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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

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Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response

EPR202501711/24/2025

The wing-in-ground effect (WIG) vehicle represents a significant advancement in aerodynamics and vehicle design, leveraging the ground effect phenomenon to enhance lift and reduce drag when flying close to the surface. This unique capability allows WIG vehicles to achieve higher payloads, longer range, and greater fuel efficiency compared to traditional aircraft, making them an attractive option for modern military and global disaster response applications. Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response discusses future disaster response, logistics, and military applications for WIG vehicles, including the ongoing development of aerospace and transportation technology. Relavant advancements in materials and propulsion systems holds promise for further enhancing WIG performance and operational range. Additionally, cost-effective and powerful flight computers with various types of mission-enabling sensor suites from the

Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering

EPR20250169/22/2025

Despite growing investments, the widespread adoption and scalable deployment of generative artificial intelligence (AI) remains a challenge due to data trustworthiness, regulatory uncertainty, interpretability, and ethical governance. The need to accelerate automation and maintain the human-in-the-loop demonstrates broader questions of responsibility and transparency. Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering investigates the transformative role of GenAI within aerospace engineering, examining its shift from conventional workflows toward more AI-driven solutions in design, manufacturing, and maintenance. It emphasizes GenAI’s emerging ability to automate repetitive mundane tasks, reduce design complexity, and optimize engineering pipelines. The report underscores the need for validation methods that must align AI-generated outputs with physics-informed models, integration with legacy engineering tools (e.g., computational fluid dynamics, finite element analysis, digital twins), and

Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles

EPR20250159/22/2025

The next generation of mobility, driven by shared, driverless, connected, and electrified vehicles, holds strong potential to advance sustainability through lower emissions and improved resource efficiency. However, critical questions remain regarding their true environmental impact, including battery lifecycle management, material consumption, and circular manufacturing practices. Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles explores these unresolved issues, focusing on the shift from internal combustion to electric vehicles, supply chain challenges, regulatory gaps, and the operational realities of sustainable productization. It also critically examines the risks of greenwashing, the need for consistent standards, and the role of intersectoral collaboration—with energy, urban planning, information and communications technologies, and waste management sectors—in building resilient, scalable solutions. The report provides strategic recommendations and

Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots

EPR20250128/13/2025

The automation of labor-intensive picking and planting operations is having an immediate impact in the agricultural indutry. In its simplest form, robotic automation can reduce the labor and soil disturbance while enabling organic soil cover and increasing species diversification through precision approaches to planting, weeding, and spraying. With this, pesticides and fertilizers can be applied in a more targeted way, and with machinery visiting fields more frequently, earlier and more targeted intervention can occur before pests become established. Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots identifies issues that need to be resolved fo for this technology to thrive, including improving methods of acquiring and labeling training data to facilitate more accurate models for specific applications. It also discusses concepts such as general-purpose mechanical platforms for use as carriers of agricultural automation systems with high stability, positional accuracy, and variable

Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features

EPR20250138/13/2025

Advanced technologies that assist the human driver or reduce (or even eliminate) the human driver’s role are becoming increasingly prevalent in new light-duty vehicles used by the general public. These technologies are divided between Active Safety features that monitor the human driver and vehicle motion and act intermittently to mitigate and avoid crashes, and Driving Automation features that assume some or all of the dynamic driving task from the human driver. Both types of technologies have the potential to reduce injuries and save lives by reducing the frequency and/or severity of crashes. Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features addresses the current capabilities and future potential for Active Safety and Driving Automation features to reduce crash frequency and severity and provides an overview of the state of the industry for both types of features, including current deployments, trends, and anticipated rollouts. Gaps in knowledge, unsettled issues, and

Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles

EPR20250147/18/2025

Autonomous vehicle motion planning and control are vital components of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. Recent advances in both data- and physical model-driven methods have improved driving performance, yet current technologies still fall short of achieving human-level driving in complex, dynamic traffic scenarios. Key challenges include developing safe, efficient, and human-like motion planning strategies that can adapt to unpredictable environments. Data-driven approaches leverage deep neural networks to learn from extensive datasets, offering promising avenues for intelligent decision-making. However, these methods face issues such as covariate shift in imitation learning and difficulties in designing robust reward functions. In contrast, conventional physical model-driven techniques use rigorous mathematical formulations to generate optimal trajectories and handle dynamic constraints. Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-Driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and

Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

EPR20250115/21/2025

Driven by the vast consumer marketplace, the electronics megatrend has reshaped nearly every sector of society. The advancements in semiconductors and software, originally built to serve consumer demand, are now delivering significant value to non-consumer industries. Today, electronics are making inroads into traditionally conservative, safety-critical sectors such as automotive and aerospace. In doing so, electronics—now further propelled by artificial intelligence—are disrupting the functional safety architectures of these cyber-physical systems. Electronics have created the world of cyber-physical systems, raising broader concerns about the broader category of product assurance. Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence continues the work of previous SAE Edge Research Reports in examining open research challenges arising from this shift, particularly in automotive systems, as core electronic technologies (e.g., the combination of software and communications) have even

Edge Artificial Intelligence in Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mobility

EPR20250095/20/2025

With many stakeholders involved, and major investments supporting it, the advancements in automated driving (AD) are undoubtedly there. Generally speaking, the motivation for advancing AD is driver convenience and road safety. Regarding the development of AD, original equipment manufacturers, technology start-ups, and AD systems developers have taken different approaches for automated vehicles (AVs). Some manufacturers are on the path toward stand-alone vehicles, mostly relying on onboard sensors and intelligence. On the other hand, the connected, cooperative, and automated mobility (CCAM) approach relies on additional communication and information exchange to ensure safe and secure operation. CCAM holds great potential to improve traffic management, road safety, equity, and convenience. In both approaches, there are increasingly large amounts of data generated and used for AD functions in perception, situational awareness, path prediction, and decision-making. The use of artificial

Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management

EPR20250085/20/2025

The transportation industry is transforming with the integration of advanced data technologies, edge devices, and artificial intelligence (AI). Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are pivotal in optimizing traffic flow and safety. Central to this are transportation management centers, which manage transportation systems, traffic flow, and incident responses. Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management explores emerging trends in transportation data, focusing on data collection, aggregation, and sharing. Effective data management, AI application, and secure data sharing are crucial for optimizing operations. Integrating edge devices with existing systems presents challenges impacting security, cost, and efficiency. Ultimately, AI in transportation offers significant opportunities to predict and manage traffic conditions. AI-driven tools analyze historical data and current conditions to forecast future events. The importance of multidisciplinary approaches and

Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Dedicated Lanes

EPR20250074/24/2025

Dedicated lanes provide a simpler operating environment for ADS-equipped vehicles than those shared with other roadway users including human drivers, pedestrians, and bicycles. This final report in the Automation and Infrastructure series discusses how and when various types of lanes whether general purpose, managed, or specialty lanes might be temporarily or permanently reserved for ADS-equipped vehicles. Though simulations and economic analysis suggest that widespread use of dedicated lanes will not be warranted until market penetration is much higher, some US states and cities are developing such dedicated lanes now for limited use cases and other countries are planning more extensive deployment of dedicated lanes. Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure: Dedicated Lanes includes a review of practices across the US as well as case studies from the EU and UK, the Near East, Japan, Singapore, and Canada. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Latest Journal Issues

Browse All 16

Passenger Vehicle Systems

Electrified Vehicles

Advances and Current Practices in Mobility

Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy

Connected and Automated Vehicles

Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy

Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH

Transportation Safety

Alternative Powertrains

Commercial Vehicles

Fuels and Lubricants

Materials and Manufacturing

Engines

Aerospace

Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems

Recent Books

Browse All 721

January 2026 AMS Index

AMSJAN-20261/24/2026

Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels

R-5471/22/2026

As global energy demands rise and environmental challenges intensify, the aviation industry faces a critical need to redefine how it powers the skies. Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels presents a comprehensive, research-driven exploration of the transition from fossil-based fuels to renewable alternatives that promise to reshape the future of air transportation. This book bridges the gap between academic knowledge and industrial application, offering a detailed overview of the science, technology, and policy driving the adoption of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs). From understanding feedstocks and conversion pathways to evaluating production technologies, emissions performance, and life-cycle impacts, the text equips readers with a holistic understanding of SAFs within today’s global energy landscape. Across five insightful chapters, readers will find a clear roadmap: the evolution and importance of SAFs; production methods and technological foundations; environmental

SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles

R-5591/20/2026

The convergence of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and connected vehicle technologies is ushering in a transformative era of automotive innovation—one that is fundamentally enhancing vehicle safety, efficiency, reliability, and the overall driving experience. SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles stands as the definitive reference for this rapidly evolving domain, meticulously compiled to clarify and standardize the language shaping modern mobility. Inside, readers will find clear, authoritative definitions encompassing the full spectrum of technologies that enable connected and automated driving—including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication systems. This comprehensive resource translates complex engineering terminology into accessible language, enabling engineers, researchers, policymakers, educators, and enthusiasts to share a common technical foundation. Reflecting the latest

Commercial Vehicles: Vol. 2

EPRCOMPV05202512/29/2025

Automated Vehicles: Development, Testing, and Validation: Vol. 4

EPRCOMPV03202512/29/2025

Infrastructure Enablers for Automation: Vol. 4

EPRCOMPV02202512/29/2025

Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 : Vol. 2

EPRCOMPV06202512/29/2025

Safety, ADAS, and Cybersecurity: Vol. 4

EPRCOMPV01202512/29/2025

Aerospace Developments: Vol. 7

EPRCOMPV07202512/29/2025

Electrification: Vol. 3

EPRCOMPV04202512/29/2025

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CONNECTOR ACCESSORIES, ELECTRICAL, BACKSHELL, NONENVIRONMENTAL, 90°, SHIELD TERMINATION, CATEGORY 3A (FOR AS50151 CRIMP, AS95234, MIL-DTL-26482 SERIES 2, AS81703 SERIES 3, AND MIL-DTL-83723 SERIES III CONNECTORS)

AS85049/24E (Current)

2/12/2026

AE-8C1 Connectors Committee

FITTING, CROSS, PIPE, INTERNAL THREAD

AS4858B (Current)

2/12/2026

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

CONNECTOR, RECEPTACLE, ELECTRIC, BOX MOUNTING, FRONT RELEASE, CRIMP CONTACT, AN TYPE

AS34021F (Current)

2/12/2026

AE-8C1 Connectors Committee

A Nature-Inspired Optimization Approach for Vienna Rectifier Control in EV Fast Charging Applications

2026-28-0112

2/12/2026

The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), particularly those utilizing High-Voltage battery systems, demands fast-charging infrastructure that ensures high efficiency and power quality. The proposed GJO algorithm is employed to optimize the control and switching parameters of the Vienna rectifier, thereby improving harmonic performance and conversion efficiency without altering the converter hardware. This paper focuses solely on control optimization of the Vienna rectifier topology and does not include DC–DC isolation or galvanic separation. Filter components are modeled with equivalent series resistance (ESR) to account for incremental losses. Simulation results demonstrate that the Golden Jackal optimization (GJO) based control reduces input current THD to 2.09%, has a power factor of 0.998, and achieves an efficiency of 98.53%, representing a fractional but consistent improvement over conventional control methods such as SSA, ALO, and PSO. These findings highlight the

R, Mohammed Abdullah, N, Kalaiarasi

CFD Simulation of Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Pure Spirulina Microalgae Biodiesel in a Single-Cylinder DI Diesel Engine

