles were recorded over time, and their maximum values were determined. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were also performed to evaluate how input variations affect the results and to assess model stability. Based on these results, simple limits were established for the three measures to serve as safety rules. Using these rules, the clear width of the main channel was calculated. The results indicate a minimum safe lateral distance of 14 m and a suggested channel width of 202 m, deviating by only 0.5 m, or approximately 0.25%, from the theoretical value of 202.5 m. These findings can also be applied in practice for pier layout and the determination of speed limits in narrow channels.

Guan, Keping, Yu, Min, Zhan, Qingan

Emergency Rescue Resource Allocation Model and Reasoning Prediction Method for Expressway Reconstruction and Extension

2026-99-1548

9/11/2026

During expressway reconstruction and extension, when a traffic accident occurs, how to make a scientific and reasonable allocation of emergency resources is the premise and basis for efficient rescue. In view of the reconstruction characteristics and the complexity of emergency rescue, the number of casualties, the damage degree of road facilities, the number of damaged vehicles, the range of hazardous chemicals, the size of the fire, and the traffic order were used as the accident attribute indexes to build a historical accident set (case database). The allocation of emergency rescue resources was predicted using case-based reasoning techniques. Also, the corresponding reasoning prediction method was proposed. The research shows that this model can accurately predict the demand for emergency rescue resources during the period of expressway reconstruction and extension, which has good availability and operability, and provides methodological and modeling support for the emergency rescue resource decision system.

Ran, Jin, Zhan, Shiyang, Kadir, Ahmetjan, Ma, Jiarui, Dai, Xiaomin

Safety Analysis of Collision Avoidance for Semi-Autonomous Navigation Ship Based on STPA-CREAM

2026-99-1554

9/11/2026

With the continuous improvement of ship intelligence, more intelligent onboard navigation equipment and intelligent navigation systems are used to assist in improving navigation efficiency. This study takes semi-autonomous navigation ships as research objects and adopts System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) to model the complex interaction relationships of semi-autonomous navigation encounter scenarios and identify and analyze potential risks. To address the deficiency of STPA in human factors analysis capability, the Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM) is introduced to analyze human factors in semi-autonomous navigation. Finally, based on the results of the STPA-CREAM analysis, recommendations are provided to improve the safety of semi-autonomous navigation.

Zhang, Xiaojie

Real-Time Spatiotemporal Correlation Feature Analysis of Traffic Flow Based on CEEMD+BiGRU Combination Model

2026-99-1555

9/11/2026

In the application process of real-time traffic flow data, the main reason affecting the analysis of spatiotemporal correlation features is the overlapping distribution of its own characteristic modes, which leads to poor representation of spatiotemporal features and the problem of inability to fit traffic flow with true values, failing to meet the requirements of confidence interval distribution. This paper proposes a CEEMD BiGRU combination model and uses the IMF components obtained by decomposing traffic flow data into CEEMD to represent spatiotemporal properties. A bidirectional time series model is constructed using BiGRU, and multi-scale features are used as inputs to fit traffic flow and true values. By bidirectionally calculating the hidden states of multi-scale features and considering the distribution requirements of confidence intervals, the spatiotemporal dependencies related to traffic flow are correlated and output. The case shows that the output flow of this method is highly consistent with the true value, which can improve the accuracy of prediction.

Gao, Bowen, Gu, Feifei

ASTDGCN: An Adaptive Spatial-Temporal Diffusion Graph Convolutional Network for Traffic Forecasting

2026-99-1583

9/11/2026

Precise traffic flow prediction functions as the fundamental cornerstone for the efficient, safe, and reliable operation of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). It not only provides data-driven support for key applications, for instance, real-time traffic signal regulation, proactive congestion mitigation, and personalized route optimization, but also exerts a critical effect on reducing traffic accidents and improving overall urban travel efficiency. However, the traffic system belongs to a complex system, with spatio-temporal dynamics that are both intricate and variable, ranging from predictable fluctuations during morning and evening peak hours to localized propagation effects caused by accidents, as well as seasonal variations and significant nonlinear characteristics. These factors collectively pose substantial challenges to building accurate and reliable prediction models, creating a long-standing technical bottleneck in this field. With the aim of solving the dilemma that existing methods are hardly able to capture traffic flow’s spatio-temporal dependence effectively, we advance an adaptive spatial–temporal diffusion graph convolutional network (ASTD-GCN) for a traffic flow prediction model that integrates adaptive graph learning, diffusion convolution, and bi-directional long short-term memory network (Bi-LSTM) with attention mechanism. The model dynamically constructs the correlation between the nodes of the transportation network through the adaptive graph learning module and accurately describes the spatial topology. The diffusion convolution module realizes multi-order spatial information diffusion based on graph structure, which realizes the effective extraction of the traffic flow’s spatial dependence features. The Bi-LSTM module incorporating the attention mechanism captures the historical and future context information of traffic flow simultaneously through the bidirectional loop structure and the temporal attention mechanism, and strengthens the key time step features. Experimental results on -world traffic datasets PEMS03, PEMS04, PEMS07, and PEMS08 indicate that our proposed model exhibits better predictive precision in traffic flow forecasting tasks than baseline counterparts.

