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Announcements for SAE Mobilus

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Vertical Flight Society Technical Papers - Coming Soon to Mobilus
Vertical Flight Society papers coming soon to SAE Mobilus. In partnership with the Vertical Flight Society (VFS), SAE Mobilus will be hosting more than 17,000 technical papers and proceedings from VFS. Click here to see a sample of the content covering decades of rotorcraft and vertical flight technologies.
Important Update – Accessibility Enhancements on SAE Mobilus
We’re pleased to share that SAE Mobilus has recently completed a comprehensive set of accessibility improvements across the platform. As a result, Mobilus is now aligned with WCAG 2.2 Level AA standards in most key categories. These updates are part of our ongoing commitment to ensuring the platform is accessible to all users. Enhancements include improvements to keyboard navigation, screen reader compatibility, visual contrast, error handling, and overall usability across core areas of the site. An updated Voluntary Product Accessibility Template (VPAT v2.5 – March 2026) is now available, providing a detailed overview of our accessibility conformance. You can access the VPAT directly within the Help section. Accessibility is a continuous effort. We will continue to evaluate and improve the platform to better support all users and meet evolving standards. If you have any feedback or experience any accessibility issues, we welcome your input. - The SAE Mobilus Team
SAE AI Chat — Update and What's Next
* Important Update - SAE AI chatbot Beta program * The SAE AI Chatbot Beta program - Phase 1 will end on March 31, 2026. Following this date, the AI chatbot capabilities will be temporarily unavailable as we begin development of a significantly enhanced version. We sincerely thank all Phase 1 Beta participants for their engagement and valuable feedback - your insights have played an important role in shaping the next phase of this experience. The upcoming version of the SAE AI Chatbot will expand content coverage beyond current standards, incorporating additional critical resources from our digital library. It will also be made available to a broader audience across Mobilus. Want to be part of what's next? Register your interest here to receive updates and be considered for early access. For additional information, visit the FAQs. — The Mobilus Team
SAE International Digitization and AI Policy
SAE International prohibits the entry of SAE Content into any form of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT, OpenAI, or Microsoft Copilot. Additionally, creating derivatives of SAE Content using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from SAE International. In the case of such use, SAE International will suspend access to SAE Content, and further legal action will be considered.
Welcome to the new SAE Mobilus®
  Welcome to the new era of SAE Mobilus®, redesigned with a modern, intuitive web interface featuring enhanced search capabilities to help you stay informed and easily discover content. Login today: To access content within your subscription and make the most of the platform, please log into your subscription and your personal My Library (sign up is free) located in the top right corner of the screen.   Key Features Intuitive User Interface: We've listened to our customers and tied this to the best practices in the industry to offer an improved, intuitive, and desirable website experience for our users.​ Improved In-app Discoverability: Enhanced search and expanded menu featuring search suggestions that allow for quick discovery of content.​ Announcements: Stay up to date on new features through a dedicated announcements page. Most recent announcements also get featured on the homepage.​ Enhanced Browse capabilities: Browse through over 200,000 publications that are now classified into categories commonly used across the industry. Deep-dive further into any topic or sub-topic of interest to make the most for your corporate projects or research.​ Smart Automation: "Meta Tags" on each result will help you find content related to your search.​ My Library: My dashboard is rebranded as My Library with powerful features to help you make the most out of the platform Mobile Friendly: Upgraded navigation on mobile devices​ Training Available SAE’s Customer Success team is dedicated to delivering the best platform experience possible. Through monthly trainings and short, on-demand video tutorials, find answers to your questions here: SAE Mobilus Spotlight training - Available monthly, hosted live by SAE’s Customer Success team Mobilus Minute – 2-minute videos, available on-demand   Need some troubleshooting help? Access our FAQs by visiting our Help section: https://saemobilus.sae.org/help/home Resources to help you navigate the new platform are available here, where you can find links to quick start guides and video tutorials on features like My Library, Announcements, Saved Search, Login and new features. Have feedback that you'd like to share with us? Please submit your feedback to the Mobilus team through the blue Knowledge bot in the bottom right hand corner of the new platform.

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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

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Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster ResponseEPR202501711/24/2025
The wing-in-ground effect (WIG) vehicle represents a significant advancement in aerodynamics and vehicle design, leveraging the ground effect phenomenon to enhance lift and reduce drag when flying close to the surface. This unique capability allows WIG vehicles to achieve higher payloads, longer range, and greater fuel efficiency compared to traditional aircraft, making them an attractive option for modern military and global disaster response applications. Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response discusses future disaster response, logistics, and military applications for WIG vehicles, including the ongoing development of aerospace and transportation technology. Relavant advancements in materials and propulsion systems holds promise for further enhancing WIG performance and operational range. Additionally, cost-effective and powerful flight computers with various types of mission-enabling sensor suites from the advanced air mobility and drone industry further enable the development of modern, safe, and practical WIG platforms. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Next-gen AI for Aerospace EngineeringEPR20250169/22/2025
Despite growing investments, the widespread adoption and scalable deployment of generative artificial intelligence (AI) remains a challenge due to data trustworthiness, regulatory uncertainty, interpretability, and ethical governance. The need to accelerate automation and maintain the human-in-the-loop demonstrates broader questions of responsibility and transparency. Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering investigates the transformative role of GenAI within aerospace engineering, examining its shift from conventional workflows toward more AI-driven solutions in design, manufacturing, and maintenance. It emphasizes GenAI’s emerging ability to automate repetitive mundane tasks, reduce design complexity, and optimize engineering pipelines. The report underscores the need for validation methods that must align AI-generated outputs with physics-informed models, integration with legacy engineering tools (e.g., computational fluid dynamics, finite element analysis, digital twins), and mitigation of algorithmic biases. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen VehiclesEPR20250159/22/2025
The next generation of mobility, driven by shared, driverless, connected, and electrified vehicles, holds strong potential to advance sustainability through lower emissions and improved resource efficiency. However, critical questions remain regarding their true environmental impact, including battery lifecycle management, material consumption, and circular manufacturing practices. Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles explores these unresolved issues, focusing on the shift from internal combustion to electric vehicles, supply chain challenges, regulatory gaps, and the operational realities of sustainable productization. It also critically examines the risks of greenwashing, the need for consistent standards, and the role of intersectoral collaboration—with energy, urban planning, information and communications technologies, and waste management sectors—in building resilient, scalable solutions. The report provides strategic recommendations and actionable solutions to help stakeholders better navigate the transition toward a circular future for mobility. It further highlights the overlooked complexities in the Global South, emphasizing the importance of ethical market expansion and localized mobility strategies. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation FeaturesEPR20250138/13/2025
Advanced technologies that assist the human driver or reduce (or even eliminate) the human driver’s role are becoming increasingly prevalent in new light-duty vehicles used by the general public. These technologies are divided between Active Safety features that monitor the human driver and vehicle motion and act intermittently to mitigate and avoid crashes, and Driving Automation features that assume some or all of the dynamic driving task from the human driver. Both types of technologies have the potential to reduce injuries and save lives by reducing the frequency and/or severity of crashes. Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features addresses the current capabilities and future potential for Active Safety and Driving Automation features to reduce crash frequency and severity and provides an overview of the state of the industry for both types of features, including current deployments, trends, and anticipated rollouts. Gaps in knowledge, unsettled issues, and suggestions for future research will also be discussed. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural RobotsEPR20250128/13/2025
