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Announcements for SAE Mobilus

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Vertical Flight Society Technical Papers - Coming Soon to Mobilus
Vertical Flight Society papers coming soon to SAE Mobilus. In partnership with the Vertical Flight Society (VFS), SAE Mobilus will be hosting more than 17,000 technical papers and proceedings from VFS. Click here to see a sample of the content covering decades of rotorcraft and vertical flight technologies.
Important Update – Accessibility Enhancements on SAE Mobilus
We’re pleased to share that SAE Mobilus has recently completed a comprehensive set of accessibility improvements across the platform. As a result, Mobilus is now aligned with WCAG 2.2 Level AA standards in most key categories. These updates are part of our ongoing commitment to ensuring the platform is accessible to all users. Enhancements include improvements to keyboard navigation, screen reader compatibility, visual contrast, error handling, and overall usability across core areas of the site. An updated Voluntary Product Accessibility Template (VPAT v2.5 – March 2026) is now available, providing a detailed overview of our accessibility conformance. You can access the VPAT directly within the Help section. Accessibility is a continuous effort. We will continue to evaluate and improve the platform to better support all users and meet evolving standards. If you have any feedback or experience any accessibility issues, we welcome your input. - The SAE Mobilus Team
SAE AI Chat — Update and What's Next
* Important Update - SAE AI chatbot Beta program * The SAE AI Chatbot Beta program - Phase 1 will end on March 31, 2026. Following this date, the AI chatbot capabilities will be temporarily unavailable as we begin development of a significantly enhanced version. We sincerely thank all Phase 1 Beta participants for their engagement and valuable feedback - your insights have played an important role in shaping the next phase of this experience. The upcoming version of the SAE AI Chatbot will expand content coverage beyond current standards, incorporating additional critical resources from our digital library. It will also be made available to a broader audience across Mobilus. Want to be part of what's next? Register your interest here to receive updates and be considered for early access. For additional information, visit the FAQs. — The Mobilus Team
SAE International Digitization and AI Policy
SAE International prohibits the entry of SAE Content into any form of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT, OpenAI, or Microsoft Copilot. Additionally, creating derivatives of SAE Content using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from SAE International. In the case of such use, SAE International will suspend access to SAE Content, and further legal action will be considered.
Welcome to the new SAE Mobilus®
  Welcome to the new era of SAE Mobilus®, redesigned with a modern, intuitive web interface featuring enhanced search capabilities to help you stay informed and easily discover content. Login today: To access content within your subscription and make the most of the platform, please log into your subscription and your personal My Library (sign up is free) located in the top right corner of the screen.   Key Features Intuitive User Interface: We've listened to our customers and tied this to the best practices in the industry to offer an improved, intuitive, and desirable website experience for our users.​ Improved In-app Discoverability: Enhanced search and expanded menu featuring search suggestions that allow for quick discovery of content.​ Announcements: Stay up to date on new features through a dedicated announcements page. Most recent announcements also get featured on the homepage.​ Enhanced Browse capabilities: Browse through over 200,000 publications that are now classified into categories commonly used across the industry. Deep-dive further into any topic or sub-topic of interest to make the most for your corporate projects or research.​ Smart Automation: "Meta Tags" on each result will help you find content related to your search.​ My Library: My dashboard is rebranded as My Library with powerful features to help you make the most out of the platform Mobile Friendly: Upgraded navigation on mobile devices​ Training Available SAE’s Customer Success team is dedicated to delivering the best platform experience possible. Through monthly trainings and short, on-demand video tutorials, find answers to your questions here: SAE Mobilus Spotlight training - Available monthly, hosted live by SAE’s Customer Success team Mobilus Minute – 2-minute videos, available on-demand   Need some troubleshooting help? Access our FAQs by visiting our Help section: https://saemobilus.sae.org/help/home Resources to help you navigate the new platform are available here, where you can find links to quick start guides and video tutorials on features like My Library, Announcements, Saved Search, Login and new features. Have feedback that you'd like to share with us? Please submit your feedback to the Mobilus team through the blue Knowledge bot in the bottom right hand corner of the new platform.

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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

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Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster ResponseEPR202501711/24/2025
The wing-in-ground effect (WIG) vehicle represents a significant advancement in aerodynamics and vehicle design, leveraging the ground effect phenomenon to enhance lift and reduce drag when flying close to the surface. This unique capability allows WIG vehicles to achieve higher payloads, longer range, and greater fuel efficiency compared to traditional aircraft, making them an attractive option for modern military and global disaster response applications. Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response discusses future disaster response, logistics, and military applications for WIG vehicles, including the ongoing development of aerospace and transportation technology. Relavant advancements in materials and propulsion systems holds promise for further enhancing WIG performance and operational range. Additionally, cost-effective and powerful flight computers with various types of mission-enabling sensor suites from the advanced air mobility and drone industry further enable the development of modern, safe, and practical WIG platforms. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Next-gen AI for Aerospace EngineeringEPR20250169/22/2025
Despite growing investments, the widespread adoption and scalable deployment of generative artificial intelligence (AI) remains a challenge due to data trustworthiness, regulatory uncertainty, interpretability, and ethical governance. The need to accelerate automation and maintain the human-in-the-loop demonstrates broader questions of responsibility and transparency. Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering investigates the transformative role of GenAI within aerospace engineering, examining its shift from conventional workflows toward more AI-driven solutions in design, manufacturing, and maintenance. It emphasizes GenAI’s emerging ability to automate repetitive mundane tasks, reduce design complexity, and optimize engineering pipelines. The report underscores the need for validation methods that must align AI-generated outputs with physics-informed models, integration with legacy engineering tools (e.g., computational fluid dynamics, finite element analysis, digital twins), and mitigation of algorithmic biases. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen VehiclesEPR20250159/22/2025
The next generation of mobility, driven by shared, driverless, connected, and electrified vehicles, holds strong potential to advance sustainability through lower emissions and improved resource efficiency. However, critical questions remain regarding their true environmental impact, including battery lifecycle management, material consumption, and circular manufacturing practices. Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles explores these unresolved issues, focusing on the shift from internal combustion to electric vehicles, supply chain challenges, regulatory gaps, and the operational realities of sustainable productization. It also critically examines the risks of greenwashing, the need for consistent standards, and the role of intersectoral collaboration—with energy, urban planning, information and communications technologies, and waste management sectors—in building resilient, scalable solutions. The report provides strategic recommendations and actionable solutions to help stakeholders better navigate the transition toward a circular future for mobility. It further highlights the overlooked complexities in the Global South, emphasizing the importance of ethical market expansion and localized mobility strategies. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation FeaturesEPR20250138/13/2025
Advanced technologies that assist the human driver or reduce (or even eliminate) the human driver’s role are becoming increasingly prevalent in new light-duty vehicles used by the general public. These technologies are divided between Active Safety features that monitor the human driver and vehicle motion and act intermittently to mitigate and avoid crashes, and Driving Automation features that assume some or all of the dynamic driving task from the human driver. Both types of technologies have the potential to reduce injuries and save lives by reducing the frequency and/or severity of crashes. Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features addresses the current capabilities and future potential for Active Safety and Driving Automation features to reduce crash frequency and severity and provides an overview of the state of the industry for both types of features, including current deployments, trends, and anticipated rollouts. Gaps in knowledge, unsettled issues, and suggestions for future research will also be discussed. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural RobotsEPR20250128/13/2025