Li, Sumin, Gao, Yina, Zhu, Hongnian

Numerical Simulation Study on Borehole Wall Stability of Ultra-Large Diameter Deep Bored Piles in Thick Sand Strata

2026-99-1582

9/11/2026

Taking the newly constructed Maanshan Yangtze River Highway-Railway Dual-Purpose Bridge — a three-tower steel truss cable-stayed bridge with two main spans of 1120 meters — as the research object, this study systematically explores the influencing factors and evolutionary characteristics of hole wall stability for large-diameter bored piles in thick sand layers. The research results reveal the following mechanisms: with the expansion of pile diameter, the hole wall generates greater deflection, the soil’s internal arch effect is gradually attenuated, soil cohesion decreases, and the plastic zone of the soil surrounding the pile shows a tendency of outward extension, collectively increasing the susceptibility to hole collapse. To maintain hole wall stability, the resultant force of the internal circular arch support and mud pressure must exceed or equal the total lateral pressure, including active earth pressure, formation water pressure, and ground surcharge-induced lateral pressure. Notably, soil shear strength and mud relative density are two dominant factors controlling hole wall stability, and a positive correlation exists between these two parameters and stability. Specifically, a mud relative density range of 1.15–1.25 is recommended for practical construction. These findings offer valuable technical references for the design and construction of similar large-diameter bored pile projects in thick sand layers.

Ye, Tao, Wang, Ruyi

Safety Assessment Model for Airborne Time-Sensitive Networking Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process

2026-99-1414

9/11/2026

With the growing demand for high real-time performance and high reliability in airborne networks, Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) has been widely adopted as a core technical basis for deterministic Ethernet for next-generation avionics systems. This paper proposes an AHP-based safety assessment model for airborne TSN, introducing a hybrid evaluation strategy that integrates both subjective and objective factors. By constructing a comprehensive evaluation index system, the model quantifies the weights of traffic attributes—including time sensitivity, priority level, and bandwidth guarantee requirements—and combines them with the degree centrality of network nodes to achieve a holistic assessment of TSN safety. The proposed model not only provides theoretical support for the safety-oriented design optimization of avionics systems but also offers practical guidance for the airworthiness verification of airborne networks. Feasibility and effectiveness are verified by applying the proposed method to a representative case scenario. Moreover, the model’s scalability supports its application in more complex network environments, meeting the broader assessment needs of airborne TSN safety.

Wang, Penghui, Mei, Yanan, Fu, Jinhua

Transition Mode Control for Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing Drones Based on Improved Self-Disturbance Suppression

2026-99-1423

9/11/2026

To address the tilt transition control issue in electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) drones, this paper proposes a cooperative control strategy combining an adaptive tilt scheme with an improved adaptive disturbance rejection control (ADRC). First, based on the eVTOL drone’s dynamic characteristics, a motion model suitable for control design is established. Second, a real-time state-based adaptive tilt strategy is designed by achieving decoupled mapping between motor speed and tilt angle through a dynamic control allocation matrix. Furthermore, a novel Sanf function is proposed for the extended state observer (ESO) within the ADRC framework. The global convergence of the improved ESO is demonstrated, enhancing disturbance estimation accuracy and stability. Finally, simulation experiments validate the effectiveness of the adaptive tilt scheme based on dynamic control allocation, along with the robustness and reliability of the altitude, velocity, and attitude loops.