The automation of labor-intensive picking and planting operations is having an immediate impact in the agricultural indutry. In its simplest form, robotic automation can reduce the labor and soil disturbance while enabling organic soil cover and increasing species diversification through precision approaches to planting, weeding, and spraying. With this, pesticides and fertilizers can be applied in a more targeted way, and with machinery visiting fields more frequently, earlier and more targeted intervention can occur before pests become established. Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots identifies issues that need to be resolved fo for this technology to thrive, including improving methods of acquiring and labeling training data to facilitate more accurate models for specific applications. It also discusses concepts such as general-purpose mechanical platforms for use as carriers of agricultural automation systems with high stability, positional accuracy, and variable track, as well as the economics of moving capital intensive automation systems toward a service-provision business model. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous VehiclesEPR20250147/18/2025
Autonomous vehicle motion planning and control are vital components of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. Recent advances in both data- and physical model-driven methods have improved driving performance, yet current technologies still fall short of achieving human-level driving in complex, dynamic traffic scenarios. Key challenges include developing safe, efficient, and human-like motion planning strategies that can adapt to unpredictable environments. Data-driven approaches leverage deep neural networks to learn from extensive datasets, offering promising avenues for intelligent decision-making. However, these methods face issues such as covariate shift in imitation learning and difficulties in designing robust reward functions. In contrast, conventional physical model-driven techniques use rigorous mathematical formulations to generate optimal trajectories and handle dynamic constraints. Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-Driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles presents a hybrid framework that combines data-driven insights with the robustness of physical models. It identifies key challenges in fusing these disparate methods and outlines potential solutions in developing robust fusion strategies, establishing generalized mixed dynamics models, and designing multi-objective robust control systems. In addition, the report explores future research directions to enhance learning efficiency, improve adaptability to rare but critical scenarios, and ultimately pave the way for secure, efficient, and human-like autonomous driving systems. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial IntelligenceEPR20250115/21/2025
Driven by the vast consumer marketplace, the electronics megatrend has reshaped nearly every sector of society. The advancements in semiconductors and software, originally built to serve consumer demand, are now delivering significant value to non-consumer industries. Today, electronics are making inroads into traditionally conservative, safety-critical sectors such as automotive and aerospace. In doing so, electronics—now further propelled by artificial intelligence—are disrupting the functional safety architectures of these cyber-physical systems. Electronics have created the world of cyber-physical systems, raising broader concerns about the broader category of product assurance. Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence continues the work of previous SAE Edge Research Reports in examining open research challenges arising from this shift, particularly in automotive systems, as core electronic technologies (e.g., the combination of software and communications) have even redefined what it means to be a "product." Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic ManagementEPR20250085/20/2025
The transportation industry is transforming with the integration of advanced data technologies, edge devices, and artificial intelligence (AI). Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are pivotal in optimizing traffic flow and safety. Central to this are transportation management centers, which manage transportation systems, traffic flow, and incident responses. Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management explores emerging trends in transportation data, focusing on data collection, aggregation, and sharing. Effective data management, AI application, and secure data sharing are crucial for optimizing operations. Integrating edge devices with existing systems presents challenges impacting security, cost, and efficiency. Ultimately, AI in transportation offers significant opportunities to predict and manage traffic conditions. AI-driven tools analyze historical data and current conditions to forecast future events. The importance of multidisciplinary approaches and educational programs in leveraging AI for transportation applications are emphasized in this report. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Edge Artificial Intelligence in Connected, Cooperative and Automated MobilityEPR20250095/20/2025
With many stakeholders involved, and major investments supporting it, the advancements in automated driving (AD) are undoubtedly there. Generally speaking, the motivation for advancing AD is driver convenience and road safety. Regarding the development of AD, original equipment manufacturers, technology start-ups, and AD systems developers have taken different approaches for automated vehicles (AVs). Some manufacturers are on the path toward stand-alone vehicles, mostly relying on onboard sensors and intelligence. On the other hand, the connected, cooperative, and automated mobility (CCAM) approach relies on additional communication and information exchange to ensure safe and secure operation. CCAM holds great potential to improve traffic management, road safety, equity, and convenience. In both approaches, there are increasingly large amounts of data generated and used for AD functions in perception, situational awareness, path prediction, and decision-making. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is instrumental in processing such data, and in that context, “edge AI” is a more recent type of implementation. Edge AI involves AI algorithms in edge computing devices, which requires hardware operating close to where data is generated. This report explores the potential of edge AI in CCAM. Different perspectives on edge AI for CCAM are explored and definitions drafted. Primary applications are explored, and an outlook on further advancements in applications is presented. The report includes a discussion on the benefits, risks, and challenges related to the use of edge AI in this domain. Major issues such as privacy and cybersecurity are considered, as are misconceptions. Furthermore, potential learning benefits, using experiences gained in other sectors, are introduced. NOTE: SAE Edge Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. These reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.
Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on EarthEPR20250054/24/2025
Recent advances are reducing the cost of space launch, high specific power solar cells, and the production of satellite systems. Modular architectures with no moving parts and distributed power systems would minimize assembly and maintenance costs. Together, this may enable space-based solar power to provide decarbonized dispatchable power at a lower cost than equivalent technologies such as nuclear power stations. Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on Earth discusses the advances in emerging technologies, like thin film solar cells, reusable launch vehicles, and mass-produced modular satellite systems that would make economic space power feasible. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Latest Journal Issues

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Passenger Vehicle Systems
SAE International Journal of Passenger Vehicle Systems
Electrified Vehicles
SAE International Journal of Electrified Vehicles
Advances and Current Practices in Mobility
SAE International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility
Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy
SAE International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy
Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy
SAE International Journal of Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy
Connected and Automated Vehicles
SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles
Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH
SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH
Transportation Safety
SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety
Alternative Powertrains
SAE International Journal of Alternative Powertrains
Commercial Vehicles
SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles
Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems
SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems
Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems
SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems
Materials and Manufacturing
SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing
Engines
SAE International Journal of Engines
Fuels and Lubricants
SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants

Recent Books

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July 2026 AMS IndexAMSJULY-20267/22/2026
Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2026 - Volume IB-994_VOLUME17/1/2026
The Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization MMPDS-2026 supersedes MMPDS-25 and prior editions of the MMPDS Handbook as well as all editions of MIL-HDBK-5, Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures Handbook that were maintained by the U.S. Air Force. The last edition, MIL-HDBK-5J was cancelled by the U.S. Air Force in March 2006. This document contains design information on the mechanical and physical properties of metallic materials and joints commonly used in aircraft and aerospace vehicle structures. All information contained in this Handbook has been reviewed and approved using a standardized process. The development and ongoing maintenance process involves certifying agencies, including the FAA, DoD, and NASA, and major material suppliers and material users worldwide. The information and procedures in this Handbook are continuously reviewed and modified or removed as determined to be appropriate. With advances in materials and fastener systems, and with the review process of existing information, periodic updates of the MMPDS should be expected. As such, it is recommended that the latest version of the MMPDS be used. Volume II: Process Intensive Materials and Joining Technologies.
Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2026 - Volume IIB-994_VOLUME27/1/2026
Volume II publishes the framework for generating and analyzing the data so that material sponsors can generate the right data, knowing how it will be analyzed by the Battelle Memorial Institute. MMPDS-2026 Volume II Process Intensive Materials and Joining Technologies does not currently have any material properties, focusing on additive manufacturing of metallic materials. MMPDS-2026 Volume II focuses on non-conventional processes and will be published each year. Volume I: Conventional Materials and Joint Allowables.
1D and MultiD Modeling Techniques for IC Engine Simulation Second EditionR-5805/29/2026
The internal combustion (IC) engine remains the most widely used thermal machine in the world and will continue to play a central role in global mobility for decades to come. Even as alternative powertrains expand, optimized IC engines—often integrated within hybrid and electrified architectures—are essential to achieving low fuel consumption, near-zero pollutant emissions, and reduced carbon dioxide output. Advances in combustion strategies, synthetic fuels, turbocharging, and aftertreatment systems are driving this evolution. This fully revised and expanded second edition reflects the rapid progress made in engine modeling and simulation over the past two decades. One-dimensional (1D), three-dimensional (3D), and coupled 1D–3D modeling techniques have become indispensable tools in modern engine design, enabling engineers to evaluate performance, efficiency, and emissions through advanced virtual engine environments. Bringing together contributions from leading international researchers and industry experts, this book presents the most significant and recent developments in IC engine simulation. Topics include 0D, 1D, quasi-3D, and full 3D modeling approaches; turbocharging and aftertreatment systems; co-simulation and real-time applications; hydrogen and two-stroke engines; and advanced thermal modeling techniques. Designed for engineers, researchers, and graduate students, this second edition serves as a comprehensive reference for understanding, comparing, and applying state-of-the-art IC engine modeling methodologies in an evolving mobility landscape. Chapter topics include: • state of the art of 1D thermo-fluid dynamic simulation models • virtual engine development: 1D- and 3D-CFD up to full engine simulation • advanced 0D and quasiD thermodynamic combustion models for SI and CI engines • compressor and turbine (turbocharger, supercharger, or turbocompounding device) as boundary conditions for 1D simulations • 3D-CFD combustion models for SI and CI engines • model order reduction for real-time simulation and control applications • modeling of EGR systems •1D engine model in XiL application-a simulation environment for the entire powertrain development process • coupling of 1D and 3D fluid dynamic models for hybrid simulations • extending the 1D approach to the simulation of 3D components: the quasi-3D approach • 1D simulation models for aftertreatment components• 3D simulation models for after-treatment systems • modeling of IC engine silencers and tailpipe noise: 1D and 3D approaches • hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines • optimization of the gas exchange process in advanced 2-stroke engines • IC engine 0D/1D thermal modeling
Variable Compression Systems for Future Engines and FuelsR-5534/30/2026
Variable Compression Engines: Enabling Net Zero explores variable compression ratio (VCR): one of the most promising—and historically elusive—advancements in internal combustion engine (ICE) technology. Long recognized for its thermodynamic benefits, VCR has challenged engineers for decades due to its mechanical complexity. Today, as the global mobility landscape demands ever higher efficiency, lower emissions, and greater fuel flexibility, VCR has emerged as a viable and transformative solution. This book delivers a comprehensive and authoritative examination of VCR technology, quantifying its efficiency and CO2-reduction potential while surveying the wide range of mechanisms conceived, developed, and tested over more than a century of engine innovation. By combining historical insight with modern analysis, the authors reveal the remarkable ingenuity of past and present engine designers—and demonstrate that VCR is not only feasible, but increasingly essential. Positioned squarely within the context of global decarbonization, the book argues for a realistic, inclusive pathway to net-zero emissions—one in which ICEs continue to play a critical role. VCR technology enables higher efficiency across almost all operating conditions, supports advanced combustion strategies, and allows engines to operate effectively on a broad spectrum of low- and zero-carbon fuels, from biofuels to synthetic e-fuels. With VCR now in high-volume production and poised for broader adoption across automotive, heavy-duty, and marine applications, this timely volume is an essential resource for OEMs, suppliers, policymakers, researchers, and students seeking practical, scalable solutions for a sustainable energy future. Chapter topics include: • compression ratios and fuels • compression ratio limits • cylinder head VCR • cylinder block VCR • connecting rod variable compression • piston VCR • cranktrain and linkages VCR • modulated crankshaft eccentricity VCR • axial or barrel engine VCRs • high power and downsized engines • impact of VCR systems on engines • VCR applications for the future • variable compression for future engines and fuels • VCR cost–benefit analysis
Aerospace Standards Index - 2026ASIN20262/25/2026
This valuable resource lists all Aerospace Standards (AS), Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP), Aerospace Information Reports (AIR), and Aerospace Resource Documents (ARD) published by SAE. Each listing includes title, subject, document number, key words, new and revised documents, and DODISS-adopted documents. AMS Index - Now Available!
Business Reliability Growth for Automotive Engineering, Volume 4R-5522/17/2026
In a world where every business process is under pressure to perform faster, safer, and more reliably, this book delivers a powerful roadmap for sustained operational excellence. Centered on the proven methodology of Design of Experiments (DOE), it shows how organizations can move beyond reactive problem-solving to systematic reliability growth. From well-defined standard operating practices to management-level decision-making, the book connects strategy, data, and execution to create repeatable, measurable results across the enterprise. Readers are guided through practical, real-world applications of DOE, from selecting the right factors and levels to executing robust experiments, analyzing outcomes, validating solutions, and continuously monitoring performance. Each chapter translates complex statistical and engineering concepts into actionable business value, helping teams improve quality, reduce waste, and increase return on investment. Key capabilities explored in this book include: • Holistic reliability across design, manufacturing, supply chain, and marketing. • Advanced experimental designs, including split-plot and fractional factorial methods. • Fault tree analysis (FTA) and FMEA for failure prediction and prevention. • Supply chain optimization through multivariate process control. • Production and field reliability using design for testability and diagnostics. • Electric vehicle system and battery reliability analysis. • Marketing reliability driven by voice of customer and data-based value analysis. This book is an essential resource for engineers, operations leaders, and technical managers who want to build resilient systems, unlock innovation, and achieve long-term competitive advantage through disciplined, data-driven reliability.
Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation FuelsR-5471/22/2026
As global energy demands rise and environmental challenges intensify, the aviation industry faces a critical need to redefine how it powers the skies. Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels presents a comprehensive, research-driven exploration of the transition from fossil-based fuels to renewable alternatives that promise to reshape the future of air transportation. This book bridges the gap between academic knowledge and industrial application, offering a detailed overview of the science, technology, and policy driving the adoption of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs). From understanding feedstocks and conversion pathways to evaluating production technologies, emissions performance, and life-cycle impacts, the text equips readers with a holistic understanding of SAFs within today’s global energy landscape. Across five insightful chapters, readers will find a clear roadmap: the evolution and importance of SAFs; production methods and technological foundations; environmental performance and emissions reduction potential; safety, certification, and market integration; and future projections supported by international initiatives and regulatory frameworks. By combining technical depth with practical relevance, Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels serves as both a foundational reference and a forward-looking guide for researchers, policymakers, industry professionals, and students. It underscores that achieving sustainability in aviation depends not only on innovation but also on global collaboration, paving the way toward cleaner skies and a resilient, low-carbon future for air travel.
SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected VehiclesR-5591/20/2026
The convergence of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and connected vehicle technologies is ushering in a transformative era of automotive innovation—one that is fundamentally enhancing vehicle safety, efficiency, reliability, and the overall driving experience. SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles stands as the definitive reference for this rapidly evolving domain, meticulously compiled to clarify and standardize the language shaping modern mobility. Inside, readers will find clear, authoritative definitions encompassing the full spectrum of technologies that enable connected and automated driving—including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication systems. This comprehensive resource translates complex engineering terminology into accessible language, enabling engineers, researchers, policymakers, educators, and enthusiasts to share a common technical foundation. Reflecting the latest global standards, research, and innovations, this dictionary bridges the gap between theory and application. It fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, supports safer system design, and provides clarity for those engaged in regulatory development or technology deployment. As the pace of mobility innovation accelerates, precise and accessible communication becomes indispensable. SAE International remains committed to advancing global transportation knowledge—empowering professionals to navigate, contribute to, and shape the future of intelligent, connected, and sustainable mobility with confidence and clarity.
Safety, ADAS, and Cybersecurity: Vol. 4EPRCOMPV01202512/29/2025

Recently Published

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Analysis of Underbody Impact Scenarios in New Energy Vehicles2026-99-08277/30/2026
In recent years, with the rapid increase in the market penetration of new energy vehicles, safety issues in electric vehicles, particularly those characterized by thermal runaway of power batteries, especially fire incidents caused by mechanical abuse from underbody impacts, have become a major focus of industry attention and social concern. This paper systematically compiles key data from electric vehicle underbody collision incidents, covering core parameters such as impact location, geometric features of obstacles (shape and size), and vehicle speed during accidents. Based on this data, the study further reviews existing underbody scraping evaluation protocols both domestically and internationally, with a focused comparison of the differences in mechanical load and battery pack response between two typical test methods: horizontal underbody scraping and 3° inclined underbody scraping. The findings of this research aim to provide data support for the refinement of relevant evaluation standards and to offer theoretical foundations and practical references for automotive manufacturers in optimizing the design and validation strategies for underbody protection of battery packs.
Wang, Qinggui, He, Qike, Li, Wenbo, Li, Chun, Li, Xiaodong
Dynamic Assessment and Optimization of Bridge Resilience under Multi-Hazard Coupling2026-99-08297/30/2026
Traditional methods for assessing bridge resilience often focus on single hazards or static conditions. Yet bridges today face more complex multi-hazard threats. To address this, this research develops a dynamic model to evaluate bridge resilience under multi-hazard conditions, which is intended to provide scientific support for decision-making to improve resilience. The study first establishes an index system that measures a bridge’s ability to absorb impacts, adapt during an event, and recover afterward. We also propose a method to calculate the coupling degree, which quantifies the amplification effect of multiple hazards, such as an earthquake followed by a flood, on each other’s impacts. Next, we clarify the interrelationships among key resilience factors. Using this understanding, we construct a system dynamics model that simulates the variation of bridge resilience over a full disaster cycle. Finally, a numerical simulation is carried out for a concrete continuous girder bridge in China’s coastal areas as a case study. The results confirm the model is valid and clearly show the differences in bridge resilience between single-hazard and multi-hazard events. More importantly, they prove that combined hazards make the bridge system much more vulnerable. The model also identifies the best strategies for intervention: a strategy that coordinates actions across all disaster phases performs best, as it most effectively reduces the impact of compound hazards and keeps the resilience curve smoother. In short, this study presents a new method for assessing bridge resilience and provides engineers and managers with a practical tool to identify structural weaknesses and optimize resource allocation for resilience improvement.
Lin, Jiachen, Chai, Liang
A Standardized Mid-Fidelity Aerodynamic Comparison of Four Tiltrotor eVTOL Configurations Using SUAVE and VSPAero2026-99-08397/30/2026
This study compares 4 representative tiltrotor platforms: Joby S4, Archer Midnight, Vertical Aerospace VX4, and Uber eCRM-001 in a typical UAM mission profile under standardized rotor and wing assumptions using an integrated OpenVSP-SUAVE-VSPAero framework. This work aims to isolate the influence of eVTOL configuration from proprietary optimizations on thrust generation and aerodynamic interaction by using standard wing airfoils and a consistent rotor design tool. Vehicle geometries were modeled in OpenVSP. Rotor Operating conditions were obtained from the SUAVE conceptual design platform. Mid-fidelity aerodynamic analysis was done using VSPAero. SUAVE results show a decrease in thrust requirements as the tilt angle decreases, with the most complexity occurring in the transition phase where lift shifts from rotors to wing. Archer Midnight and Vertical Aerospace VX4 show higher hover thrust requirements due to their high takeoff weights. They display localized thrust increase near mid transition due to numerical adjustments made to achieve solver convergence. Joby S4 and Uber eCRM-001 display a smoother thrust requirement trend. VSPAero simulations also show a gradual decrease in thrust from hover to cruise. Joby S4’s continuously active rotor configuration maintained more stable performance than the hybrid configurations, which deactivate lift-only rotors after takeoff. A comparative flight feasibility analysis was conducted, defined as the difference between VSPAero-predicted thrust and SUAVE-required thrust. This analysis reveals that Joby S4 maintains a positive margin across most flight phases. Archer Midnight and Vertical Aerospace VX4 show a marginal deficit in near-cruise phases. Uber eCRM-001 showed negative margins throughout the mission, indicating limited aerodynamic robustness under standardized assumptions. Rotor-wing interactions enhances rotor thrust across all mission segments, while creating periodic pressure oscillations on the wings. Rotor-rotor interactions provide limited near-field benefits that dissipate in forward flight. The findings of this study highlight the significance of eVTOL configuration in determining performance and aerodynamic efficiency.
Sawron, Md Sadat Shahrier
Design and Control of an Implement Leveling System for Crawler Tractors2026-99-08177/30/2026
Crawler tractors are essential equipment for modern agricultural mechanization. Most existing mounted implement leveling systems rely on single-cylinder or dual-cylinder structures. These system can only make small-angle leveling and struggle under complex conditions such as large roll angles and asymmetric obstacle crossing. To address this, a modular auxiliary-frame leveling system (MALS) for agricultural implements is proposed. A 3D model of the leveling mechanism is designed, and a fuzzy adaptive PID control algorithm is implemented. The electric cylinder actuator is modeled via a transfer function linking input voltage to mechanical displacement, This provides a theoretical basis for controller design and dynamic performance evaluation. Subsequently, a crawler tractor asymmetric obstacle-crossing simulation model is constructed in Adams and integrated with Simulink to form a co-simulation platform, analyzing system performance under a 220 mm single-side obstacle condition. Simulation results indicate that the MALS achieves an extreme adjustment range of ±25°. Further validation on the integrated prototype confirms the effectiveness of the simulation model and control strategy. This demonstrated that the system can be adapted for use in complex terrain operations.
