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This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of investment castings homogenized and solution and precipitation heat treated to 180 ksi (1241 MPa) tensile strength.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This paper examines the challenges and opportunities in homologating AI-driven Automated Driving Systems (ADS). As AI introduces dynamic learning and adaptability to vehicles, traditional static homologation frameworks are becoming inadequate. The study analyzes existing methodologies, such as the New Assessment/Test Methodology (NATM), and how various institutions address AI incorporation into ADS certification. Key challenges identified include managing continuous learning, addressing the "black-box" nature of AI models, and ensuring robust data management. The paper proposes a harmonized roadmap for AI in ADS homologation, integrating safety standards like ISO/TR 4804 and ISO 21448 with AI-specific considerations. It emphasizes the need for explainability, robustness, transparency, and enhanced data management in certification processes. The study concludes that a unified, global approach to AI homologation is crucial, balancing innovation with safety while addressing ethical
Lujan Tutusaus, CarlosHidalgo, Justin
Highway Pilot (HWP) systems, classified as SAE Level 3 Automated Driving Systems (ADS), represent a potential advancement for safer and more efficient highway drives. In this work, the development of a connected HWP prototype is presented. The HWP system is deployed in a real test vehicle and designed to operate autonomously in highway environments. The implementation presented in this paper covers the complete setup of the vehicle platform, including sensor selection and placement, hardware integration and communication interfaces for both autonomous functionality and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) connectivity. The software architecture follows a modular design, composed of modules for perception, decision-making and motion control to operate in real-time. The prototype integrates Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, such as Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM), to enhance situational awareness and improve the overall system behaviour. The modular structure allows new functionalities
Domingo Mateu, BernatLeiva Ricart, GiselaFacerias Pelegri, MarcPerez, Marc
Growing global warming and the associated climate change have expedited the need for adoption of carbon-neutral technologies. The transportation sector accounts for ~ 25 % of total carbon emissions. Hydrogen (H2) is widely explored as an alternative for decarbonizing the transport sector. The application of H2 through PEM Fuel Cells is one of the available technologies for the trucking industry, due to their relatively higher efficiency (~50%) and power density. However, at present the cost of an FCEV truck is considerably higher than its diesel equivalent. Hence, new technologies either enabling cost reduction or efficiency improvement for FCEVs are imperative for their widespread adoption. FCEVs have a system efficiency around 40-60% implying that around half of the input energy is lost to the environment as waste heat. However, recapturing this significant amount of waste heat into useful work is a challenge. This paper discusses the feasibility of waste heat recovery (WHR
P V, Navaneeth
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) of automotive LED headlamps on driver’s visibility and comfort during night driving. The experiment was conducted on different headlamps having different correlated colour temperatures ranging from 5000K to 6500K in laboratory. Further study was conducted involving participants of different age group and genders for understanding their perception to identify objects when observed in light of different LED headlamps with different CCTs. Studies have shown that both Correlated Colour Temperature and illumination level affect driver’s alertness and performance. Further study required on headlamps with automatically varying CCT to get better solution on driver’s visibility and safety.