2026-28-0043

2/12/2026

In this study, the combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder direct injection (DI) diesel engine fueled with Spirulina biodiesel along with diesel blends were examined using a combined CFD and thermodynamic simulation framework. Three test fuels, including pure diesel (D100), Spirulina biodiesel blends (B20 and B40), and pure Spirulina biodiesel (B100), were analysed at 1500 rpm under full load. In the first stage, CFD simulations were performed in ANSYS Fluent, where the Discrete Phase Model (DPM) was applied to capture spray atomization and droplet evaporation, while a non-premixed combustion model coupled with the RNG k-ε turbulence model was employed to resolve in-cylinder flow and heat release dynamics. Subsequently, the Diesel-RK software was utilised to predict engine performance and exhaust emissions based on compression ratios (18.5) and injection timings. Results from the CFD analysis revealed faster atomization and reduced ignition delay for biodiesel

Kumar, B Varun

Quantum Meets Agile: Crypto-Agility for a Post-Quantum World

2026-28-0127

2/12/2026

As the automotive industry transitions toward software-defined vehicles and highly connected ecosystems, cybersecurity is becoming a foundational design requirement. A challenge arises with the advent of quantum computing, which threatens the security of widely deployed cryptographic standards such as RSA and ECC. This paper addresses the need for quantum-resilient security architectures in the automotive domain by introducing a combined approach that leverages Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) and crypto-agility. Unlike conventional static cryptographic systems, our approach enables seamless integration and substitution of cryptographic algorithms as standards evolve. Central to this work is the role of Hardware Security Modules (HSMs), which provide secure, tamper-resistant environments for cryptographic operations within vehicles. We present how HSMs can evolve into crypto-agile, quantum-safe platforms capable of supporting both hybrid (RSA/ECC + PQC) and fully post-quantum

Kuntegowda, Jyothi

Preliminary Design and Analysis of a Dual Throat Fluidic Thrust Vectoring Nozzle for Supersonic Aerospace Application

2026-28-0106

2/12/2026

The Dual Throat Nozzle (DTN) is a unique nozzle configuration that enables fluidic thrust vectoring (FTV), improving aircraft maneuverability while reducing the mechanical complexity of traditional vectoring systems. In this study, a two-dimensional DTN was developed based on a validated NASA Langley model, incorporating a newly designed plenum geometry guided by area expansion ratio principles. Numerical simulations were carried out in ANSYS Fluent using a density-based, steady-state solver with the SST k–ω turbulence model to capture key compressible flow features such as shock waves, flow separation, and jet deflection. Secondary injection rates were determined using choked-flow relations, and a 12-case parametric study was conducted to analyze the effects of Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR), injection rate, and injection angle on thrust deflection and efficiency. The simulation results at NPR = 4 with 3% injection showed strong agreement with NASA experimental data, validating the

Suresh, Vignesh, M, Akash, Senthilkumar, Nikil, Sundararaj, Senthilkumar, A, Garry Kiristen, Singh, Swaraj

Virtual Development Kit (VDK) for Software Defined Vehicle

2026-28-0120

2/12/2026

This paper examines the technological and architectural transformations critical for advancing Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs), emphasizing the decoupling of hardware from software. It highlights the limitations of traditional development models and proposes modern architectural approaches, including MPU-based designs and virtualization techniques, to foster flexible and scalable software ecosystems. Central to this vision is the concept of a Virtual Development Kit (VDK), which enables the design, validation, and scaling of SDVs even before physical hardware is available. The VDK integrates hardware platform emulators, operating systems, software stacks, and middleware optimized for high-performance computing (HPC) environments, providing developers with tools for early-stage testing, debugging, and integration while minimizing dependence on physical prototypes. As the automotive industry increasingly relies on software-defined features as primary drivers of innovation and

Khan, Misbah Ullah, Gupta, Vishal

Real time Implementation of Predictive Maintenance for Service Center Automation Using Automobile Life Extender (ALE) Based on Machine Learning

2026-28-0124

2/12/2026

The Automobile Life Extender (ALE) comprises an on-board function, a machine learning model operating via cloud computing and a smartphone app. The on-board function receives signals such as engine RPM, throttle position, brake pedal position, and hydraulic pressure from the vehicle's ECUs. Based on this data, the on-board ALE module calculates the engine load, brake circuit load, etc., and sends it to the predictive maintenance model via the on-board IoT system. The predictive maintenance model contains recorded data about the type of engine, brake system, and their performance curves acquired from tests conducted by its OEM. Machine learning models holds a crucial role in dynamically analyzing vehicle data, identifying drive patterns, and predicting the need for maintenance of a part or system. A hybrid approach of training models based on supervised and unsupervised learning is incorporated, creating an active learning strategy to maximize the use of available data. Amazon SageMaker