Lin, Qiang, Li, Chenyang, Chen, Yuchen, Feng, Yangyu, Shao, Guifang, Zhu, Qingyuan
Research on Multi-Physical Field Accelerated Life Test for Long-Life Rotary Mechanism for Space Applications2026-99-08147/30/2026
The coupled multi-physical field environment in space, including vacuum, high-low temperature cycles, and temperature gradients, is the key factor affecting the life of the spacecraft’s rotary mechanism. Aiming at the use requirements of long-life space rotary mechanisms, this paper designs a multi-physical field accelerated life test scheme. This scheme simulates the vacuum environment, high-low temperature cycles, and temperature gradient conditions encountered during on-orbit operation. Ground-based accelerated life tests were conducted based on this scheme to verify the life of the mechanism under a comprehensive environment. Taking a certain type of space rotary mechanism as the test object, an integrated test platform was constructed, incorporating a vacuum simulation system, a temperature gradient control system, and a mechanism performance test system. Corresponding test procedures and failure criteria were established. Test results verified that after accumulating 130,000 ±7° small-angle reciprocating swings, the mechanism’s lifespan indicators met expectations. Post-test, the overall performance of the mechanism still satisfied the design requirements, with key moving components remaining in good condition. This study provides important experimental evidence for the on-orbit application of this mechanism type and offers valuable engineering reference for the design and evaluation of life tests for space mechanisms under multi-physical field coupling conditions.
Wang, Haomiao, Du, Yuefei, Huang, Mengzhe, Yang, Jinping
Design and Verification of Underactuated Coupled-Commutation Omnidirectional Mobile Integrated Camping Robot Chassis2026-99-08207/30/2026
To solve the poor mobility of traditional camping vehicle chassis in complex terrains and confined spaces, this paper proposes an underactuated omnidirectional mobile chassis for outdoor camping vehicles. The chassis adopts a coupled commutation mechanism (double-crank elastic special-shaped connecting rods cross sliders), allowing each wheel to realize two motion modes (omnidirectional translation, in-situ rotation) with just one drive motor, reducing system complexity and cost. A control system based on the RoboMaster Development Board C Type integrates PID angle-loop control and motor speed-current dual closed-loop control for motion stability. Kinematic models for these two modes are established to derive the wheel parameter-chassis motion relationship. MATLAB R2023b-ADAMS 2024 co-simulations show the chassis maintains attitude stability under S-shaped curve, circular curve, and in-situ rotation; Qualisys 3D motion capture experiments confirm its stable attitude in omnidirectional movement.
Ren, Yulong, Lu, Zhiguo, Yang, Dongsheng, Wu, Di, Zhang, Tianyu, Qian, Zhenxin
Research on the Structural Performance of a New Modular Fireproof Wall for Converter Station Valve Hall in High-Altitude Areas2026-99-08327/30/2026
Aligned with the “3060 dual carbon” goal, the rapid growth of new energy installation capacity in China’s western high-altitude regions has caused an urgent demand for UHV converter station construction. This paper suggests a prefabricated structural system by using embedded ear-shaped tongue-and-groove UHPC wall-column connections to meet the challenges of traditional cast-in-place concrete firewalls, such as prolonged construction periods and difficulty in quality control in harsh environments. The seismic performance of the connection was investigated through pseudo-static tests and finite element analysis. The results show that failure mainly occurs on the wall–column interface, with cracks mainly appearing at the wall panel corners. The scaled model demonstrated full hysteresis loops, indicating stable energy dissipation. The ear-shaped tongue-and-groove connection showed superior initial stiffness and ultimate load-bearing capacity (404.3 kN) compared with the straight-type connection (177.5 kN). An increase in the semicircular diameter improved load capacity, while the axial compression ratio had little effect. This study proposes a theoretical reference for the design and application of prefabricated valve hall structures in high-altitude regions.
Wang, Fengyun, Yan, Yong, Zeng, Cheng, Zhou, Ting, Ren, Zhaoyang
Analysis and Optimization of Braking Deviation for Commercial Vehicles Based on ADAMS2026-99-08027/30/2026
Given the braking deviation of commercial vehicles, this paper discusses the influencing factors and uses Adams simulation software to accurately model the vehicle model due to the unreasonable match between the suspension system and the steering system. Through K&C analysis and dynamics analysis of the model, the root cause of braking deviation is identified, and the simulation method is used to quickly realize optimization and verification.
Yan, Tang, Wang, Jingxian, Sun, Hongyang, Wu, Zhen
Nonlinear and Robust SDRE–H∞ Control for Brake-by-Wire under Variable Friction and μ-split2026-36-03427/30/2026
This paper proposes a nonlinear and robust State-Dependent Riccati Equation (SDRE) combined with H∞ control architecture for brake- by-wire systems, specifically designed to handle severe tire-road friction variations and μ-split scenarios. The primary objective is to maximize deceleration capabilities while rigorously maintaining yaw stability, trajectory tracking, and passenger comfort through jerk limitation. Situated within the domain of active safety, this research addresses robustness against real-world uncertainties by utilizing a high-fidelity 14-degree-of-freedom vehicle model that accounts for longitudinal, lateral, and yaw dynamics, suspension-induced pitch and roll effects, and nonlinear tire behavior with explicit load transfer. To ensure near-optimal slip tracking under variable surface conditions, the system employs online friction estimation via Extended and Unscented Kalman Filters (EKF/UKF) fusing wheel and IMU data to adaptively adjust slip targets. The control strategy is bifurcated: the SDRE component manages dominant nonlinearities through state-dependent gains to prevent wheel lock-up, while the H∞ component provides robust disturbance rejection against parametric uncertainties such as mass variations and sensor noise. Control efforts are distributed via a Quadratic Programming (QP) torque allocator featuring anti-windup mechanisms and explicit saturation handling to compensate for lateral drift during μ-split braking. Validation is conducted through a Model- in-the-Loop (MIL) to Software-in-the-Loop (SIL) pipeline using scenarios including wet surfaces and panic braking. Simulation results demonstrate enhanced yaw stability and controlled deceleration profiles compared to conventional baselines, ensuring computational feasibility for automotive Electronic Control Units (ECUs).
