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This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of investment castings homogenized and solution and precipitation heat treated to 180 ksi (1241 MPa) tensile strength.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
With increasing demand for improving the vehicle Ride and Handling (R&H) performance, the synergy between vehicle subsystems such as suspension, chassis, brakes & tyres play a major role towards it. In this regard, the interaction between wheel rim width and tyre performance characteristics is a key focus area in vehicle development process. Detailed research is being conducted worldwide to understand their dynamics of interaction and based on the tested data, vehicle manufacturers make the design selection. In this context, the proposed study aims to provide a in-depth analysis of how variations in wheel rim width affect key tyre performance parameters such as lateral force characteristics, damping property, tyre footprint, and pinch cut resistance. Also, the subsequent influence on vehicle-level performance parameters such as R&H, braking, steering, and durability is captured. Based on these analysis, appropriate wheel rim size selection is done which is most optimal for the project
Singh, Ram KrishnanPaua, KetanSundaramoorthy, RagasruobanLenka, Visweswaraahire, ManojAdiga, Ganesh N
The need for energy is ever increasing, though the dependency on renewable energy have increased, it is not sufficient to cater the demand. India is one of fastest developing country which depends on coal 55% for its total energy need. To achieve coal digging & transportation an underground mining vehicle has gained high importance. Underground mine environment is inherently dangerous due to various factors, including explosive and toxic gases, dust, and the potential for collapses. Thereby vehicles running in coal mines requires extreme safety features to safeguard its operator & coal mine workers. In India the Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS) under Government of India circulates notification to Manager of Coal and Metalliferous Mines & OEM, concerned about the minimum safety evaluations to be taken care for the mining trucks. It has been observed that there are significant inconsistencies in design practices for mining vehicles, with the presence of multiple, unverified
Babar, SagarAkbar Badusha, A
This paper presents the design and implementation of a Semi-Autonomous Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) capable of following a person while performing obstacle avoidance in urban and controlled environments. The LCV leverages its onboard 360-degree view camera, RTK-GNSS, Ultrasonic sensors, and algorithms to independently navigate the environment, avoiding obstacles and maintaining a safe distance from the person it is following. The path planning algorithm described here generates a secondary lateral path originating from the primary driving path to navigate around static obstacles. A Behavior Planner is utilized to decide when to generate the path and avoid obstacles. The primary objective is to ensure safe navigation in environments where static obstacles are prevalent. The LCV's path tracking is achieved using a combination of Pure Pursuit and Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers. The Pure Pursuit controller is utilized as lateral control to follow the generated path, ensuring
Ayyappan, Vimal RajDhanopia, RashmiAli, AshpakN, RageshSato, Hiromitsu
The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) has brought about significant advancements in automotive technology, with inverters playing a crucial role in converting DC power from the battery to AC power for the electric motor. Ensuring the functional safety of these inverters is paramount, as any failure can have severe implications for vehicle performance and passenger safety. This case study explores the successful implementation of ISO 26262 standards in the development and validation of EV traction inverters. This paper begins by outlining the functional requirements and safety goals specific to EV inverters, followed by a detailed analysis of the potential hazards and risks associated with their operation. Using ISO 26262 as a framework, we describe the systematic approach taken to identify, assess, and mitigate these risks. Key methodologies such as Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (HARA), Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) are employed to
Ramachandra, ShwethaV, Sushmitha
Requirement for Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEVs) in India is continuously growing as India being fastest growing country in the world in terms of Infrastructure. The technology in the automotive industry is evolving rapidly in recent times. Thus, with the development of new technologies, the challenges are also ever-increasing from an Electromagnetic Interference, Susceptibility (EMI/EMC) and Safety perspective. Recently CEVs include various types of machines including Compactor, Wheel Loader, Crane, Paver, Truck Crane, Cement Mixer etc. EMC requirements of all these types are internationally governed by ISO 13766-1, 2. This paper provides insights about various considerations to be taken during EMC Tests of each type of machines. It also includes guidelines related to antenna positioning, reference point calculations, Narrow Band and Broad band considerations. It will also provide general EMC guidelines and precautions related to component selection and placement along with