Sundaram, Rameshselvakumar, Kumar, Lokesh, Saint Peter Thomas, Edwin, Sureshkumar, Srihari, Muthukumaran, Chockalingam, Menon, Abhijith

Numerical Study of Battery Pack Cooling for Electric Vehicles

2026-28-0110

2/12/2026

This study presents a systematic CFD-based investigation of air-cooled lithium-ion battery pack thermal management using a novel U-shaped channel. The U-shaped domain was selected due to its ability to promote recirculation and uniform air distribution, which enhances cooling effectiveness compared to conventional straight and Z-type channels. A systematic parametric optimization of inlet position and airflow velocity was performed to minimize hotspot formation and improve temperature uniformity. Results reveal that shifting the inlet from 30 mm to 20 mm and increasing velocity from 2 m/s to 3 m/s reduced the maximum battery temperature by 3.46 K, from a baseline of 333 K to 329.54 K, while maintaining minimal pressure drop. These findings highlight that strategic control of inlet parameters can yield significant thermal improvements with high cost-effectiveness and geometric simplicity.

PC, Murugan, J, Sivasankar, W, Beno Wincy, G, Arun Prasad

Steering Automation for Lane Keep Assistance

2026-28-0117

2/12/2026

The design of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) is essential to improve the safety and autonomy of rear wheel driven four-wheel vehicle in harsh conditions. This work introduces the design and development of a steering automation system for Lane Keep Assistance (LKA) in an rear wheel driven four-wheel vehicle with a parallel steering system. The system utilizes an ArduCam module to take real time images of the ground in front, and these are processed via machine learning techniques on a Raspberry Pi in order to identify lane edges with great precision. The corrective steering maneuvers are carried out by a motorized steering actuator based on the visual data after processing, and an encoder that is built into the actuator constantly tracks the steering angle and position. This closed-loop feedback affords accurate, real-time corrections to ensure lane discipline without driver intervention. Extensive calculations for steering effort, torque, and gear design confirm the system's

A R, Arundas, Sadique, Anwar, Rafeek, Aayisha

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Firefighting on High Rise Structures

2026-28-0115

2/12/2026

Fires in Urban high-rise structures and industrial areas pose significant challenges to traditional firefighting methods. Traditional firefighting methods often struggle to address the challenges posed by height, accessibility and rapid response. In such a scenario innovative technologies become vital for effective and efficient methods. This project introduces an unmanned aerial vehicle designed to suppress fire on high-rise building by using drone technologies and robotics. The drone is equipped with a stereo camera which will detect fire and measure its coordinates with the help of algorithms fed on the companion computer raspberry pi. Upon receiving the coordinates, the drone will station itself at a predetermined distance from the fire. The drone will adjust itself in the vertical direction for proper ejection of water at the fire. The water will be ejected through a nozzle integrated with the drone, which is connected to the pump at the ground via hose. This drone solution

R, Abhiram, Sadique, Anwar, PV, Anurag, J, Harisankar V, A, Geethu, vs, Amarnath

SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: February 2026

26TOFHP022/12/2026

AI influence on ICE design Experts offer their outlook on the future of heavy-duty internal combustion engines, and of course artificial intelligence will play a role. Accelerating down the road to autonomy Commercial success of the autonomous truck may be closer than we think. Digital tech a Las Vegas headliner With the rise of AI and other new digital technologies on the horizon, ACT Expo 2026 will be a crucial intersection for industry leaders to map out the route ahead. Editorial CONEXPO debuts - from micro to massive Rolls-Royce pursues pure methanol for marine engines Integrated architectures reshape the mobile-hydraulic ecosystem A proactive approach to hydraulic health in Class 8 trucks Precast concrete bases pave the way for rapid EV charger deployment CONEXPO 2026: Volvo CE to reveal new articulated hauler and short-swing, compact and wheeled excavators Product Briefs SPOTLIGHTS: Imaging/Cameras; Simulation/Analysis Software Q&A Bosch Rexroth: Hydraulics remain relevant in