Cubillos, Ximena Celia Méndez
Impacts of Automation and Electrification Trends on Pneumatic Braking Systems of Commercial Vehicles2026-36-03417/30/2026
Historically, the demand for advanced technology, efficiency, and safety has been a primary driving force in the evolution of commercial vehicles, particularly with respect to braking systems. More recently, the increasing levels of vehicle autonomy and electrification have emerged as irreversible trends, significantly accelerating the development of new functionalities and innovative electrical/electronic [E/E] architectures. These advancements are essentially focused on performance optimization, risk mitigation, and enhanced system reliability through the application of functional safety and cybersecurity standards, thereby shaping the current landscape of braking system design. From an efficiency standpoint, braking systems with higher levels of electronic content, functional integration – included with regenerative braking systems - and harmonization have been developed to improve energy efficiency and support global scalability. Concurrently, new system configurations are continuously being introduced to enhance vehicle safety and advanced driver assistance capabilities, in alignment with evolving regulatory requirements and market expectations. This paper evaluates the impacts of automation and electrification on commercial vehicle pneumatic braking systems, focusing on Anti-lock Braking Systems [ABS], Electronic Braking Systems [EBS] and air management platforms. It provides a technical overview of both architectures, assessing their capabilities to meet modern requirements such as integration with advanced vehicle architecture, regenerative braking for electrified applications, and Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems [ADAS] support. The study details the evolution of air management systems, with emphasis on electrified vehicles, including key functions such as air compressor charge control, Air Processing Unit [APU] desiccant regeneration, and electronic control strategies. Additionally, it examines key drivers of braking system evolution, braking system selection considering ADAS regulatory developments, Net Zero strategies, and automation trends. The paper further evaluates compliance with functional safety and cybersecurity standards and assesses the readiness of both platforms for emerging mobility concepts. Finally, it highlights the risks of deploying higher levels of autonomy in heavy-duty towing vehicles when operating with non- ABS semi-trailers, identifying this as a critical area for further investigation.
Guarenghi, Vinícius Mendes, Nicora, Fabio, Pizzi, Rafael Fortuna, Resende, Angelo Roberto Rodrigues, Pinto, Gustavo Laranjeira
Development and Validation of a Braking Simulation Model Applied to a 6x2 Vehicle in Compliance with NBR 10966-22026-36-03187/30/2026
This study presents a comparative analysis of the braking performance of a heavy commercial vehicle under in-gear and out-of- gear conditions, combining experimental tests conducted at 60 km/h with high-fidelity computational simulation. The numerical model incorporates real engine torque, power, and motoring/braking curves, full brake system parameters, dynamic load transfer, tire–road friction characteristics, and ABS actuation. Simulation results were validated against experimental MFDD and stopping distance measurements. The simulation demonstrated a high correlation with the experimental MFDD values (5.3 vs. 5.36 m/s2 in the in-gear condition and 5.6 vs. 5.37 m/s2 in the out-of-gear condition), confirming the robustness of the model. Differences in stopping distance were attributed primarily to the real-world behavior of the ABS and to variability in the road surface friction coefficient. The study concludes that braking with the vehicle in gear provides improved longitudinal stability due to the resistive contribution of engine drag torque, which also reduces the thermal load on the service brakes. Overall, the results reinforce the essential role of simulation as a development, optimization, and certification tool for brake systems.
Junior, Getulio Soares, Canale, Antônio Carlos, de Oliveira, Sergio Henrique Fidelis, Pizzi, Rafael Fortuna
Influence of Wheel Stiffness on Brake Drum Deformation in Commercial Vehicles2026-36-03097/30/2026
This study investigates the influence of wheel structural stiffness and wheel configuration (single- and dual-tire) on brake drum deformation in commercial vehicles equipped with pneumatically actuated drum brakes. A comprehensive multi-method approach was adopted, combining on-vehicle measurements, controlled bench testing using two- and three-dimensional optical metrology, and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the rear axle assembly. Three- wheel configurations were evaluated: a dual-tire arrangement (Configuration A) and two single-tire designs with distinct stiffness characteristics (Configurations B and C). Radial distortion was quantified using the displacement difference between the bottom and top regions of the brake drum (ΔZ). The results demonstrate that wheel stiffness and the offset between the wheel-disc attachment point and the ground reaction force are dominant factors governing brake drum deformation. The brake drum equipped with dual-tire configurations exhibited minimal ΔZ, whereas the brake drums equipped with single-tire configurations, particularly the least stiff Configuration C, showed pronounced outward radial displacement and increased deformation asymmetry. Design evaluations conducted under the worst-case configuration confirmed these findings, showing an effective reduction in brake drum deformation achieved by increasing the brake drum collar thickness (–36.1%; +6 kg) and by increasing the wheel rim thickness (–27.8%; +4.5 kg).
de Souza, Cassio Belo Clemente, Santana, Flávio Arcanjo, Henze, Steffen, Pulju, Hendrik, Filho, William Manjud Maluf
Structure Optimization of a Two-Dimensional Mixer for Mixing Uniformity Improvement Using the DEM2026-99-08467/30/2026
A two-dimensional (2-D) mixer has been widely used in the engineering field. The discrete element method (DEM) is capable of simulating and tracking collisions among particles inside the mixer. In this paper, the mixing process of spherical particles inside a 2-D mixer known as EYH150L is simulated by the DEM. The Lacey Index provides a quantitative measure of the blending efficacy achieved by a 2-D mixer. The DEM analysis indicated that the level of blending effectiveness among the particles in proximity to the rotating blades is significantly superior to that in regions devoid of blades. The rotational velocities of particles in blade-free zones are about 40% of those near the rotating blades, which serves as a key factor accounting for the slower increase in mixing efficiency observed in these regions. To address this disparity and enhance overall mixing performance, a mirrored rotating blade was incorporated, positioned to the left of the baseline revolving cylinder, thereby optimizing the structural configuration of the 2-D mixer. The verification tests indicated that the modification increases the mixing efficiency of the mixer at its left side, and enhances the blending uniformity, ensuring the four particle types are mixed equitably.
Fang, Ziqiang, Liu, Yong, Chen, Yafeng
Factors that Influence the Determination of Adhesion Utilization of the ABS in Commercial Vehicles: A Case Study2026-36-03077/30/2026
The anti-lock braking system (ABS) plays a fundamental role in preventing wheel lockup and preserving vehicle steerability and stability during braking. In Brazil, ABS is mandatory for commercial vehicles since 2014, following CONTRAN Resolution 380/11, with the objective of improving traffic safety and reducing road accidents. The performance of an ABS is directly influenced by the characteristics of the vehicle’s braking system, including its pneumatic architecture and mechanical component sizing, which determine brake-force distribution and the frequency of ABS intervention. Regardless of these characteristics, developers must ensure that ABS efficiency complies with applicable regulatory requirements. For performance assessment, NBR 10966 Part 6 establishes procedures for measuring and calculating the adhesion utilization of ABS. Represented by the letter epsilon (ε), adhesion utilization quantifies the relationship between the braking performance achieved with ABS active and that corresponding to the vehicle’s maximum braking capacity without wheel slip. This metric provides an indirect evaluation of system efficiency. This work presents a case study conducted during the development of the ABS for a medium-heavy truck equipped with more than two axles. The study consisted of the analysis of results obtained following the adhesion utilization determination methodology defined in NBR 10966 Part 6, and of the evaluation of its applicability to multi-axle vehicles. Despite the braking system and vehicle configuration meeting all minimum static and dynamic performance requirements, the measured adhesion utilization fell below expectations. This outcome prompted a detailed investigation of both the measurement approach used for this vehicle category and the factors affecting the tire–road friction coefficient, which are independent of the braking system itself. The analysis indicated potential improvements in the test methodology for vehicles with more than two axles and highlighted the significant influence of test-track surface conditions on the results obtained.