Zhang, Junyang, Wang, Xiangyang, Yang, Mingyuan, Zhang, Huanhuan

Site Selection Method for Solid Waste Processing Plant of Highway Reconstruction and Expansion Project

2026-99-1586

9/11/2026

The highway reconstruction and expansion project is accompanied by the generation of a large amount of construction solid waste. The unreasonable site selection of solid waste processing plants will increase the social, environmental, and economic burden. Taking a highway reconstruction and expansion project in Guangdong Province as an example, this study uses the combination of the analytic hierarchy process and the layer superposition method to extract the influencing factors of site selection, such as geological conditions, natural conditions, hydrological conditions, traffic conditions, and resource conditions, according to relevant specifications, and uses the analytic hierarchy process to quantify each influencing factor. From the relevant research data, official public information, and other channels, we comprehensively collected the data of topography, climate, geology, land use planning, and other aspects of Guangzhou and Dongguan along the project. With the help of buffer analysis tools and overlay analysis tools of GIS software, the optimal decision results were determined. The research results show that using this method to analyze the site selection of the relying project, the factory site selection should be located in Wangniudun Town near the project line, which has comprehensive advantages. The site selection method of a solid waste processing plant for an expressway reconstruction and expansion project proposed in this paper comprehensively considers the influence of 10 sub-factors on the site selection, and has been successfully applied to the site selection decision of an expressway reconstruction and expansion project in Guangdong Province. The final site selection result is more professional and objective than the previous site selection method, which effectively solves the site selection problem of a solid waste processing plant under the influence of economic factors, social factors, municipal factors, and environmental factors.

Zhang, Yuping, Yang, Ming, Zeng, Siqing, Long, Hao, Liu, Yuanqing, Zhao, Qiu

Study on Shaking Table Model Test of Seismic Dynamic Response of Loess Multi-Arch Tunnels

2026-99-1584

9/11/2026

Taking the Nieye Multi-Arch Tunnel in Zhuoni County as the engineering background, this study systematically explores the seismic dynamic response characteristics of loess multi-arch tunnels through shaking table model tests. The test results show that: (1) The strain distribution of the surrounding rock is significantly different. Under a peak acceleration of 0.6 g, the maximum strain in the tunnel portal section is concentrated on the right side, which is related to the incident direction of seismic waves and the stress concentration at the bottom of the central wall; the maximum strain in the tunnel body section is located on the left side, affected by the propagation characteristics of seismic waves, burial depth, and unsymmetrical pressure. (2) The acceleration amplification factors in the Z and ZX directions show nonlinear changes. Under bidirectional excitation, the Wenchuan wave-ZX combination exhibits the strongest response. The variation trend of acceleration at the soil-rock interface varies with wave types, and the slope damage undergoes three stages: elastic stage, elastoplastic stage, and plastic damage stage. (3) The ratio ω of tunnel burial depth to central wall thickness is positively correlated with the strains at key positions. For the seismic design of loess multi-arch tunnels, special attention should be paid to sensitive areas such as the bottom of the central wall and the left side of the tunnel body. It is suggested to improve the structural seismic performance by optimizing the lining reinforcement and adapting to regional seismic wave types. The research conclusions provide a reference for the seismic design of such tunnels under complex geological conditions.

Han, Tao, Cao, Xiaoping, Zhang, Shulin, Yang, Zibin

Mechanical Properties and Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Modified Portland Cement-Stabilized Soil for Road Engineering

2026-99-1580

9/11/2026

Subgrade soil is related to the load on the upper part of the road, and its properties will affect the road surface conditions. Frost-thaw action will damage the soil in cold regions. This study focuses on the fine-grained sand in Jilin affected by seasonal frost-thaw, and explores the effects of mixing amount (0% - 6%), curing time (7 days, 28 days), and frost-thaw cycle times (0, 5, 10, 20 times) on the DRM (dynamic resilient modulus) and UCS (unconfined compressive strength) of Portland cement-stabilized soil. The results are: the increase of mixing amount and the extension of curing time will both increase the UCS and DRM; frost-thaw cycles will reduce the UCS and DRM. Roads in cold regions need to use 4% modifier mixture for maintenance for 28 days to achieve strength stability. Heavy subgrades use 6% modifier to obtain the best stiffness load - bearing. This study has insightful guidance for subgrade material improvement in seasonal frozen soil regions.

Wang, Shujuan, Duan, Yonggang, Qin, Weijun, Shen, Ruoting, Jin, Chenguang

Experimental Study on Ultrasonic Drilling of CFRP Based on Ultrasonic Tools

2026-99-1413

9/11/2026

To investigate the influence of laws of rotational speed, ultrasonic vibration, and feed speed on burr length, splitting length, and hole roundness of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), drilling experiments using ultrasonic tools designed based on the dagger drill principle were carried out on CFRP materials. This study aims to explore methods for improving the hole-making quality of CFRP and further enhancing its hole-making efficiency. The results show that a high rotational speed can effectively reduce the burr length by 60% and the splitting length by 50%. Ultrasonic vibration can reduce the burr length and splitting length by about 70% and increase the hole roundness by about 10%. The higher the feed speed, the lower the hole-making quality, while an excessively low feed speed will impair the hole-making efficiency. In this study, the optimal hole-making quality was achieved when the rotational speed was set at 18500 r/min, ultrasonic vibration was activated, and the feed speed was controlled at 40 mm/min. The research results provide valuable references for the research, popularization, and application of ultrasonic tools and related technologies.