Flow-Based Corrosion Analysis of NBR-PVC Fuel Hoses in Ethanol-Gasoline Blends

2026-28-0079

2/12/2026

The integration of ethanol into gasoline presents compatibility challenges for automotive fuel-system materials. In this study, the degradation of NBR-PVC fuel hoses exposed to ethanol-gasoline blends (E30, E50, E70, and E100) was investigated under dynamic flow conditions. A custom-designed test rig simulates real-time fuel circulation for 1,200 h. FESEM, ATR-FTIR, and elemental mapping analyses revealed ethanol-induced degradation, including dehydrochlorination, plasticizer leaching, and filler detachment. Among the blends, E30 exhibited the least material degradation, whereas E100 showed significant surface damage and chemical alteration. This study recommends multilayered fuel hose structures with ethanol-resistant inner linings for enhanced durability.

PC, Murugan, L S, Adhitya, G, Arun Prasad, W, Beno Wincy, T, Karthi

Design Evolution of a Novel LCA for a Multi-Link Rear Suspension System in a Born Electric Vehicle

2026-28-0009

2/12/2026

The spring link or the lower control arm (LCA) is a critical structural component in a multi-link rear suspension system especially in a sports utility vehicle (SUV). The design of the rear LCA is thus challenging due to higher loads owing to higher suspension articulation typical of a SUV and further complicated in a born electric vehicle (BEV) due to increased vehicle weight contributed by a large battery. In the present work, a novel LCA was designed for the rear suspension system of one such born electric SUV application. The unique link was designed to withstand 20% higher rear axle weight compared to the conventional LCA used in a typical SUV. The LCA housed the spring with increased stiffness and a semi-active damper with varying and higher damping forces which complicated the design. The link design was further complicated with stab link mounting provision and mass damper mounting for improved NVH performance. Furthermore, the link was designed to withstand significantly higher

Selvaraj, Saravanan, Nayak, Bhargav, J, Ramkumar, M, Sudhan, Chaudhari, Varun

Evolution of a Novel Hybrid Stab-Link for a Born Electric Sports Utility Vehicle

2026-28-0001

2/12/2026

The present study details the design evolution and failure analysis of a novel hybrid stabilizer bar link (stab link) developed for the front suspension of a born electric sports utility vehicle (SUV) platform characterized by higher gross vehicle weight (GVW), increased wheel travel, and constrained packaging space. To address these challenges, a unique hybrid stab link was designed featuring dual plastic housings at both the metal ball joint ends, connected by a steel tube, and achieving a 30% weight reduction while offering enhanced articulation angles for extremely lower turning circle diameter (TCD) of the vehicle, compared to the conventional stab link. The unique hybrid stab failed under complex loading conditions during accelerated durability testing (ADT), prompting a comprehensive investigation. The failure analysis included road load data acquisition across various stab bar diameter configurations evolved during suspension tuning, different stabilizer link designs evolved

Selvendiran, P, J, Ramkumar, Nayak, Bhargav, M, Sudhan, Patnala, Avinash

Effect of Sebastiana Rostrata Fiber Loading on the Tribological Behaviour of Polycaprolactone Biocomposite

2026-28-0021

2/12/2026

This study investigates the tribological behaviour of Sesbania rostrata fiber (SRF) reinforced polycaprolactone (PCL) biocomposites using a pin-on-disc wear couple. The stationary SRF/PCL composite specimen interacted with a rotating EN31 steel disc (64 HRC), establishing the sliding wear interface in accordance with ASTM G99 standards. Composite laminates containing 10, 20, and 30 wt% SRF were evaluated at a sliding velocity of 1 m/s over a fixed distance of 1000 m under varying normal loads. The incorporation of SRF significantly enhanced the wear performance relative to neat PCL, with 20 wt% fiber loading achieving the lowest coefficient of friction and specific wear rate due to improved load transfer, stronger interfacial adhesion, and a more uniform laminate structure. In contrast, the 30 wt% composite exhibited fiber agglomeration, reduced homogeneity, and weakened fiber–matrix interactions, resulting in increased wear. SEM microstructural analysis confirmed the formation of a

Raja, K., Senthil Kumar, M.S.