Dias, Eduardo Miranda, Rudek, Claudemir, Travaglia, Carlos Abílio Passos
Development of an Electronic Braking System Applied to Commercial Vehicles Focused on Improvement of Braking Pedal Feeling and Braking Performance2026-36-03087/30/2026
Embedded electronics are becoming increasingly common in solutions developed for commercial vehicles. Technological advancements enabled the development of electronic solutions that provide braking systems with functions to improve safety, comfort, performance, durability, and cost-effectiveness of wear components. In this context, the electronic braking system, EBS, has become increasingly present in the electronic architecture of commercial vehicles. Considering the functions that can be developed within the electronic braking system, the following stand out: the pedal characterization, which potentially improves comfort and increases the sensation of safety during braking; and the brake force distribution, which can be adjusted to ensure that the vehicle achieves an optimal balance between performance and friction material’s durability. This work consists of the presentation of tests and results of technical activities required to develop an EBS for medium-heavy and heavy-duty vehicles designed for a variety of applications. EBS was developed to prioritize comfort and safety, with optimized braking sensation and performance without compromising the durability of the wear components of the vehicles. Activities started with the experimental determination of the brake factor—a value that transmits to EBS the braking capacity of the truck. In sequence, brake pedal setup was performed based on data extracted from a vehicle equipped with a mechanical braking system and validated by subjective assessment. In addition, the braking force distribution definition started by establishing its target: friction material’s wear equalization or braking performance; went through balancing the mechanical braking power per axle; and finished being validated by data obtained from vehicles in use. Results showed that the implementation of electronic braking systems in commercial vehicles brought several benefits to the product, in particular, improvement of braking feeling when pressing the brake pedal, and in both braking performance and friction material’s durability, which resulted in a better balance between maintenance costs and technical advantages.
Travaglia, Carlos A. P., Rodrigues, André, Rudek, Claudemir, Dias, Eduardo Miranda, Silveira, Juliana
Feasibility of CFD-thermal-structural simulation based on real braking tests2026-36-03317/30/2026
During the development of mechanical components, engineers use numerical tools as a first step to design, develop, and analyze potential solutions for specific requirements, thereby reducing time- to-market of new components. Furthermore, numerical tools are also highly useful for analyzing components that exhibit failures. For brake discs, numerical analysis must consider not only mechanical behavior but also thermal and fluid dynamic behavior. In this context, as a further step, experimental tests can be performed in test facilities such as dynamometers, where the brake discs are evaluated under different operating conditions to determine their susceptibility to failures such as thermal distortion, judder (hot or cold), squeal, coning, etc. If such failures occur, corrective actions can be implemented using different approaches: a) redesign of the disc and braking system aided by numerical tools; b) tuning of the matching between disc and pad materials; and c) modification of the disc and/or the pad material. Regarding the first approach, the finite element method (FEM) is one of the most important numerical tools, and to obtain reliable results, accurate boundary conditions must be applied. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the feasibility of the CFD-thermal-structural boundary conditions derived from an experimental test performed on a ventilated brake disc assembled in an instrumented vehicle. Firstly, a comparison between an analytical method and the CFD solution was made regarding convective heat transfer coefficient (HTC). The test consisted of 16 main braking cycles from 140 to 0 km/h, conducted under eight different pedal pressure levels. After each main braking, a thermal shock was applied to the disc using water, followed by a secondary braking from 80 to 0 km/h, always with the same pedal pressure. The numerical analysis results showed good agreement with experimental tests in terms of temperature distribution. In addition, axial displacement distribution along the circumference is presented, with emphasis on coning deformation, one of the main triggers for judder.
Bagatini, Pablo Schettert, Viotti, Matias Roberto, Pereira, Leonardo, Tuzzin, Matheus, Titton, Angelo Pradella, Boaretto, Joel, De Leon, Daniel Milbrath
Design of Telescope Support Truss Based on Topology Optimization and Size Optimization2026-99-08487/30/2026
The primary mirror support truss of large-aperture segmented telescopes, serving as a critical load-bearing component of the optical system, has its structural stability directly determining the optical imaging quality. This paper adopts a collaborative design method integrating topology optimization and size optimization to address issues, including excessive weight and unreasonable stiffness distribution in traditional support truss designs. First, based on the topology optimization theory of the Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization variable density method, topology optimization was performed on the initial truss structure using finite element simulation software, with the volume fraction as a constraint and the objective of maximizing structural stiffness to determine the optimal material distribution model. Subsequently, the truss structure was reconfigured based on the topology optimization results. Finally, the cross-sectional dimensions of the truss members were selected as optimization variables, and size optimization was performed using the NSGA-II multi-objective optimization algorithm with the objectives of minimizing structural weight and minimizing weighted compliance, while considering constraints such as stress and displacement. The results show that the optimized support truss achieves a 3.9% reduction in weight and a 35.47% decrease in elastic strain energy. This effectively meets the high-precision and lightweight design requirements for telescope support structures and provides a feasible technical solution for the design of large-aperture telescope support trusses.
Tan, Deli, Guo, Liquan, Gao, Dedong, Liu, Chuanjie, Dai, Xiaodong, Huang, Lei
Study on Fuel Sloshing in Launch Vehicle Tanks and Response of Anti-Sloshing Plates2026-99-08437/30/2026
Violent shaking induced by motion excitation in a dynamic environment can generate significant additional forces and moments in liquid propellants, affecting spacecraft stability and attitude control. This study employs the CEL method to establish a fluid-structure interaction model for a launch vehicle fuel tank. The penalty function approach addresses FSI and hinged contact behavior, while the control volume method quantifies liquid pressure on anti-sloshing plates and propellant volume changes. Initial filling angles were used to simulate motion excitation equivalently. For partial filling conditions, the effects of equivalent filling height, initial filling angle, and anti-shake plate thickness on impact resistance were analyzed. Results indicate that at a fixed initial liquid filling angle, increasing the equivalent liquid filling height elevates both the maximum pressure and displacement of the anti-sloshing plate, though the rate of increase diminishes with greater plate thickness. At a fixed equivalent liquid filling height, increasing the initial liquid filling angle raises the maximum pressure, while the enlarged liquid-solid contact volume suppresses propellant sloshing, thereby reducing the displacement of the anti-sloshing plate. This study provides theoretical support for the structural design of anti-sloshing plates in rocket tanks.
Jiang, Longxuan, Le, Guigao
Research on the Influence of Ultrasonic Vibration on VARTM of CFRP2026-99-08447/30/2026
Due to their high specific modulus and specific strength, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites have been widely adopted in the aviation field. However, CFRP components produced by conventional vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) often exhibit defects such as Pores and dry spots. To address these limitations, this study develops a large-area, highly uniform vibration-assisted VARTM (UAVR) system and conducts ultrasound-assisted experiments. The results demonstrate that ultrasonic treatment at various frequencies consistently improves moulding uniformity. In particular, when the ultrasound frequency is 22 kHz, the tensile strength increases by up to 13.23%, and the compressive strength increases by up to 8.48%. This study has practical significance for improving the performance of CFRP.