Yeola, MayurShinde, Avinash
This invention solves a significant safety issue where drivers have low visibility of the Outside Rear View Mirror (ORVM) in the case of rain, fog, dust or ice formation on the Side Door Window Glass (SDWG). Currently developed methods, such as hydrophobic finishing or films and heated window glass on the doors, provide temporary or weak results, and thus, a more successful and dependable method is demanded. In order to address this problem, we have modified the Outer Waist Seal, which includes a Glass Wiping Mechanism in it. Outer Waist Seal is a type of weather strip fixed on the bottom of the side window of a vehicle on the panel of the door. It does not allow the flow of heavy water, dust and debris into the door cavity, besides supporting the glass on the window when it is in a movement process. The stationary fixed arm of this system is coupled with a rotating arm and an attached wiper blade powered by a low-speed-high-torque motor and interfaced with the Body Control Module (BCM
Neelam, RajatChowdhury, AshokPanchal, GirishKumar, Saurav
Growing population in Indian cities has led to packed roads. People need a quick option to commute for both personal trips and business needs. The 2-3 Wheel Combination Vehicle is a new, modular solution that switches between a two-wheeler (2W) and a three-wheeler (3W). Hero has designed SURGE S32 to be a sustainable and flexible transportation option. It is world’s first class changing vehicle. The idea is to use a single vehicle for zipping through city traffic, making deliveries, or earning an income. Manufactured to deal with the challenges of modern life, this dual-battery convertible vehicle can easily transform from a two-wheeler to a three-wheeler and vice versa within three minutes. The Surge S32 is a versatile vehicle that replaces the need for multiple specialised vehicles. By lowering the number of vehicles on the road, it decreases road congestion, reduces emissions, and improves livelihoods. It powers by electricity, ensuring sustainability in all aspects. The current
Ali Khan, FerozGupta, Eshan
Accurate and realistic simulation of LiDAR data is critical for the development and validation of autonomous driving systems. However, existing simulation approaches often suffer from a significant sim-to-real gap due to oversimplified modelling of physical interactions and environmental factors. In this work, we present a physics-informed deep learning framework that bridges this gap by enhancing the realism of simulated LiDAR data using generative adversarial networks guided by domain-specific physical constraints for LiDAR intensity. Our method incorporates key physical factors such as range, surface material properties, angle of incidence, and environmental conditions along with their underlying physical relationships as constraints into the Cycle-Consistent GAN architecture, enabling it to learn realistic transformations from synthetic to real-world LiDAR intensity data without requiring paired samples. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach across multiple datasets
Anand, VivekYadav, SouravLimba, MohitPandey, GauravLohani, Bharat
Meeting the stringent emissions norms of CEV stage V for medium BMEP engines, CI engines present significant challenges. These stringent norms call for a highly efficient DPF. With the increasing demands for high-performance DPFs, the issue of soot accumulation and cleaning presents significant hurdles for DPF longevity. This paper explores the potential of passive DPF regeneration, which leverages naturally occurring exhaust gas conditions to oxidize accumulated soot, offering a promising approach to minimize fuel penalty and system complexity compared to active regeneration methods. The study investigates engine calibration techniques aimed at enhancing passive regeneration performance, emphasizing the optimization of thermal management strategies to sustain DPF temperatures within the passive regeneration range. Furthermore, the paper aims to expand the applicability of passive regeneration across diverse engine loads common in off-highway applications with effective passive
Saxena, HarshitGandhi, NareshLokare, PrasadShinde, PrashantPatil, AjitRaut, Ashish
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) of automotive LED headlamps on driver’s visibility and comfort during night driving. The experiment was conducted on different headlamps having different correlated colour temperatures ranging from 5000K to 6500K in laboratory. Further study was conducted involving participants of different age group and genders for understanding their perception to identify objects when observed in light of different LED headlamps with different CCTs. Studies have shown that both Correlated Colour Temperature and illumination level affect driver’s alertness and performance. Further study required on headlamps with automatically varying CCT to get better solution on driver’s visibility and safety.