Achieving Reliability, Safety & Security in SDV OS Architecture

2026-28-0122

2/12/2026

Software-defined vehicles are those whose functionalities and features are primarily governed by software, thus allowing continuous updates, upgrades, and the introduction of new capabilities throughout their lifecycle. This shift from hardware-centric to software-driven architectures is a major transformation that reshapes not only product development and operational strategies but also business models in the automotive industry. An SDV operating system provides the base platform to manage vehicle software and enable those advanced functionalities. Unlike traditional embedded or general-purpose operating systems, it is designed to meet the particular demands of modern automotive architectures. Reliability, safety, and security become crucial because even minor faults may have serious consequences. Key challenges to be handled by the SDV OS include how to handle software bugs, perform real-time processing, address functional safety and SOTIF compliance, adhere to regulations, minimize

Khan, Misbah Ullah, Gupta, Vishal

Vibration Analysis of Rectangular and Circular Plates with Fixed Edges: Analytical and Computational Validation

2026-28-0108

2/12/2026

This study presents a comparative investigation of the vibration characteristics of rectangular and circular plates with fixed edges using analytical, numerical, and computational approaches. Analytical models based on classical plate theory were employed to calculate natural frequencies and mode shapes, while finite element analysis (FEA) was performed in a CAE tool to provide high-fidelity simulation results. A detailed mesh convergence study confirmed numerical stability, with frequency variations below 1% between successive refinements. Analytical predictions showed excellent agreement with simulation results for lower modes, with errors as low as 0.25% for the rectangular plate and 2.65% for the circular plate. However, higher modes exhibited significant deviations, with errors reaching up to 29.01% for rectangular and 181.52% for circular geometries, highlighting the limitations of closed-form solutions in capturing complex vibrational behavior. Python-based computational tools

N, Suhas, R, Sanjay, Bhaskara Rao, Lokavarapu

Enhanced Solar Desalination Using Natural Dolomite-Integrated PCM and MWCN Thermal Storage: An Experimental Study

2026-28-0082

2/12/2026

Systems for solar desalination provide a practical and environmentally friendly way to turn salty or polluted water into drinkable water. Three configurations are experimentally investigated in this study: a traditional solar desalination system, a system integrated with a thermal energy storage unit (TESU) based on phase change material (PCM), Multi wall Carbon nano Tube were mixed with PCM at 2% of total volume of the PCM and a system that incorporates powdered natural dolomite/MWCNT at 1% each into the PCM-based TESU. Each of the four configurations was created, tested simultaneously, and thoroughly examined. In comparison to the Standard Still (SS), the experimental findings showed that the adoption of PCM-based TESUs increased daily cumulative water output (collection efficiency) by 24%, 26% with addition of MWCNT and the addition of dolomite powder/MWCNT further increased productivity by 27%. The average exergy efficiencies for for SS, SS with PCM, SS with nano enriched PCM, and

R L, Krupakaran, Petla, Ratnakamala, Anchupogu, Praveen, P, Umamaheswarrao, Satya Meher, R, Dunna, Vijay

Enhancing Combustion, Performance and Emission Profiles Using Kapok Methyl Ester Blends with Hydrogen