The automation of labor-intensive picking and planting operations is having an immediate impact in the agricultural indutry. In its simplest form, robotic automation can reduce the labor and soil disturbance while enabling organic soil cover and increasing species diversification through precision approaches to planting, weeding, and spraying. With this, pesticides and fertilizers can be applied in a more targeted way, and with machinery visiting fields more frequently, earlier and more targeted intervention can occur before pests become established. Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots identifies issues that need to be resolved fo for this technology to thrive, including improving methods of acquiring and labeling training data to facilitate more accurate models for specific applications. It also discusses concepts such as general-purpose mechanical platforms for use as carriers of agricultural automation systems with high stability, positional accuracy, and variable track, as well as the economics of moving capital intensive automation systems toward a service-provision business model. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous VehiclesEPR20250147/18/2025
Autonomous vehicle motion planning and control are vital components of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. Recent advances in both data- and physical model-driven methods have improved driving performance, yet current technologies still fall short of achieving human-level driving in complex, dynamic traffic scenarios. Key challenges include developing safe, efficient, and human-like motion planning strategies that can adapt to unpredictable environments. Data-driven approaches leverage deep neural networks to learn from extensive datasets, offering promising avenues for intelligent decision-making. However, these methods face issues such as covariate shift in imitation learning and difficulties in designing robust reward functions. In contrast, conventional physical model-driven techniques use rigorous mathematical formulations to generate optimal trajectories and handle dynamic constraints. Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-Driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles presents a hybrid framework that combines data-driven insights with the robustness of physical models. It identifies key challenges in fusing these disparate methods and outlines potential solutions in developing robust fusion strategies, establishing generalized mixed dynamics models, and designing multi-objective robust control systems. In addition, the report explores future research directions to enhance learning efficiency, improve adaptability to rare but critical scenarios, and ultimately pave the way for secure, efficient, and human-like autonomous driving systems. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial IntelligenceEPR20250115/21/2025
Driven by the vast consumer marketplace, the electronics megatrend has reshaped nearly every sector of society. The advancements in semiconductors and software, originally built to serve consumer demand, are now delivering significant value to non-consumer industries. Today, electronics are making inroads into traditionally conservative, safety-critical sectors such as automotive and aerospace. In doing so, electronics—now further propelled by artificial intelligence—are disrupting the functional safety architectures of these cyber-physical systems. Electronics have created the world of cyber-physical systems, raising broader concerns about the broader category of product assurance. Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence continues the work of previous SAE Edge Research Reports in examining open research challenges arising from this shift, particularly in automotive systems, as core electronic technologies (e.g., the combination of software and communications) have even redefined what it means to be a "product." Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Edge Artificial Intelligence in Connected, Cooperative and Automated MobilityEPR20250095/20/2025
With many stakeholders involved, and major investments supporting it, the advancements in automated driving (AD) are undoubtedly there. Generally speaking, the motivation for advancing AD is driver convenience and road safety. Regarding the development of AD, original equipment manufacturers, technology start-ups, and AD systems developers have taken different approaches for automated vehicles (AVs). Some manufacturers are on the path toward stand-alone vehicles, mostly relying on onboard sensors and intelligence. On the other hand, the connected, cooperative, and automated mobility (CCAM) approach relies on additional communication and information exchange to ensure safe and secure operation. CCAM holds great potential to improve traffic management, road safety, equity, and convenience. In both approaches, there are increasingly large amounts of data generated and used for AD functions in perception, situational awareness, path prediction, and decision-making. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is instrumental in processing such data, and in that context, “edge AI” is a more recent type of implementation. Edge AI involves AI algorithms in edge computing devices, which requires hardware operating close to where data is generated. This report explores the potential of edge AI in CCAM. Different perspectives on edge AI for CCAM are explored and definitions drafted. Primary applications are explored, and an outlook on further advancements in applications is presented. The report includes a discussion on the benefits, risks, and challenges related to the use of edge AI in this domain. Major issues such as privacy and cybersecurity are considered, as are misconceptions. Furthermore, potential learning benefits, using experiences gained in other sectors, are introduced. NOTE: SAE Edge Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. These reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.
Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic ManagementEPR20250085/20/2025
The transportation industry is transforming with the integration of advanced data technologies, edge devices, and artificial intelligence (AI). Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are pivotal in optimizing traffic flow and safety. Central to this are transportation management centers, which manage transportation systems, traffic flow, and incident responses. Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management explores emerging trends in transportation data, focusing on data collection, aggregation, and sharing. Effective data management, AI application, and secure data sharing are crucial for optimizing operations. Integrating edge devices with existing systems presents challenges impacting security, cost, and efficiency. Ultimately, AI in transportation offers significant opportunities to predict and manage traffic conditions. AI-driven tools analyze historical data and current conditions to forecast future events. The importance of multidisciplinary approaches and educational programs in leveraging AI for transportation applications are emphasized in this report. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on EarthEPR20250054/24/2025
Recent advances are reducing the cost of space launch, high specific power solar cells, and the production of satellite systems. Modular architectures with no moving parts and distributed power systems would minimize assembly and maintenance costs. Together, this may enable space-based solar power to provide decarbonized dispatchable power at a lower cost than equivalent technologies such as nuclear power stations. Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on Earth discusses the advances in emerging technologies, like thin film solar cells, reusable launch vehicles, and mass-produced modular satellite systems that would make economic space power feasible. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Latest Journal Issues

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Passenger Vehicle Systems
SAE International Journal of Passenger Vehicle Systems
Electrified Vehicles
SAE International Journal of Electrified Vehicles
Advances and Current Practices in Mobility
SAE International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility
Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy
SAE International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy
Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy
SAE International Journal of Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy
Connected and Automated Vehicles
SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles
Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH
SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH
Transportation Safety
SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety
Alternative Powertrains
SAE International Journal of Alternative Powertrains
Commercial Vehicles
SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles
Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems
SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems
Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems
SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems
Materials and Manufacturing
SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing
Engines
SAE International Journal of Engines
Aerospace
SAE International Journal of Aerospace

Recent Books

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Composite Materials Handbook Volume 5 - Revision BR-4608/27/2026
The fifth volume of this six-volume compendium publishes technical guidance and properties on ceramic matrix composite material systems. The selected guidance on technical topics related to this class of composites includes material selection, processing, characterization, testing, data reduction, design, analysis, quality control, application, case histories, and lessons learned of typical ceramic matrix composite materials. Volume 5, which covers ceramic matrix composites, supersedes MIL-HDBK-17-5 of June 17, 2002. The Composite Materials Handbook, referred to by industry groups as CMH-17, is an engineering reference tool that contains over 1,000 records of the latest test data for polymer matrix, metal matrix, ceramic matrix, and structural sandwich composites. CMH-17 provides information and guidance necessary to design and fabricate end items from composite materials. It includes properties of composite materials that meet specific data requirements as well as guidelines for design, analysis, material selection, manufacturing, quality control, and repair. The primary purpose of the handbook is to standardize engineering methodologies related to testing, data reduction, and reporting of property data for current and emerging composite materials. It is used by engineers worldwide in designing and fabricating products made from composite materials.