Patil, Mahendra G.Kirve, JyotiParlikar, Padmakumar
Over the last few years, notable progress has occurred in electric vehicle (EV) technology. Inverters are key components for electric vehicles (EV). Various PWM strategies have been implemented by OEMs over past years. For most of PWM scheme timing calculation & Lengthy algorithm increases complexity. The proposed a novel Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control technique for generating inverter lag switching times in multi-level inverters. The proposed Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) method eliminates the need for sector and region identification by utilizing sampled values of reference phase voltages, thereby reducing computational efforts and complexities. The scheme can generate N-level PWM signals and offers flexibility to operate with fewer levels, including operation in the overmodulation range. The sampled magnitudes reference phase voltages are converted into timing signals that are subsequently processed by an algorithm to modify modulating signals. These modulating signals are
Bhanabhagvanwala, Prem Kiritkumar
Precise estimation of power metrics like active power, reactive power and apparent power is mandatory for effective control and monitoring of three phase power systems. On the other hand there might be challenges like waveform distortion, noisy signals and unbalanced load circumstances. traditional methods may not always provide accuracy in such an environment thus to address that in this study, we are using cross correlation and zero crossing methods to estimate power parameters of a three phase system. We are using these signal processing techniques to find phase angle, which in turn determines all other power parameters like active power, reactive power, apparent power, power factor. While Cross correlation tracks both the signals at different time lags and evaluate similarity between both the signals, zero crossing point approach identifies some particular locations where signal crosses zero axis. This analysis can be used in various applications such as power parameters monitoring
Panchal, Sanjivani VishwanathRoy, Sandipan
Automotive displays have become an essential part of modern vehicles, not just for aesthetics but also for improving safety and user interaction. As cars get smarter, the industry is leaning heavily into advanced display technologies to provide drivers and passengers with clearer, more responsive visuals. Technologies like Active Matrix LCDs (AMLCDs) and AMOLEDs are now common in dashboards, infotainment systems, digital clusters, and even head-up displays. These display types are popular because they offer great brightness, vibrant color, and wide viewing angles — all of which are important in a car, where lighting conditions can change constantly. But to make these displays work effectively, a solid backplane is critical. That’s where technologies like amorphous silicon (a-Si) and low-temperature polysilicon (LTPS) come in. Among these, LTPS has gained popularity due to its ability to support high-resolution, high-refresh-rate screens, thanks to its higher carrier mobility. Still
Sinha Roy, DebarghyaDuggal, AnanyaSingh, Ujjwal Kumar
Meeting the stringent emissions norms of CEV stage V for medium BMEP engines, CI engines present significant challenges, particularly concerning cold startability. Low ambient temperatures and pressures intensify the cold start difficulties which are characterized by prolonged cranking, incidences of misfiring, compromised transient response and overall engine performance. This paper highlights the strategies and technologies employed to enhance cold start and transient performance of medium BMEP engines under such demanding environmental conditions. Investigations were conducted up to an altitude of 4500m and ambient temperatures as low as-20°C, utilizing only air heater at intake manifold as the sole cold start aid. This cost effective approach is integrated with an optimized combustion chamber design, along with minimal pilot injection timing and quantity to facilitate smooth ignition and stable combustion during cold start. The paper also explore the techniques to improve the
Saxena, HarshitLokare, PrasadSanthosh, AjithGandhi, NareshShinde, Prashant
Highway Pilot (HWP) systems, classified as SAE Level 3 Automated Driving Systems (ADS), represent a potential advancement for safer and more efficient highway drives. In this work, the development of a connected HWP prototype is presented. The HWP system is deployed in a real test vehicle and designed to operate autonomously in highway environments. The implementation presented in this paper covers the complete setup of the vehicle platform, including sensor selection and placement, hardware integration and communication interfaces for both autonomous functionality and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) connectivity. The software architecture follows a modular design, composed of modules for perception, decision-making and motion control to operate in real-time. The prototype integrates Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, such as Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM), to enhance situational awareness and improve the overall system behaviour. The modular structure allows new functionalities
Domingo Mateu, BernatLeiva Ricart, GiselaFacerias Pelegri, MarcPerez, Marc
Increasing ethanol blending in gasoline is significant from both financial (reducing dependency on crude oil) and sustainability (overall CO2 reduction) points of view. Flex Fuel is an ethanol-gasoline blend containing ethanol ranging from 20% to 85%. Flex Fuel emerges as an exceptionally advantageous solution, adeptly addressing the shortcomings associated with both gasoline and ethanol. Performance optimization of Flex Fuel is a major challenge as fuel properties like knocking tendency, calorific value, vapour pressure, latent heat, and stoichiometric air-fuel ratio change with varying ethanol content. This paper elaborates on the experimental results of trials conducted for optimizing engine performance with Flex Fuel for a 2-cylinder engine used in a small commercial vehicle. To derive maximum benefit from the higher octane rating of E85, the compression ratio is increased, while ignition timing is optimized to avoid knocking with E20 fuel. For intermediate blends, ignition timing