2026-28-0058

2/12/2026

This study investigates the potential of using a dual green alternative fuel combination, the one is hydrogen fuel and another one is biodiesel for enhancing the Performance, combustion and emission profile of a compression ignition engine. The kapok oil biodiesel was blended with Diesel in proportions of 20% (K20) and 40% (K40) by volume. The hydrogen gas was supplied at a constant flow of 4 liter per minute (LPM). The experimental fuels are neat diesel D100, K20 (80% Diesel and 20 % kapok methyl ester), K40 (60% Diesel + 40 % Kapok methyl ester), K20 + H4L (K20 with 4 LPM hydrogen) and K40+H4L (K40 with 4 LPM hydrogen). These test blends are investigated in a single cylinder direct injection CI engine under 0% to 100% load conditions at a fixed speed of 1500 rpm combustion, and emissions characteristic were evaluated and compared with base fuel. The outcomes indicated that the use of B20 and B40 blends without hydrogen led to reduced BTE because of their lower cetane number and

Anbarasan, B, M, Kumaresan, Balamurugan, S, Rajesh, Munnusamy

Laboratory Testing of Vehicle and Industrial Heat Exchangers for Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Performance

J1994_202602 (Current)

2/12/2026

This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to all heat exchangers used in vehicle and industrial cooling systems. This document outlines the tests to determine the heat transfer and pressure drop performance of heat exchangers under specified conditions. This document has been reviewed and revised by adding several clarifying statements to Section 4.

Cooling Systems Standards Committee

An Analysis of the Energy Requirement for a Synthesized City Drive Cycle for Electric Two-wheelers

2026-01-5010

2/12/2026

Range estimation for electric vehicles based on standard drive cycles generally underestimates energy consumption and fails to accurately represent the actual driving characteristics. This paper aims to develop a representative driving cycle for electric two-wheelers that emulate the real-world driving scenario in Lucknow, India. The micro-trip-based random selection scheme is used to form the drive cycle. The onboard Global Positioning System (GPS) module is used to log vehicle speed data for every second, and nine assessment parameters were used to analyze the candidate drive cycles. The total duration of the developed drive cycle is 1800 s, and the length is 17.45 km. Traffic attributes of the developed drive cycle are compared with the India drive cycle (IDC), Delhi motorcycle drive cycle (DMDC), and Edinburgh motorcycle drive cycle (EMDC). A comparison of the estimated energy requirement of the developed drive cycle with IDC indicates that the estimated actual energy requirement

Vashist, Devendra, Pandey, Bhaskar, Malik, Varun

Multi-Storey AI Based Parking System

2026-28-0129

2/12/2026

This paper presents a novel AI-based parking management system designed to enhance efficiency, reduce manual intervention, and optimize operational costs in modern parking facilities. By integrating computer vision with infrared (IR) sensors, the system continuously monitors parking areas in real time, accurately detecting vehicle occupancy and dynamically updating the space availability. The hybrid approach minimizes reliance on conventional sensors, improving accuracy and environmental robustness. Additional features include intelligent navigation assistance guiding drivers to available spots and integrated video surveillance for enhanced security through AI-driven suspicious activity detection. The user interface provides real-time updates ensuring a seamless and convenient parking experience. Overall, this system offers a comprehensive solution that advances parking technology through automation, real-time monitoring, and secure, user-friendly operation.

N, Kalaiarasi, Gupta, Shivansh, Hajarnis, Mihir, Anand, Vikas

Dual use Electric Vehicle Infrastructure for Enhancing Grid Resilience and Urban Sustainability

2026-28-0114

2/12/2026

The growing global adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has resulted in a spike in the number of EV charging stations. As EVs have become more and more popular worldwide, a large number of EV charging stations are opening up to accommodate their demands. During grid failures, an EV charging station can also serve as a flexible load connected to the grid to balance out voltage fluctuations. An EV charging station when powered using a separate source, such as solar or wind, can function as a powerhouse, bringing electricity to the grid when it's needed. Therefore, instead of installing more equipment to sustain voltage, the current EV charging station can be efficiently used to meet the grid's needs during failures. These stations have the potential to be dynamic, grid-connected assets for sustainable cities and communities in addition to their core function of vehicle charging (SDG 11). Because of their dual purpose, they can serve as adaptable loads that reduce voltage variations during

R, Uthra, Rangarajan, Ravi, D, Suchitra, D, Anitha

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