Patil, Mahendra G.Kirve, JyotiParlikar, Padmakumar
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) represent a significant trajectory in vehicular decarbonization, harnessing the inherently high energy density of diatomic hydrogen within electrochemical conversion systems. When sourced via renewable pathways, such hydrogen facilitates propulsion architectures characterized by zero tailpipe emissions, enhanced energy efficiency, and extended operational range profiles. Realizing peak systemic efficacy necessitates the synergistic orchestration of high-fidelity fuel cell stack design, resilient compressed gas storage modalities, and nuanced energy governance protocols. To reduce transient stressors and guarantee long-term electrochemical stability, employing multi-scale modeling and predictive simulation, combined with constraint-aware architectural synthesis, is crucial in handling stochastic driving conditions spectra. This study develops a high-fidelity mathematical plant model of a hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell
Mulik, Rakesh VilasraoE, PorpathamSenthilkumar, Arumugam
Air pollution is profligate becoming a serious worldwide problem with the increasing population and its subsequent demands. Diesel, Gasoline, Natural Gas, Propane, etc., are some of the traditional fuels used in the power generation sectors. Diesel fuel, popularly utilized for backup power in critical operations, is valued for its swift activation time. This makes diesel generators a preferred choice for commercial properties and hospitals requiring reliable emergency power. Moreover, natural gas, distributed through local utility grids, provides a convenient and readily available fuel source for generators, eliminating the need for on-site fuel storage. On the other hand, CPCB has instructed to modify the emission regulations for genset engines for decarbonization and development clean fuel. The change from CPCB II to CPCB IV+ standard shows the commitment of the Indian government towards environmental sustainability and COP26. Pondering to the stringent emission norms, researchers
Bandyopadhyay, DebjyotiSutar, Prasanna SDhar, Rit PrasadSonawane, Shailesh BalkrishnaRairikar, Sandeep DThipse, Sukrut SSingh, SauhardMishra, Sumit KumarBera, TapanBadhe, RajeshTule, ShubhamAghav, YogeshLakshminarasimhan, Krishna
Transportation industry is facing a growing challenge to reduce its carbon footprint and utilize the carbon neutral, more environmentally sustainable fuels to comply with the goal of carbon neutrality. Implementation of carbon free fuels such as Hydrogen, Ammonia and low carbon fuels such as Methanol, Ethanol can significantly reduce the greenhouse gas emissions, but these fuels are suitable for SI engine architecture due to their high-octane ratings. Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) is one of the few fuel solutions available today with a high Cetane rating (70-80), that can be used as a drop-in fuel in the existing CI engines, with minimal modifications. The main constituent of HVO is pure alkane and it can be produced from feedstocks such as vegetable oils, animal fats, various wastes and by-products. A closed cycle 3-D CFD combustion simulation using a detailed chemistry-based solver has been conducted with the HVO, on a three cylinder, naturally aspirated water-cooled CI engine at
Tripathi, AyushMukherjee, NaliniNene, Devendra
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (HICE) has the promise of zero carbon solution for the mobility industry. The key beneficiary would be the medium and heavy-duty segment of transportation which are likely to adapt the battery electric or fuel cell electric solution in longer term. This particular segment of engines need high low end torque, peak torque and rated power which cannot be compromised. Additionally, a competitive thermal efficiency w.r.t diesel engines would be advantageous. Direct Injection (DI) of hydrogen gives higher specific power and thermal efficiency as compared to Port Fuel Injection (PFI). This study focuses on the performance characteristics of these technology routes to aid in the HICE development process. Current work involves the use of 1-D thermodynamic simulation using GT-SUITE for modeling the performance of HICE. Both predictive and non-predictive methodologies of modeling the combustion were employed. Initially, the model validation of the PFI engine
Parthiban R, VarunKarthikeyan, K RNarayana Reddy, JParamasivam, PrakashManjunath, MKumar D, KishoreN R, VaratharajSuresh, KG, Yogesh BolarSadagopan, KrishnanPandey, Sunil Kumar
In current scenario, demand for alternate energy is increasing due to depletion of fossil fuels and countries working to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Hydrogen being a cleaner fuel, many OEMs across the world started to work on various strategies like hydrogen combustion engine and fuel cell. Passenger vehicles like buses are at the lookout for fuel cell technology at faster rate than other commercial vehicles. In fuel cell vehicles, cooling system design is critical & complex since it includes fuel cell cooling, Power electronics cooling & battery cooling. In this paper, cooling system design of a Fuel cell electric bus for inter-city application is demonstrated. Radiators and Fans are designed considering overall heat rejection and Coolant inlet temperature requirements of components. Cooling system circuit and pump is decided to meet the coolant flow rate targets. Flow simulation and thermal simulation done with the help of simulation models built using software KULI to predict