Xiang, Hui, Xiao, Liuwei, Song, Jinhui, Chen, Songlin, Liu, Zhichun, Liu, Yihong, Xiao, Huan, Zhang, Cheng, Ran, Qiuyue, Luo, Jiang

Aerodynamic Design and Optimization Study of a Ma 0-5 Two-Dimensional Wide-Range Adjustable Nozzle

2026-99-1403

9/11/2026

To address the thrust requirements across multiple operating conditions of hypersonic vehicles during wide-speed-range flight (Ma 0–5), this paper presents the design of a two-dimensional adjustable nozzle with a circular-to-rectangular cross-section. A maximum-thrust contour was constructed using the method of characteristics, and the aerodynamic performance and structural features of this rotation-based adjustment approach were systematically analyzed. The results demonstrate that the nozzle achieves a thrust coefficient between 0.951 and 0.992 across the entire flight envelope, with a thrust vector angle consistently maintained at 0°, indicating excellent thrust performance and flow-field symmetry. Furthermore, by introducing a biaxial transition segment and optimizing its tangent angle (θ = 130°) alongside fillet rounding (R = 30 mm), unsteady flow oscillations and separation at high Mach numbers were effectively eliminated, enhancing both structural durability and aerodynamic stability.

Feng, Fan, Lv, Zheng, Xu, Jinglei

Experimental Study on Partitioned Fruit and Vegetable Storage in Ships

2026-99-1503

9/11/2026

After an investigation into a fruit and vegetable storage compartment on a ship, this paper proposes a method for creating different temperature zones within a single storage unit. To perform this approach, a top perforated plate air supply system should be implemented, and storage panels should act as partitions to make temperature control more accurate in different zones within the same compartment. This method ensures that fruits and vegetables can be stored for the best flavor at suitable temperatures, enabling fewer separate storage units on the ship. According to the experimental results, this solution can preserve various types of fruits and vegetables under different conditions during long trips, deal with the challenge of chilling or freezing injury due to mixed storage, and save the cold storage capacity on the ship. The proposed method has significant value in engineering applications.

Xie, Zhihao, Cui, Yonglong, Duan, Wenli, Li, Kun, Li, Qi, Wei, Shuaiju

Study on Low-Velocity Impact Damage of Glass Fiber Reinforced Composite Pipeline

2026-99-1416

9/11/2026

Through low-velocity impact testing, the effects of punch shape (conical, hemispherical, and cylindrical) and impact energy (5, 10, and 15 J) on damage characteristics in glass fiber composite pipes were investigated. Ultrasonic A-scan inspection was employed to detect internal delamination damage at the impact points within the composite pipes. Test results indicate that the contact area between the punch and the pipe is a key factor influencing the severity of pipe damage. A smaller contact area results in a higher energy absorption rate, greater punch displacement, larger area under the load-displacement curve, and longer contact time, leading to more severe damage characteristics. When the conical punch delivered 15 J of impact energy, the energy absorption rate of the glass fiber composite pipe reached 91.6%, exhibiting multiple damage characteristics, including pitting, penetration, and cross-shaped cracks. As impact energy increases, the area of internal delamination damage caused by the three punch shapes exhibits near-linear growth. The conical punch induces severe damage characteristics in the thickness direction but results in the smallest delamination area. Blunt-shaped punches (hemispherical and cylindrical) disperse impact energy over a wider region, leading to increased delamination damage area.

Wang, Xuan, Cao, Yanzhen

A Life Prediction-Driven Maintenance Decision Method for Aircraft Engines

2026-99-1406

9/11/2026

As the operating conditions of aircraft engines become more complex, the traditional maintenance strategies based on experience or fixed cycles are difficult to balance economic efficiency and reliability. This paper tentatively proposes a maintenance decision-making method driven by life prediction for aircraft engines. In the life prediction stage, considering the complex spatio-temporal coupling relationships contained in the degradation signals of multiple sensors, a spatio-temporal feature fusion transformation network is designed to jointly model the spatial dependence and temporal dynamics. At the same time, a probabilistic deep learning model is introduced to model the mean and uncertainty of the remaining life, providing risk warnings beyond point estimation. In the maintenance decision-making stage, the predicted distribution parameters are introduced into the Markov decision process state space. Based on the deep Q-network, a reward function is designed, and cost constraints are considered, thereby achieving a balance between safety and economy. Experimental results based on the C-MAPSS dataset show that this method achieves reasonable performance in common prediction indicators and demonstrates certain advantages over traditional maintenance strategies in the comparison experiments of maintenance decisions. The effectiveness of the method has been verified.