July 2026 AMS IndexAMSJULY-20267/22/2026
Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2026 - Volume IB-994_VOLUME17/1/2026
The Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization MMPDS-2026 supersedes MMPDS-25 and prior editions of the MMPDS Handbook as well as all editions of MIL-HDBK-5, Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures Handbook that were maintained by the U.S. Air Force. The last edition, MIL-HDBK-5J was cancelled by the U.S. Air Force in March 2006. This document contains design information on the mechanical and physical properties of metallic materials and joints commonly used in aircraft and aerospace vehicle structures. All information contained in this Handbook has been reviewed and approved using a standardized process. The development and ongoing maintenance process involves certifying agencies, including the FAA, DoD, and NASA, and major material suppliers and material users worldwide. The information and procedures in this Handbook are continuously reviewed and modified or removed as determined to be appropriate. With advances in materials and fastener systems, and with the review process of existing information, periodic updates of the MMPDS should be expected. As such, it is recommended that the latest version of the MMPDS be used. Volume II: Process Intensive Materials and Joining Technologies.
Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2026 - Volume IIB-994_VOLUME27/1/2026
Volume II publishes the framework for generating and analyzing the data so that material sponsors can generate the right data, knowing how it will be analyzed by the Battelle Memorial Institute. MMPDS-2026 Volume II Process Intensive Materials and Joining Technologies does not currently have any material properties, focusing on additive manufacturing of metallic materials. MMPDS-2026 Volume II focuses on non-conventional processes and will be published each year. Volume I: Conventional Materials and Joint Allowables.
1D and MultiD Modeling Techniques for IC Engine Simulation Second EditionR-5805/29/2026
The internal combustion (IC) engine remains the most widely used thermal machine in the world and will continue to play a central role in global mobility for decades to come. Even as alternative powertrains expand, optimized IC engines—often integrated within hybrid and electrified architectures—are essential to achieving low fuel consumption, near-zero pollutant emissions, and reduced carbon dioxide output. Advances in combustion strategies, synthetic fuels, turbocharging, and aftertreatment systems are driving this evolution. This fully revised and expanded second edition reflects the rapid progress made in engine modeling and simulation over the past two decades. One-dimensional (1D), three-dimensional (3D), and coupled 1D–3D modeling techniques have become indispensable tools in modern engine design, enabling engineers to evaluate performance, efficiency, and emissions through advanced virtual engine environments. Bringing together contributions from leading international researchers and industry experts, this book presents the most significant and recent developments in IC engine simulation. Topics include 0D, 1D, quasi-3D, and full 3D modeling approaches; turbocharging and aftertreatment systems; co-simulation and real-time applications; hydrogen and two-stroke engines; and advanced thermal modeling techniques. Designed for engineers, researchers, and graduate students, this second edition serves as a comprehensive reference for understanding, comparing, and applying state-of-the-art IC engine modeling methodologies in an evolving mobility landscape. Chapter topics include: • state of the art of 1D thermo-fluid dynamic simulation models • virtual engine development: 1D- and 3D-CFD up to full engine simulation • advanced 0D and quasiD thermodynamic combustion models for SI and CI engines • compressor and turbine (turbocharger, supercharger, or turbocompounding device) as boundary conditions for 1D simulations • 3D-CFD combustion models for SI and CI engines • model order reduction for real-time simulation and control applications • modeling of EGR systems •1D engine model in XiL application-a simulation environment for the entire powertrain development process • coupling of 1D and 3D fluid dynamic models for hybrid simulations • extending the 1D approach to the simulation of 3D components: the quasi-3D approach • 1D simulation models for aftertreatment components• 3D simulation models for after-treatment systems • modeling of IC engine silencers and tailpipe noise: 1D and 3D approaches • hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines • optimization of the gas exchange process in advanced 2-stroke engines • IC engine 0D/1D thermal modeling
Variable Compression Systems for Future Engines and FuelsR-5534/30/2026
Variable Compression Engines: Enabling Net Zero explores variable compression ratio (VCR): one of the most promising—and historically elusive—advancements in internal combustion engine (ICE) technology. Long recognized for its thermodynamic benefits, VCR has challenged engineers for decades due to its mechanical complexity. Today, as the global mobility landscape demands ever higher efficiency, lower emissions, and greater fuel flexibility, VCR has emerged as a viable and transformative solution. This book delivers a comprehensive and authoritative examination of VCR technology, quantifying its efficiency and CO2-reduction potential while surveying the wide range of mechanisms conceived, developed, and tested over more than a century of engine innovation. By combining historical insight with modern analysis, the authors reveal the remarkable ingenuity of past and present engine designers—and demonstrate that VCR is not only feasible, but increasingly essential. Positioned squarely within the context of global decarbonization, the book argues for a realistic, inclusive pathway to net-zero emissions—one in which ICEs continue to play a critical role. VCR technology enables higher efficiency across almost all operating conditions, supports advanced combustion strategies, and allows engines to operate effectively on a broad spectrum of low- and zero-carbon fuels, from biofuels to synthetic e-fuels. With VCR now in high-volume production and poised for broader adoption across automotive, heavy-duty, and marine applications, this timely volume is an essential resource for OEMs, suppliers, policymakers, researchers, and students seeking practical, scalable solutions for a sustainable energy future. Chapter topics include: • compression ratios and fuels • compression ratio limits • cylinder head VCR • cylinder block VCR • connecting rod variable compression • piston VCR • cranktrain and linkages VCR • modulated crankshaft eccentricity VCR • axial or barrel engine VCRs • high power and downsized engines • impact of VCR systems on engines • VCR applications for the future • variable compression for future engines and fuels • VCR cost–benefit analysis
Aerospace Standards Index - 2026ASIN20262/25/2026
This valuable resource lists all Aerospace Standards (AS), Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP), Aerospace Information Reports (AIR), and Aerospace Resource Documents (ARD) published by SAE. Each listing includes title, subject, document number, key words, new and revised documents, and DODISS-adopted documents. AMS Index - Now Available!