M S, VigneshKiran, Nalavadath
The electrification of transportation is revolutionizing the automotive and logistics sectors, with electric vehicles (EVs) assuming an increasingly pivotal role in both passenger mobility and commercial activities. As the adoption of EVs rises, the necessity for precise range estimation becomes essential, especially under diverse operational circumstances, including vehicle and battery characteristics, driving conditions, environmental influences, vehicle configurations, and user-specific behaviors. Among the varying factors, a key fluctuating one is user behavior—most notably, increased payload, which significantly affects EV range. A key business challenge lies in the significant variability of EV range due to changes in vehicle load, which can affect performance, operational efficiency, and cost-effectiveness—especially for fleet-based services. This research aims to tackle the technical deficiency in forecasting electric vehicle (EV) range under various payload conditions
Khatal, SwarajGupta, AnjaliKrishna, Thallapaka
Robust validation of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) considering real-world conditions is a vital for ensuring safety. Mileage accumulation is a one of the validation method for ensuring ADAS system robustness. By subjecting systems to diverse real-world driving environments and edge-case scenarios, engineers can evaluate performance, reliability, and safety under realistic conditions. In accordance with ISO 21448 (SOTIF), known hazardous scenarios are explicitly tested during robustness validation in combination of virtual and physical testing at component, sub system and vehicle level, while unknown hazards may emerge through extended mileage by running vehicles on roads, allowing them to be identified and classified. However, defining a mileage target that ensures comprehensive safety remains a significant engineering challenge. This paper proposes a data-driven approach to define mileage accumulation targets for validating Autonomous Emergency Braking Systems (AEBS
Koralla, SivaprasadRavjani, AminTatikonda, VijayGadekar, Ganesh
Electric vehicles are becoming more popular due to the low-cost investment for individual daily usage, such as traveling to nearby places, offices, and schools. There are environmental benefits that make them green and produce less pollution compared to traditional vehicles. Two-wheeler electric vehicles (EVs) have more electronic components compared to two-wheeler internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. The major components in two-wheeler EVs are the motor and battery. The traction motor is driven by the battery, Battery is a primary energy source in 2Wheeler electric vehicle. An electric vehicle comprises different major electronic components such as the battery management system (BMS), motor control unit (MCU), human-machine interface (HMI), and, in some cases, a vehicle control unit (VCU) as well. Considering a 48V architecture or less than 60V provides advantages of low system cost as it requires less effort for safety measures. Furthermore, this paper explores diverse
Karunakar, PraveenK R, Amogh
A more recent focus on driver comfort and the increasing demand for wide range of information availability make automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) provide advanced features such as Head Up Display (HUD) system. Even though HUD projects vital information onto the windshield/glass, its structural integration comes with significant vibration challenges, leading to display instability and haziness. This paper discusses the significant design parameters influencing the functional effectiveness of HUD system. The structure considered for analysis is the HUD assembly and its integration in vehicle. Cross Car Beam (CCB) turns out to be the critical component of the vehicle structure susceptible to road excitations. Although it’s mass dampens the vibrations inherently, due to the low mass of the HUD, relative oscillation between its projector, mirror, and either the windshield or display causes image distortion This paper investigates in detail the role of HUD structural
Vardhanan K, Aravindha VishnuNaidu, SudhakaraTitave, Uttam
India’s severe road safety challenges, marked by high accident rates and fatalities, necessitate innovative solutions like Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) to align with SIAT 2026’s theme, “Innovative Pathways for Safe and Sustainable Mobility.” This paper synthesizes recent studies to explore ADAS’s role in enhancing safety and sustainability in India’s unique traffic environment. Technologies such as automatic emergency braking, lane departure warnings, and driver monitoring systems show promise in reducing crashes caused by human error, a leading factor in road incidents. However, India’s complex road conditions—unmarked lanes, dense urban traffic, and prevalent two-wheelers—pose significant challenges to ADAS effectiveness. There developed is a strong public support recently for ADAS, with many Indian road users recognizing its safety benefits and advocating for its integration into vehicles especially passenger vehicles. Despite growing adoption by automakers like Tata