Kulkarni, DeepakMalekar, Hemant AUpadhyay, RajdipKatkar, SantoshUndre, Shrikant
This paper investigates the current state of road safety for female occupants in India, with a particular focus on road accident statistics and the gaps in safety regulations. According to the Road Accident in India 2022 report by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH), female occupants constitute 16% of passenger car fatalities. Using a extensive dataset of 596 passenger car accidents involving at least one female occupant from the Road Accident Sampling System – India (RASSI), this study evalu the severity and patterns of injuries sustained by female drivers and passengers. The analysis identifies critical shortcomings in existing safety measures, particularly in addressing anatomical differences and male-centric safety designs. Gender-sorted injury trends reveal heightened vulnerabilities for women in crash scenarios. Current regulatory frameworks bank on crash test dummies developed on average male anthropometry, neglecting female-specific biomechanical needs in
Ayyagari, ChandrashekharG, Santhosh KumarRao, Guruprakash
Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM’s) are focusing on the fuel economy of passenger cars to meet the next generation emission norms. Few techniques such as downsizing engines, raising lubricant temperature, reducing combustion time and regulating the start-stop system of engines are various efforts being considered by Automobile OEMs to attain fuel efficiency along with next generation emission norms. On the other hand, lubricants used for such engines are also to be modified accordingly to meet more fuel efficiency. Lowering viscosity along with addition of friction modifiers for normalizing frictional losses is widely practiced as the most economical techniques. To achieve this lubricant formulator and additive manufacturers have moved towards modern base oils and advanced additive technologies. This study is done to understand key parameters which reduce friction and increase fuel economy using same viscosity grade oils. In the current study, we have formulated different low
Vabbina, Shiv KumarKatta, LakshmiJoshi, RatnadeepChaudhary, RameshwarSeth, SaritaBhardwaj, AnilArora, Ajay Kumar
This paper presents an innovative in-lab accelerated testing approach for chassis-mounted components, with a particular focus on the cooling module of commercial vehicles. The proposed method simulates real-time data acquired from field operations and replicates all critical chassis modes, including torsion. Additionally, real-time coolant circulation at specified pressure and temperature maintenance are feasible during durability testing, enhancing the realism of the test environment. The cooling modules, comprising the radiator, intercooler, and charge air cooler (CAC), often experience failures due to various multi-axial inputs and chassis modes. This paper introduces an innovative methodology for replicating field conditions in the lab, utilizing seven servo-hydraulic actuators to simulate multi-axial inputs. The accuracy of in-lab simulation for the acceleration levels at input and response locations of the cooling module exceeds 90%. This makes it a preferred choice for test
V Dhage, YogeshSatale, Sunil
In pursuit of a distinct sporty interior sound character, the present study explores an innovative strategy for designing intake systems in passenger vehicles. While most existing literature primarily emphasizes exhaust system tuning for enhancing vehicle sound quality, the current work shifts the focus toward the intake system’s critical role in shaping the perceived acoustic signature within the vehicle cabin. In this research work, target cascading and settings were derived through a combination of benchmark and structured subjective evaluation study and aligning with literature review. Quantitative targets for intake orifice noise was defined to achieve the desired sporty character inside cabin. Intake orifice targets were engineered based on signature and sound quality parameter required at cabin. Systems were designed by using advanced NVH techniques, Specific identified acoustic orders were enhanced in the intake system to reinforce the required signature in acceleration as well
Sadekar, Umesh AudumbarTitave, UttamPatil, JitendraNaidu, Sudhakara
One can witness the constant development and redevelopment of cities throughout the world. Construction equipment vehicles (CEVs) are commonly used on the construction site. However, the noise pollution from construction sites due to the use of CEV has become a major problem for many cities. The construction equipment employed is one of the main causes of these elevated noise levels. The construction workers face a potential risk to their auditory health and well-being due to the noise levels they are exposed to. Different countries have imposed exterior and operator’s ear noise limits for construction equipment vehicles, enabling them to control noise pollution. In this study, three vehicles were selected and checked for NVH performance and found that the operator ear noise level of the identified vehicle is 6 dB(A) higher than the benchmark vehicle level in dynamic conditions, when tested as per ISO 6396. Similarly, there was another vehicle having exterior noise 2 dB(A) higher than
Shinde, GauravJawale, PradeepJain, SachinkumarHarishchandra Walke, Nagesh
As the brain and the core of the electric powertrain, the traction inverter is an essential part of electric vehicles (EVs). It controls the power conversion from DC to AC between the electric motor and the high-voltage battery to enable effective propulsion and regenerative braking. Strong and scalable inverter testing solutions are becoming more essential as EV adoption rises, particularly in developing nations like India. In India, traditional testing techniques that use actual batteries and e-motors present several difficulties, such as significant safety hazards, inadequate infrastructure, expensive battery prices, and a shortage of prototype-grade parts. This paper presents a comprehensive approach for traction inverter validation using the AVL Inverter TS™ system incorporating an advanced Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHiL) test system based on e-motor emulation technology. It enables safe, efficient, and reliable testing eradicating the need for actual batteries or mechanical
Mehrotra, SoumyaChhabra, Rishabh