Business Reliability Growth for Automotive Engineering, Volume 4R-5522/17/2026
In a world where every business process is under pressure to perform faster, safer, and more reliably, this book delivers a powerful roadmap for sustained operational excellence. Centered on the proven methodology of Design of Experiments (DOE), it shows how organizations can move beyond reactive problem-solving to systematic reliability growth. From well-defined standard operating practices to management-level decision-making, the book connects strategy, data, and execution to create repeatable, measurable results across the enterprise. Readers are guided through practical, real-world applications of DOE, from selecting the right factors and levels to executing robust experiments, analyzing outcomes, validating solutions, and continuously monitoring performance. Each chapter translates complex statistical and engineering concepts into actionable business value, helping teams improve quality, reduce waste, and increase return on investment. Key capabilities explored in this book include: • Holistic reliability across design, manufacturing, supply chain, and marketing. • Advanced experimental designs, including split-plot and fractional factorial methods. • Fault tree analysis (FTA) and FMEA for failure prediction and prevention. • Supply chain optimization through multivariate process control. • Production and field reliability using design for testability and diagnostics. • Electric vehicle system and battery reliability analysis. • Marketing reliability driven by voice of customer and data-based value analysis. This book is an essential resource for engineers, operations leaders, and technical managers who want to build resilient systems, unlock innovation, and achieve long-term competitive advantage through disciplined, data-driven reliability.
Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation FuelsR-5471/22/2026
As global energy demands rise and environmental challenges intensify, the aviation industry faces a critical need to redefine how it powers the skies. Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels presents a comprehensive, research-driven exploration of the transition from fossil-based fuels to renewable alternatives that promise to reshape the future of air transportation. This book bridges the gap between academic knowledge and industrial application, offering a detailed overview of the science, technology, and policy driving the adoption of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs). From understanding feedstocks and conversion pathways to evaluating production technologies, emissions performance, and life-cycle impacts, the text equips readers with a holistic understanding of SAFs within today’s global energy landscape. Across five insightful chapters, readers will find a clear roadmap: the evolution and importance of SAFs; production methods and technological foundations; environmental performance and emissions reduction potential; safety, certification, and market integration; and future projections supported by international initiatives and regulatory frameworks. By combining technical depth with practical relevance, Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels serves as both a foundational reference and a forward-looking guide for researchers, policymakers, industry professionals, and students. It underscores that achieving sustainability in aviation depends not only on innovation but also on global collaboration, paving the way toward cleaner skies and a resilient, low-carbon future for air travel.
SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected VehiclesR-5591/20/2026
The convergence of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and connected vehicle technologies is ushering in a transformative era of automotive innovation—one that is fundamentally enhancing vehicle safety, efficiency, reliability, and the overall driving experience. SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles stands as the definitive reference for this rapidly evolving domain, meticulously compiled to clarify and standardize the language shaping modern mobility. Inside, readers will find clear, authoritative definitions encompassing the full spectrum of technologies that enable connected and automated driving—including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication systems. This comprehensive resource translates complex engineering terminology into accessible language, enabling engineers, researchers, policymakers, educators, and enthusiasts to share a common technical foundation. Reflecting the latest global standards, research, and innovations, this dictionary bridges the gap between theory and application. It fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, supports safer system design, and provides clarity for those engaged in regulatory development or technology deployment. As the pace of mobility innovation accelerates, precise and accessible communication becomes indispensable. SAE International remains committed to advancing global transportation knowledge—empowering professionals to navigate, contribute to, and shape the future of intelligent, connected, and sustainable mobility with confidence and clarity.

Recently Published

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Research on the Identification Method of Flow Modes during the Hypersonic Inlet Unstart/Restart Process2026-99-236810/30/2026
In air-breathing hypersonic flight, when the flow conditions upstream and downstream are not appropriate, the air inlet is prone to failure to start, which can lead to engine stall or even flight failure. Therefore, real-time identification methods for air inlet flow modes must be developed. This paper takes the hypersonic inlet as the research object. In the wind tunnel experiment, the switching of the inlet unstarting/restarting was achieved by changing the Angle of attack, and the shadow images during the mode switching process and the pressure signals of multiple wall measurement points were obtained. The study shows that the traditional modal recognition method based on pressure amplitude, standard deviation, and power spectrum has a weak ability to recognize the starting/unstarting flow modes of the inlet in this paper. For this purpose, this paper proposes a flow mode recognition method based on pressure difference and standard deviation, which can achieve good recognition ability for each measurement point and has strong applicability. In addition, the method identifies the unstart point and the restart point separately instead of using a single detection threshold for judgment, significantly improving the accuracy of flow mode identification.
Si, Jinglin, Pi, Cuixuan, Xu, Shangcheng, Wang, Yunlong
Optimization and Validation of a Lumbar Spine Model for Aviation Vertical Impact Simulation Based on THUMS2026-99-237110/30/2026
In assessing lumbar spine injuries of civil aircraft occupants under vertical impact, existing anthropomorphic test devices cannot accurately capture the injury mechanisms. Digital human body models, such as THUMS, are primarily developed for automotive crashes, and their default seated posture differs from that of real civil aircraft occupants. Although the THUMS model can be adjusted to better represent civil aircraft occupants’ seating posture, the mechanical response of the lumbar spine after adjustment has not been sufficiently validated. This limits the model’s reliable use in assessing lumbar spine injuries of civil aircraft occupants. To address this limitation, the THUMS lumbar spine model was modified to reflect aircraft seating posture and physiological lumbar lordosis, and the stiffness of key lumbar ligaments was systematically optimized. Following optimization, the model’s mechanical response curves under flexion, anterior shear, tension, and compression all fell within the post-mortem human subject (PMHS) response corridors, with deviations from the mean PMHS curves significantly reduced. Under the typical 14 g vertical impact specified by FAR 25.562, the optimized lumbar spine exhibited lower peak flexion moments at all lumbar levels, while the axial compressive load and predicted injury risk became more concentrated in the upper lumbar spine. These findings indicate that directly using the original THUMS model may underestimate injury risk in the upper lumbar region while overestimating it in the lower lumbar segments. Posture adjustment, lumbar curvature correction, and ligament stiffness optimization enhance model biofidelity, providing a more reliable basis for the assessment of occupant lumbar injuries.