Yu, Sijia

Study on Route Planning Method of Variable-Configuration Vehicles Considering Mode Decision

2026-99-1501

9/11/2026

The form changes of vehicles directly affect their driving performance, terrain adaptability, and motion efficiency. Conventional path planning techniques are unable to address the unique needs of irregularly shaped vehicles. Consequently, a hierarchical path planning algorithm that takes configuration changes into account is introduced. By introducing a pattern decision-making mechanism, the path planning process is divided into multiple levels. According to the task requirements and environmental conditions, the vehicle configuration is dynamically selected, and the driving path is optimized for the driving characteristics under different configurations, thereby fully utilizing the adaptability and through capability of the vehicle.

Chen, Zixuan, Pi, Dawei, Li, Guangda, Zhou, Yulin

Adaptive MPC Path Tracking Control for Autonomous Vehicles

2026-99-1570

9/11/2026

This work introduces a Model Predictive Control (MPC) path tracking controller, which is developed to boost robustness, tracking precision, and vehicle stability when navigating high-speed and high-curvature driving scenarios. First, a 3-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) dynamic model of the vehicle is established to serve as a reference. Next, a linear time-varying MPC control algorithm is formulated, with constraints on yaw rate, lateral velocity, and road boundary conditions taken into account; a comprehensive performance metric that balances tracking accuracy and control smoothness is also defined. Third, the time-domain parameters of the MPC framework are optimized using an improved genetic algorithm. Finally, the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed controller are validated via co-simulation experiments conducted on the Matlab/Simulink and Carsim platforms. Simulation results demonstrate that the controller exhibits excellent robustness: the peak lateral tracking error is only 0.05 m on high-friction roads and 0.12 m on low-friction roads, with a maximum heading error of 0.15°. Additionally, the vehicle’s dynamic stability is notably enhanced: the yaw rate is reduced by 9.6% and 15.7% on high- and low-adhesion roads, respectively, while the sideslip angle is decreased by 13.2% and 18.4% under the same conditions.

Yu, Hanzhengnan, Hou, Xiaoyi, Zhang, Hao, Zhou, Weichen, Liu, Yu

Fault Detection and Isolation Method for BDS/GPS Hybrid Constellation Oriented to Airworthiness Retrofit

2026-99-1415

9/11/2026

This work deals with the topic of integrating a multi-GNSS solution within existing avionics, specifically concentrating on airworthiness approval issues, thereby addressing risks associated with susceptibility in standalone GPS solutions. An older aircraft, still relying on existing GPS solutions, remains susceptible to jamming, spoofing, or single-point failures, which, in turn, pose risks associated with integrity requirements necessary for ADS-B or TAWS operation. An approach for a fault detection and isolation (FDI) scheme applicable to a BDS/GPS hybrid satellite system configuration suitable for airworthiness projects would thus be relevant. A transparent proxy architecture is proposed, which consists of a form-fit GPS/BDS dual-mode antenna replacement and an RF power splitter. This design makes it possible to provide BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) signals with neither changes in the interfaces nor structural changes being required to existing flight management systems. It includes a signal processing module that combines adaptive quality weighting on carrier-to-noise ratios, satellite elevation angles, and code-minus-carrier differences, as well as a carrier phase smoothing process via the Hatch filter. A multiple-channel approach in a parallel position system is designed, with different channels for GPS-only, BDS-only, as well as hybrid solutions, with weighted least squares estimation incorporating the Huber robust reweighting rule, along with Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) with fault detection and exemption in every channel. A cross-constellation integrity monitoring algorithm is presented for the purpose of identifying constellation-level spoofing attacks that evade conventional single-system RAIM integrity. Simulation results, carried out for four different interference levels, show that the hybrid channel provides a 34% improvement in horizontal positioning accuracy compared with the GPS-only mode of operation. The cross-check method is able to effectively detect GPS spoofing attacks with position divergence exceeding 50m within a detection time of 25 seconds, along with a navigation availability of 99.9% under nominal operating conditions.

Ou, Chongjie, Zhang, Kezhi, Zhu, Haijie

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