Neelakanthu, KarraSreenivasulu, TKumar, OmHaregaonkar, Rushikesh SambhajiKumar, Rajiv
Meeting the stringent emissions norms of CEV stage V for medium BMEP engines, CI engines present significant challenges, particularly concerning cold startability. Low ambient temperatures and pressures intensify the cold start difficulties which are characterized by prolonged cranking, incidences of misfiring, compromised transient response and overall engine performance. This paper highlights the strategies and technologies employed to enhance cold start and transient performance of medium BMEP engines under such demanding environmental conditions. Investigations were conducted up to an altitude of 4500m and ambient temperatures as low as-20°C, utilizing only air heater at intake manifold as the sole cold start aid. This cost effective approach is integrated with an optimized combustion chamber design, along with minimal pilot injection timing and quantity to facilitate smooth ignition and stable combustion during cold start. The paper also explore the techniques to improve the
Saxena, HarshitLokare, PrasadSanthosh, AjithGandhi, NareshShinde, Prashant
The Indian automobile industry is experiencing a significant shift, propelled by environmental necessities and national climate obligations set at the CoP26 summit, aiming for a 45% decrease in CO₂ emissions by 2030 and reaching carbon neutrality by 2070 [1]. Transportation continues to be a significant source of air pollution; consequently, India is enhancing its regulatory frameworks with BS VI Stage 2 regulations, CAFE Phase III norms set for 2027, and CAFE Phase IV by 2032 [2]. Furthermore, the transition from MIDC to WLTP driving cycle is meant to increase the accuracy of the efficiency and emissions assessments [2]. To comply to these upcoming regulations, the automotive industry is moving toward producing high efficiency engines in India. A naturally aspirated (NA) 1.5L, 4-cylinder inline gasoline engine was selected from Indian market for this study. Maximum Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of this engine is around 37%. Assessment of new technologies were performed by
Garg, ShivamFischer, MarcusEmran, AshrafJagodzinski, BartoschFranzke, Bjoern
Global emission norms are getting very strict due to combat the harmful pollutants from internal combustion engine. Hence internal combustion engine (ICE)-based agricultural tractors need to introduce complex after-treatment systems and fuel optimization to provide same or higher value to farmers as cost of these systems drive the overall cost of the product. Engineers around the world are building Electric vehicles to combat the problem and has range issues due to design constraints & Hybrid tractors have emerged as a promising intermittent solution. It helps in combining the advantages of respective ICE and electrification solutions while reducing overall vehicle emissions and enhances operational flexibility. This paper presents a modular thermal modes system developed for a hybrid electric tractor platform where a downsized diesel engine operates at optimal efficiency DC generator used to charge the battery & DC converter is used to charge the auxiliary battery. Battery which is
K, SunilD, MariNatarajan, SaravananKumawat, Deepakrojamanikandan, ArumughamK, MalaV, SridharanMuniappan, BalakrishnanMakana, Mohan
Accurate and realistic simulation of LiDAR data is critical for the development and validation of autonomous driving systems. However, existing simulation approaches often suffer from a significant sim-to-real gap due to oversimplified modelling of physical interactions and environmental factors. In this work, we present a physics-informed deep learning framework that bridges this gap by enhancing the realism of simulated LiDAR data using generative adversarial networks guided by domain-specific physical constraints for LiDAR intensity. Our method incorporates key physical factors such as range, surface material properties, angle of incidence, and environmental conditions along with their underlying physical relationships as constraints into the Cycle-Consistent GAN architecture, enabling it to learn realistic transformations from synthetic to real-world LiDAR intensity data without requiring paired samples. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach across multiple datasets
Anand, VivekYadav, SouravLimba, MohitPandey, GauravLohani, Bharat