Shi, Xiaopeng, Jiang, Zihao
Study on Interface Design and Functional Tolerance of Structured Composites for Zero Thermal Expansion Performance2026-99-232310/30/2026
Structured zero thermal expansion composites demonstrate significant application potential in thermal deformation control for high-end equipment, particularly aerospace precision instruments, due to their unique ultra-low thermal expansion properties. However, during the transition from theoretical design models to manufacturing models, uncertainties at connection interfaces and manufacturing errors alter the thermal deformation coordination between heterogeneous components within the material, leading to significant degradation of its zero thermal expansion performance. To address this issue, this study focuses on lattice-structured zero thermal expansion composites derived from topology optimization. First, the connection interface design between heterogeneous lattice components was completed. Subsequently, two typical manufacturing errors—dimensional errors and assembly tolerances—were incorporated into the manufacturability model. Using Monte Carlo random sampling, a mapping relationship was established between the random and discrete manufacturing errors and the composite's equivalent thermal expansion performance. Building upon this foundation, a yield rate metric based on functional tolerance concepts was introduced. This metric was used to evaluate how different interface configurations affect the stability of zero thermal expansion performance. The results demonstrate that, under identical manufacturing precision conditions, different interface configurations exhibit significantly varying thermal expansion stability in response to manufacturing errors characterized by structural parameter dispersion. This research provides valuable insights for translating theoretical designs of such functional materials into manufacturable solutions that meet thermal expansion performance requirements.
Yan, Shaojie, Yang, Zihao, Zhang, Yongcun
Experimental Investigation on Flame Characteristic for Civil Aircraft Propulsion System Fireproof Test2026-99-231710/30/2026
In order to meet the airworthiness regulations, the civil aircraft propulsion system needs to carry out the necessary fireproof test. The measurement of the flame temperature is very essential for the certification and validation of fire protection thermal simulation models, and also helps to establish the empirical understanding of complex flame behaviors. In order to investigate the influence of the specimen on the flame temperature distribution, the two dimensional flame temperature distribution of the free burning test and several fireproof tests, including titanium panel fireproof tests, stainless steel panel fireproof tests, composite laminated panel fireproof tests, honeycomb sandwich panel fireproof tests, were experimental investigated in this paper. The test results shows that panel specimens significantly alter the temperature distribution of the standard flame and interfere with radiation heat transfer measured by thermocouple, resulting in a significant reduction in the temperature gradient of the flame and a obvious increment in the temperature of the surrounding non-flame-impinging zone. The central flame-impinging zone exhibits minimal temperature variation compared to the baseline flame at 1093 °C, with temperature elevation restricted to approximately 40 °C (within 4% deviation). Both metal panels and composite panels demonstrate consistent trends in affecting flame temperature distribution. However, compared to metal panels, composite materials induce smaller temperature gradients and more uniform temperature fields. Multiple burning tests on same panel progressively intensify the oxidation on the specimen surface, leading to a gradual decrement in flame temperature. Especially, this temperature reduction becomes statistically significant as early as the second time burning test.
Chen, Fang, Guo, Junxian, Peng, Sen
Research on Fault Diagnosis of Civil Aircraft Engine Thrust Reverser Deployment Overspeed with Small Samples Based on Semi-Supervised Learning2026-99-231910/30/2026
Civil aircraft engine thrust reversers are easy to have overspeed faults when they are being deployed, therefore this condition is very important for flight safety and maintenance work efficiency. The low sampling frequency, about 1Hz, of onboard data recording systems, for example WQAR, together with external environment interferences such as sudden strong winds, therefore causes a quite large number of wrong and missed alarms in fault data. Therefore, the labeled data that can be obtained are not only few in number but also have low quality. In this article, a fault diagnosis framework which is based on semi-supervised learning is put forward to solve the problems of high labeling expenses and fault diagnosis under the condition of small samples. This framework makes use of a small amount of labeled data and a large amount of unlabeled data. It uses Semi-Supervised Support Vector Machines, Semi-Supervised Neural Networks, and Semi-Supervised Random Forests for dynamic self- training to realize classification of three kinds of states: “Normal State,” “Low-Speed Thrust Reverser Deployment Exceedance,” and “Medium-Speed Thrust Reverser Deployment Exceedance”. The experiment outcomes show that the Semi-Supervised Neural Network model which uses self-training method has the highest classification accuracy on the test set, achieving 94.8%. Further robustness analysis, such as label noise and feature noise disturbance experiments, indicates that this model displays the smallest performance lowering under noisy environments, hence it represents the best overall performance. This research gives an effective method for the diagnosis of engine thrust reverser function problems in an effective and strong way.
Yuan, Xiaojiang, Liu, Nan
Aging Behavior of Double-Base Propellants under Negative Pressure Conditions2026-99-232010/30/2026
To investigate the effect of negative pressure environment on the aging behavior of solid propellants, a 60-day negative pressure accelerated aging test was carried out on SG-2 propellant with five working conditions: atmospheric pressure at room temperature, atmospheric pressure at 80°C, and negative pressure at 40°C/60°C/80°C. Combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the functional group evolution law and thermal decomposition kinetic characteristics of the periphery zone and core zone of the propellant were analyzed. The results show that the propellant exhibits significant inhomogeneous aging characteristics under negative pressure aging. The functional group structure in the periphery zone is more stable in the early aging stage; in the middle stage, components such as DNT and C2 in the core zone migrate to the periphery zone; in the late stage, the undegraded components in the core zone continuously supplement the periphery zone, making the functional group integrity of the periphery zone better than that of the core zone. DSC tests combined with Kissinger and Ozawa methods show that the thermal decomposition activation energy of the propellant decreases continuously with the increase of aging temperature under negative pressure environment, and the activation energy drops to 428.91 kJ/mol after aging at negative pressure 80°C. High temperature accelerates the volatilization of NG, the cross- linking of NC molecular chains and the consumption of stabilizer, leading to the easy breakage of O-NO₂ groups and the significant deterioration of thermal stability. This study clarifies that the aging mechanism of the propellant under negative pressure environment is the synergistic effect of component migration and diffusion, functional group decomposition and molecular chain cross-linking, which provides a theoretical basis for the storage and application of solid propellants in negative pressure service scenarios such as deep space exploration.
Gao, Peizhe, Deng, Hanyu, Tang, Yuqing, Yuan, Yichao, Shen, Nianyu
High-Temperature Sealed Disc Spring Compression Load-Holding Performance Testing and Material Parameter Calibration2026-99-232210/30/2026
In high-temperature sealed assemblies, disc springs provide sustained preload to suppress leakage. However, at elevated temperatures, material creep and stress relaxation may reduce elastic recovery and accumulate permanent deformation, thereby degrading sealing reliability. Because the material properties of commercially procured disc springs vary with suppliers and production batches, they are difficult to apply directly in the analysis of high-temperature components. This study investigates Inconel-800 disc springs. Sustained compression tests were conducted at 600–900 °C to systematically obtain load–time responses and the temperature dependence of permanent deformation. The results show that, as temperature increases, the rate of force decay accelerates significantly and the residual load decreases markedly. At 800 °C and 900 °C, the permanent deformation approaches the compression limit, indicating that time-dependent material deformation becomes the dominant factor. Based on these results, a finite-element model consistent with the test conditions was established. Material creep parameters were calibrated from component-level compression data by minimizing the discrepancy between simulated and experimental curves. The identified parameters were validated under different temperature conditions and loading cases. The simulation results agree well overall with the experiments, and the errors remain within engineeringly acceptable limits. This study provides baseline data and an engineering method for obtaining material parameters to support material selection and structural optimization of high-temperature sealed disc springs.
Yang, Yuyao, Cai, Xianhui
Feature Fusion and CNN-Based Acoustic-Emission Diagnosis for Aero-Engine Initial Damage2026-99-231610/30/2026
Acoustic emission (AE) signals generated by incipient aero-engine damage are usually weak, intermittent, and highly dependent on sensor position, which makes diagnosis based on a single channel unreliable. To address this issue, this paper develops a multi-sensor AE diagnosis framework that combines entropy-guided feature fusion with a convolutional neural network (CNN). Time-domain and frequency-domain descriptors are first extracted from AE waveforms collected by multiple sensors. The consistency of each feature type across channels is then evaluated using feature entropy. Features with lower entropy are considered more informative for damage discrimination and are therefore retained for fusion. Based on the normalized channel contributions of these selected features, an adaptive weighted fusion matrix is constructed and used as the input to the CNN. The method is validated on a self-built aero-engine structural test rig equipped with 12 AE sensors. Fifteen representative initial-damage cases are designed, including signal excitation, crack-like excitation simulated by pencil-lead break (PLB), and impact-induced micro-deformation cases. Experimental results show that the proposed framework achieves a best average classification accuracy of 96.80% and provides more balanced class-wise performance than conventional machine-learning and deep-learning baselines. Additional noise-injection tests further indicate that the method maintains good robustness over a wide signal-to-noise-ratio range. These results suggest that entropy-guided multi-sensor AE fusion is a practical solution for intelligent diagnosis of aero-engine initial damage.
Jin, Yucheng, Han, Cong, Zhang, Leixuan, Yang, Guoan
Abuse Takeoff Flight Test Technology and Risk Control for Civil Airplane2026-99-231810/30/2026
Abuse takeoff flight test is a necessary subject for airworthiness certification of civil transport airplane, which simulates the safety of the airplane in the event of inadvertent operation during takeoff. It is difficult and risky to test flight, which brings great challenges to the organization and implementation of flight test. Abuse takeoff flight tests include out-of-trim takeoff, early rotation takeoff, over rotation takeoff, early and over rotation takeoff and early and rapid rotation takeoff. Through theoretical calculation and reasonable analysis, the flight test methods and risk control measures of abuse takeoff are studied, the test results are given, and the factors affecting the flight test results are analyzed to ensure that the test results meet the requirements of airworthiness regulations.
Qu, Feizhou
Study on Fatigue Crack Growth of Sandwich Composite Panels with Opening2026-99-232710/30/2026
Owing to their remarkable specific strength and stiffness, coupled with superior impact resistance and thermal/acoustic insulation, sandwich composite panels are extensively utilized in marine, aerospace, and transportation sectors. In contrast to conventional monolithic structures, the multi-layered architecture of sandwich panels introduces complex fatigue failure mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. This study experimentally investigates a U-shaped core sandwich panel featuring a rectangular hatch opening under uniaxial tensile fatigue loading, aiming to characterize its crack initiation and propagation behavior. Subsequently, a custom three- dimensional fatigue crack growth simulation code is developed, grounded in linear elastic fracture mechanics and the extended finite element method (XFEM). A comparison with experimental measurements reveals that the maximum relative error between the predicted and observed fatigue life is 15.7%. The findings offer a theoretical foundation and a technical reference for the fatigue design and life assessment of such sandwich structures.
Chen, Siyu, Xu, Yunze, Liu, Gang
Practical Predefined-Time Observer for Hypersonic Vehicle Attitude Control2026-99-232810/30/2026
This article proposes a practical predefined-time observer for hypersonic vehicle attitude control. To improve the convergence performance, a practical predefined-time condition is introduced into the observer. This design provides high flexibility and allows for a precise prediction of the maximum settling time, which does not depend on initial conditions. Moreover, the actual settling time can be adjusted by modifying the preset parameters. Numerical simulations are carried out to confirm the theoretical properties and to illustrate the observer’s effectiveness.
Zhang, Yufei, Yang, Hua, Chen, Weifang
Experimental Study on Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics in Rectangular Enhanced Channels2026-99-232610/30/2026
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Shao, Yawei, Li, Benke, Li, Li, Qian, Jiyu, Wei, Tao
A Threshold-Constrained Extended Kalman Filter for TDOA-Based UAV Localization2026-99-234810/30/2026
Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) combined with the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is a widely used approach for dynamic target localization. However, in practical UAV localization scenarios, the EKF may suffer from divergence caused by nonlinear measurement characteristics, initialization errors, and measurement disturbances. To improve the robustness of EKF-based TDOA localization, this paper proposes a threshold-constrained EKF method, in which the velocity components of the updated state are limited within a physically reasonable range. The proposed strategy suppresses abnormal state updates and improves tracking stability under noisy conditions. Simulation results under straight, square, and circular trajectories, as well as outdoor experiments with real UAV signal data, show that the proposed method achieves better localization accuracy than the conventional TDOA-EKF. In the real-world tests, the mean localization error is reduced by 38.31% and 74.36% for two flight paths, respectively. The proposed method provides a simple and practical way to improve the robustness of TDOA-based UAV localization.
Lv, Zhenbin, Li, Yingying, Shen, Huaming, Zhou, Haosu, Wang, Anping, Zou, Weiwen
Process and Performance Optimization Design of Metal-3D Braided Composite Joint Structures2026-99-234910/30/2026
The sleeve is the key assembly part of the high-speed internal electric spindle support of the high-precision CNC internal and external grinder, and its machining accuracy directly affects the running state of the spindle. The purpose of this study is to adjust the structural process to improve its bearing capacity in all directions. Combined with the refined mechanical simulation of 3D braided composites, the influence mechanism of joint thickness and surface pretreatment on the connection performance is studied from the aspects of stress distribution characteristics and damage failure mechanism. The overall performance analysis and design of the metal-composite sleeve are carried out. Experiments show that the thickness of the joint has a great influence on its bearing performance, and the effectiveness of the proposed pretreatment process is verified, which provides a reliable technical path for the realization of high-performance metal-3D braided composite connection structure.