Traditionally, occupant safety research has centered on passive safety systems such as seatbelts, airbags, and energy-absorbing vehicle structures, all designed under the assumption of a nominal occupant posture at the moment of impact. However, with increasing deployment of active safety technologies such as Forward Collision Warning (FCW) and Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB), vehicle occupants are exposed to pre-crash decelerations that alter their seated position before the crash. Although AEB mitigates the crash severity, the induced occupant movement leads to out-of-position behavior (OOP), compromising the available survival space phase and effectiveness of passive restraint systems during the crash. Despite these evolving real-world conditions, global regulatory bodies and NCAP programs continue to evaluate pre-crash and crash phases independently, with limited integration. Moreover, traditional Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATDs) such as Hybrid III dummies, although highly
Pendurthi, Chaitanya SagarTHANIGAIVEL RAJA, TKondala, HareeshSudarshan, B.SudarshanNehe, VaibhavRao, Guruprakash
Automotive displays have become an essential part of modern vehicles, not just for aesthetics but also for improving safety and user interaction. As cars get smarter, the industry is leaning heavily into advanced display technologies to provide drivers and passengers with clearer, more responsive visuals. Technologies like Active Matrix LCDs (AMLCDs) and AMOLEDs are now common in dashboards, infotainment systems, digital clusters, and even head-up displays. These display types are popular because they offer great brightness, vibrant color, and wide viewing angles — all of which are important in a car, where lighting conditions can change constantly. But to make these displays work effectively, a solid backplane is critical. That’s where technologies like amorphous silicon (a-Si) and low-temperature polysilicon (LTPS) come in. Among these, LTPS has gained popularity due to its ability to support high-resolution, high-refresh-rate screens, thanks to its higher carrier mobility. Still
Sinha Roy, DebarghyaDuggal, AnanyaSingh, Ujjwal Kumar
Improving transaxle efficiency is vital for enhancing the overall performance and energy economy of electric vehicles. This study presents a systematic approach to minimizing power losses in a single-speed, two-stage reduction e-transaxle (standalone) by implementing a series of component-level design optimizations. The investigation begins with the replacement of conventional transmission oil with a next-generation low-viscosity transmission fluid. By adopting a lower-viscosity lubricant, the internal fluid resistance is reduced, leading to lower churning losses and improved efficiency across a wide range of operating conditions. Following this, attention is directed toward refining the gear macro-geometry to create a gear set with reduced power losses. This involves adjustments to parameters such as module, helix angle, pressure angle, and tooth count, along with the introduction of a positive profile shift. These modifications improve the contact pattern, lower sliding friction, and
Agrawal, DeveshBhardwaj, AbhishekBhandari, Kiran Kamlakar
This paper focuses on the cabin sound quality refinement and the tactile vibration reduction during horn application in the electric vehicle. A loud cracking sound inside the cabin and higher accelerator pedal vibration are perceived while operating the horn. Sound diagnosis is carried out to find out the frequencies causing the cracking noise. Transfer path analysis is conducted to identify the nature of noise and the predominant path through which forces transfer. Based on finding from TPA, various recommendations are evaluated which reduced the noise to a certain extent. Operational Deflection Shape (ODS) is conducted on the horn mounting bracket and on the body to identify the component having higher deflection at the identified frequencies. Recommendations like DPDS improvement on the horn bracket and the body is assessed and the effect of each outcome is discussed. With all the recommendations proposed, the cabin noise levels are reduced by ~ 8 dB (A) and the accelerator pedal
S, Nataraja MoorthyRao, ManchiR, Ashwin sathyaS, THARAKESWARULURaghavendran, Prasath
Nowadays, vehicle enthusiasts often vary the driving patterns, from high-speed driving to off-roading. This leads to a continuous increase in demand for four-wheel drive (4WD) vehicles. A 4WD vehicle have better traction control with enhanced stability. The performance and reliability of 4WD vehicles at high speeds are significantly influenced by driveline stiffness and natural frequency, which are largely affected by the propeller shaft and transfer case. This study focuses on the design optimization of the transfer case and the propeller shafts to enhance the vehicle performance at high speeds. The analysis begins with a comprehensive study of factors affecting the power transfer path, transfer case stiffness, and critical frequency, including material properties, propeller shaft geometry, and different boundary conditions. Advanced computational methods are employed to model the dynamic behavior of the powertrain, identifying the natural frequency of the transfer case and propeller
Kumar, SarveshYadav, SahdevS, ManickarajaSanjay, LKanagaraj, PothirajJain, Saurabh KumarDeole, Subodh M