Wang, Zijun, Chi, Xinfu, Li, Chengen, Li, Dinghua
A Novel Sliding Mode Control Strategy for an Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator Based on Singular Perturbation Theory2026-99-235510/30/2026
The Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator (EHA) is a high-order nonlinear system with notable parameter uncertainties and coupled electro-hydraulic dynamics. To achieve high-precision position control, this paper proposes a novel sliding mode control strategy based on singular perturbation theory (SPT-SMC). The singular perturbation theory is applied to achieve a rational order reduction of the EHA system, simplifying controller design while mitigating unmatched disturbances. A sliding mode controller incorporating a new reaching law is then designed based on the reduced-order system. Finally, simulations studies are executed to assess the SPT-SMC. The results demonstrate that, compared with widely used control strategies, the proposed approach achieves faster response while ensuring stability.
Wang, Junyi, Wang, Wenshan, Hao, Juan, Bai, Liangliang, Du, Shihui
Investigation on the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Nacelle Inlet Coupled with Fan Rotation Effect2026-99-235010/30/2026
As key aerodynamic components of an aircraft propulsion system, the design quality of the inlet and nacelle directly affects engine intake quality and overall aircraft stability. Nacelle design is trending towards greater compactness, making the coupling and matching between the inlet and fan increasingly critical. To investigate the mechanism by which fan rotation influences inlet aerodynamic performance, this study takes the NASA ROTOR 67 fan model as the research object and couples it with a specific civil aircraft nacelle model to conduct research on the effect of fan rotation on inlet performance. Through computational analysis of the flow field characteristics and aerodynamic performance of the inlet before and after coupling under cruise, high-angle-of-attack climb, and crosswind conditions, the results show that under cruise conditions, the inlet performance with and without the coupled fan is essentially consistent. Under high-angle-of-attack climb and crosswind conditions, the fan suction effect effectively mitigates open separation on the wall, disrupts the secondary flow vortices, and improves the exit flow field quality. After coupling with the fan, the total pressure recovery coefficient at the AIP plane shows significant improvement under both high-angle-of-attack and crosswind conditions. Fan rotation demonstrates a notable flow rectification effect under adverse inlet conditions, effectively enhancing inlet aerodynamic performance.
Yang, Fei, Zhao, Qiang, He, Bihai, Yan, Yan, Zhou, Leisheng
Investigation on Dynamic Expansion Response and Structural Safety Assessment of Typical Polygonal Fabric Gasbags2026-99-233710/30/2026
The geometric structure of a gas bag has a profound effect on its effectiveness in transferring energy and reliability of its structure when rapidly expanding. Even though there have been considerable improvements in high-performance composite materials such as Kevlar, the transient dynamic reaction and possible rupture mechanisms associated with particular polygon shapes have been greatly unexplored. In this paper, we focus on conventional polygonal gas bags, and perform extensive inflation tests using high-accuracy transient data recorders to monitor the development of the dynamic pressure. In order to overcome the limitations of physical testing, a highly non-linear dynamic finite element model - based upon the application of the *MAT_FABRIC material model in LS-DYNA - is used. This technique allows the systematic examination of how changes in geometric parameters affect the performance of payload dispersion and membrane stress distribution. The results indicate unique ways of deploying depending on their geometry. The circular gas bags are capable of obtaining a velocity of the payload of 4.23 m/s but have high stress concentrations of up to 426 MPa due to the lack of geometric boundaries which make them prone to tearing failure. Rectangular gas bags with very large aspect ratios will experience a tubular expansion deformation that causes energy transfer efficiency to plummet; the release speed of these types of gas bags falls below 2.77 m/s. Ultimately, the optimal structural design is a regular hexagonal shape that optimally balances work performance and structural safety. It can keep good levels of energy transfer efficiency with a final release velocity of 4.12 m/s. Moreover, it successfully stops the continuous hoop tension and reduces the peak stress by around 46 percent through straight edge boundary constraints. This complete research offers an adequate scientific foundation to the anti-burst design of sophisticated polygonal gas bags.
Wang, Jinwei, Shi, Lv, Hou, Jingjing, Li, Yilong, Li, Dailin, Liu, Zhiyi
Target Positioning Method for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Tracking Based on Beidou2026-99-235310/30/2026
In order to support successful tracking and monitoring tasks in different environments, drones need to quickly and accurately identify targets. This paper studies a drone combat target positioning method, with a focus on the BeiDou satellite navigation system and its performance under different environmental conditions. A complete system has been designed, including flight control system, environmental sensors, data transmission and processing system, aiming to achieve precise positioning and target tracking of unmanned aerial vehicles. This paper uses on-site testing to explain the coverage range and stability positioning accuracy of ranging signals in different environments. Experimental data shows that the BDS system has good positioning error performance for unmanned aerial vehicles, with an average error of 46.52 cm. BDS positioning time is usually short, with a maximum positioning time of 780ms and a minimum positioning time of 224ms. However, the BDS system still needs improvement in terms of dynamic environmental adaptability, multi-target tracking, anti-interference ability, and adaptability to harsh environmental conditions. Future work will focus on algorithm optimization, hardware technology improvement, and data security to enhance system performance.
Tao, Zhiping, Zhang, Chenghao, Hou, Bo, Song, Juan, Yuan, Peng, Liu, Xianyang
An Improved ResU-Net for Thermally Grown Oxide Layer Segmentation in Thermal Barrier Coatings2026-99-236110/30/2026
Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) serve as the critical protective layer for gas turbine components. In complex service environments, the thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer formed between the top coat (TC) and the bond coat (BC), along with the evolution of its microscopic morphology, is a key factor determining the service life of TBCs. To address the complex morphology of TGO layers that challenges conventional segmentation methods, this paper proposes MSF-SA ResU-Net, a multi-scale feature fusion self-attention model based on the ResU-Net architecture, for the image segmentation of thermally grown oxide layers. Building upon residual connections, this model incorporates two key enhancement modules at the bottleneck layer: Multi-Scale Fusion (MSF) and Self-Attention (SA). During the feature processing stage, the MSF module effectively captures the multi-scale morphological features of the TGO layer through receptive fields of different sizes, solving the difficulty of extracting long-strip and irregular morphologies. Subsequently, the SA module recalibrates the fused features by calculating the global dependencies between them, enhancing the network's attention to TGO boundaries and micro-defects. Comprehensive experiments on an in-house dataset of 3,000 SEM images demonstrate that MSF-SA ResU-Net outperforms standard U-Net and contemporary segmentation architectures. Furthermore, due to the feature extraction capability of the ResNet backbone network, the model maintains high accuracy and exhibiting good convergence performance. This makes the architecture an effective solution for the microscopic analysis of thermal barrier coatings.
She, Weicen, Song, Yan
Optimization Method for UAV Scheduling Based on Beidou2026-99-235210/30/2026
Currently, UAVs are increasingly used in remote sensing monitoring, logistics and distribution, emergency rescue and recreational aerial photography, etc., which puts higher requirements on wireless networks, i.e., how to allocate limited wireless resources in real-time, efficiently and fairly to ensure that a large number of UAVs can work together in complex environments and maintain high-quality communication services. This paper investigates an optimisation method for UAV scheduling based on the BeiDou satellite navigation system, which improves the accuracy and efficiency of UAV mission execution by utilising the high-precision positioning and time synchronisation services provided by the BeiDou system. The results of the experiment showed that as the number of missions increased from 10 to 50, the average mission completion time increased from 8.3 to 12.5 minutes, the average speed increased from 30 to 34 km/h, the average energy consumption increased from 0.8 to 1.2 kWh, the average distance flown increased from 12 to 22 km, the communication success rate decreased slightly from 99.2 to 98.2%, the resource utilization rate increased from 85.1% to 87.5%. These results show that the method performs well in terms of task completion time, energy consumption, communication success rate and resource utilisation, which provides strong support for the application of UAVs in the fields of logistics and distribution, emergency rescue, and so on.
Ji, Hongbin, Jiang, Kexin, Zhang, Dongxue, Bai, Yanhui, Liu, He, Zhang, Shuangna
Pressure-Type Anchors in Weathered Rock for Transportation Infrastructure2026-99-236610/30/2026
In transportation infrastructure constructed in mountainous and rocky regions, such as highway slopes, railway cuttings, bridge abutments, and tunnel portal slopes, uplift-resistant anchorage systems are widely required to ensure structural stability and service safety. To support anchorage design in such conditions, this study investigates the uplift bearing behavior, load-transfer mechanism, and key design parameters of pressure-type rock anchors in weathered rock strata through a combined field-and-numerical approach. A rock anchorage project in mountainous terrain in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, China, was adopted as the prototype case, and two representative anchors installed in strongly weathered and moderately weathered tuffaceous sandstone were selected for field pullout testing and three- dimensional finite element simulation. The failure characteristics, uplift load–displacement response, axial strain distribution of the grout body, and the effects of anchorage length and rock-socketed length were systematically examined. The results show that pressure- type rock anchors exhibit favorable uplift resistance in weathered rock strata. No overall pullout failure occurred during the tests, and no obvious cracking or significant ground deformation was observed. The uplift load–displacement curves exhibited a pronounced steep- transition pattern, and the axial strain of the grout body was mainly concentrated near the bearing plate and attenuated upward along the anchorage section. When the anchorage section extended into the moderately weathered rock stratum, strain attenuation became faster and interfacial load transfer became more efficient. Parametric analysis further indicates that the uplift bearing capacity increases approximately linearly with anchorage length before a critical anchorage length is reached, whereas the increase becomes much less significant beyond about 8 m. In addition, a proper increase in rock- socketed length can significantly improve the uplift bearing capacity. The findings provide useful reference for the design and optimization of uplift-resistant anchorage systems in transportation infrastructure founded in layered weathered rock.
Feng, Bing, Li, Panfeng, Zhou, Ji’an, Lv, Qing
Low-Cost and Low-Energy Pathways between Periodic Orbit Families in the CR3BP Earth-Moon System2026-99-235110/30/2026
The renewed global interest in cislunar space with potential breakthrough applications including Artemis & Gateway, Moon Village, Chang’e In-Situ Resource Utilization and lunar base & habitat construction justifies that there is a critical need for numerically robust and computationally efficient trajectory design framework. Several existing optimization methods in CR3BP system like Multiple Shooting, Invariant Manifolds, Sequential Quadratic Programming exists but in isolation, leaving a gap for integrating these techniques to a combined framework. This research addresses this gap by furnishing a complete modular framework that combines multiple shooting method with transcription for discretization, monodromy matrix-based approach for generating optimal pathways with linear interpolation technique for generating initial good guess for the transfer path. This work simultaneously optimizes the transfer trajectory on libration orbits eliminating priori phase selection. This method used SQP solver to accurately optimize minimum Δv with optimum time of flight transfers with novelty in flexibility to select departure and arrival points on orbit along with the inclusion of departure and arrival phase freedom. Results are validated by establishing benchmark cases with published data indicating this work achieves accuracy and numerical robustness. This work directly supports the robust design of low-cost missions for crewed, cargo and supply chain of future sustainable cislunar infrastructure.
Muhammad, Arsalan
Friction Stir Welding Process and Cryogenic Mechanical Properties of 2219 Aluminum Alloy Thick Welded Blanks2026-99-236310/30/2026
To prepare reliable thick aluminum alloy tailor welded blanks for cryogenic forming, 2219 aluminum alloy friction tailor welded blanks that has the thickness of 12 mm were selected as the research object in our study. Vickers hardness tests were employed to clarify the property distribution across the weld cross-section. Room temperature uniaxial tensile tests have been used to reveal through- thickness deformation behavior under tensile loading. The mechanical tests at room and cryogenic temperatures were employed to investigate the effects of welding parameters of the friction tailor welded blanks on the mechanical properties, and evaluate the cryogenic formability of the welded blanks. Results show that the single-sided FSW specimens exhibit decreased hardness values from the top to the bottom surface, causing more severe deformation in bottom region and macroscopic bending under tension stress condition. In contrast, the double-sided FSW specimens exhibit a more uniform hardness distribution across the weld cross-section, resulting in nearly symmetric deformation and no significant bending. Lower welding speeds combined with higher rotational speeds significantly improved the ductility of the tailor welded blanks. The optimal welding parameters are identified as 200 mm/min and 800 rpm, showing a 321.1 MPa tensile strength and a 22.2% elongation, at room temperature after water quenching and solution treatment. These values increase to 385.5 MPa and 33.5% at liquid nitrogen temperature, showing a more than 20% enhancement in strength and around 50% enhancement in ductility, indicating excellent formability. This study offers a reliable material and process basis for the integrally forming of ultra-large components.
Liu, Hanyu, Yang, Guang, Zhang, Zhichao, Li, Yajun, Hu, Lan, Fan, Xiaobo
Deep Damage Detection of Plain Weave CFRP Using Microwave Rectangular Open-Ended Waveguide2026-99-233410/30/2026
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Chen, Xiaoyuan, He, Yongbo
Model-Based Flight Test Methodology Research for Transport Category Aircraft Stall2026-99-234010/30/2026
Model-based approaches have brought about a qualitative leap in enhancing flight test safety, improving the efficiency of concurrent engineering, and enabling knowledge reuse and sharing. Focusing closely on the engineering application of model-based methods in the field of stall flight testing, this paper systematically reviews the stall airworthiness certification requirements for transport-category aircraft. It proposes a stall flight test process model based on functional flow models and investigates a model-based design method for stall flight test point matrices. Furthermore, an improved practical approach for multi-disciplinary collaborative modeling, simulation, and compliance data analysis in stall flight testing is presented. Taking a specific aircraft type's stall flight test as an example, this paper provides a detailed description of model-based application cases across the pre-flight, in-flight, and post-flight phases.
Liu, Xu, Ding, Junliang