Fang, Kaifa, Sun, Ruqian, Song, Gaoke, Zhang, Shuo, Cheng, Liqiang, Ma, Liping, Ruan, Benshuai, Xie1, Jiaqing
Influence of Aero Enablers on Brake Cooling Performance2026-36-03177/30/2026
Amid growing society concerns about environmental sustainability, fuel consumption has become a key factor in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, modern vehicle design increasingly prioritizes aerodynamic drag reduction. However, aerodynamic enhancements can significantly affect brake cooling, since airflow distribution plays a crucial role in braking performance. This study explores the interplay between underbody aerodynamic features and brake cooling efficiency in production vehicles. Three body styles—compact sedan, midsize SUV, and minivan—were evaluated to determine how varying aerodynamic configurations influence airflow around the wheel assemblies. The findings highlight critical trade-offs between aerodynamic optimization and thermal management, offering valuable insights for achieving balanced vehicle development strategies.
Batista, Lorena, Motta, Daniel, Seren, Ericson, Bergel, André, Sarmento, Alisson, Terra, Rafael
Design and Optimization of Diesel Engine Cold Start Heating System under Extreme Cold Conditions2026-99-08097/30/2026
With the goal of enhancing diesel engine adaptability to low-temperature environments and exploring cold-start potential at - 50 °C, this paper develops a one-dimensional simulation model for the cold-start system. The model is based on a method that utilizes a diesel heater to warm the coolant, which in turn heats the engine block and oil. The heating condition of coolant and oil of a 10-cylinder V-type engine within a specified time under a -50 °C environment is studied through simulation. We further optimized the cold-start process by enhancing the coolant flow distribution within each circulation circuit to improve overall thermal management and start-up efficiency. The results show that: at an ambient temperature of -50 °C, with a heating power of 80 kW, a total flow rate of 110 L/min, and an engine block flow rate of not less than 54 L/min, the diesel engine can raise the coolant temperature at the engine outlet to 40 °C and the oil temperature to -35 °C within 20 minutes. Through flow optimization, by maximizing the flow rate of the engine block heating circuit and reducing the flow diversion of the intercooler, the coolant temperature at the engine outlet can reach 40 °C in 18.9 minutes, while the oil is heated to -34.9 °C, and the final heating coolant temperature reaches 44.4 °C at 20 minutes. Compared to the situation without flow optimization, the time for the engine outlet coolant temperature to reach 40 °C was shortened by 0.55 minutes, and the final heating coolant temperature increased by 2.2 °C. Based on relevant experiments and the dynamic viscosity curve of 5 W engine oil, this paper holds that the starting conditions of a diesel engine can be met when the engine outlet coolant temperature reaches 40 °C, and the engine oil temperature reaches -35 °C.
Wang, Jingfei, Xie, Peng, Wang, Zhuo, Xia, Yingqiu, Zhang, Xiaodong, Chen, Ke, Wang, Guodong
Analysis of Vibration Characteristics and Fatigue Life Prediction of Thin-Walled Connection Structures2026-99-08107/30/2026
To explore the structural strength of thin-walled joint structures in the combined power nozzle of high-speed vehicles under coupled thermal-acoustic-vibration multi-physics loading, this study conducted an analysis of vibration characteristics and a prediction of fatigue life. Focusing on a representative plate-beam bolted joint structural unit, the modeling, computation, and analysis of the structure’s vibration behaviors under thermal-acoustic-vibration loading were implemented by means of the coupled Finite Element Method/Boundary Element Method (Coupled FEM/BEM). The improved rainflow counting method was applied to quantify the time-domain vibration stress responses; a corresponding rainflow damage matrix was then established, and the structural fatigue life was predicted based on this framework.
Yu, Hongfeng, Sha, Yundong, Liu, Shuang, Yang, Yanze
Research on Thermal Design of a Forced Air-Cooled Display Control Console2026-99-08087/30/2026
In this paper, the simulation software was used to conduct a thermal analysis of the design scheme of a certain type of forced air-cooled display and control console, and the results were compared with the experimental results. The results show that in an environment of 50 °C, the maximum temperature of the chip on this strong display control console does not exceed 98 °C, meeting the usage requirements of the chip and the thermal reliability requirements of the display control console. The thermal design scheme of the display and control console proposed in this paper has the advantages of a simple structural form, good heat dissipation effect, low fan noise, and consideration of the heat dissipation of multiple heat sources. It can provide a good reference for the thermal design of similar display and control consoles.
Li, Yun
Experimental Study on the Temperature Impact of a Typical Cabin Fire on Adjacent Cabins2026-99-08667/30/2026
The cabins of ships are mainly made of steel. When a fire breaks out, the temperature inside the cabin rises rapidly, and an extensive body of heat spreads through the bulkheads to adjacent cabins. Understanding the variation law of the temperature field in adjacent compartments after a fire occurs in the compartments is of great significance for the research on the thermal safety of ship compartments. This paper designs an L-shaped cabin test system. We conduct fire tests of different scales and obtain the temperature distribution of adjacent compartments. The test results show that as the fire area in the pool keeps rising, the temperature in the adjacent compartments keeps rising. Due to the fact that an extensive body of high-temperature smoke produced by combustion is suspended at the ceiling of the compartment of fire, the temperature of the vertically adjacent compartments is higher than that of the horizontally adjacent compartments.
Hu, Wei-guo, Hu, Yang, Wei, Jin, Yuan, Ya-long
Cross-Condition Bearing Multistage Degradation Identification Based on Health Indicator Matrix and Transition Sample Enhanced Network with Multi-Branch Encoding2026-99-08587/30/2026
Precisely detecting multi-stage degradation (MD) in rolling bearings is crucial for keeping equipment in good shape. Yet, health indicator (HI) crafted with current single-method strategies often can't balance degradation sensitivity and monotonicity across different operating conditions. Also, common MD detection methods struggle to spotransitional samples between degradation stages in cross-condition settings. To tackle these challenges, this paper introduces a new cross-condition MD detection approach for bearings, which relies on a health indicator matrix (HIM) and a transition sample enhanced network with multi-branch encoding (TSEN-MBE). First, a degradation-sensitive health indicator (DSHI) is constructed by integrating the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm — with comprehensive fault frequency energy (CFFE) as the regression target — and the grey wolf optimizer (GWO), capturing intrinsic degradation characteristics of bearings. Meanwhile, to enhance the monotonicity of unsupervised HIs, a time-weighted Wasserstein distance (TWWD) metric is proposed by incorporating temporal degradation features into the Wasserstein distance-based HI construction. The DSHI and TWWD are subsequently combined to generate the HIM. This HIM serves as the driving force for the Gath-Geva (GG) fuzzy clustering algorithm, enabling it to adaptively allocate MD labels according to varying operating conditions. Ultimately, the TSEN-MBE model is constructed, employing multi-branch Transformer encoders integrated with multi-head attention mechanisms to encode and combine heterogeneous features. A joint loss (JL) function — comprising transition sample enhancement (TSE), local maximum mean discrepancy (LMMD), and cross-entropy (CE) losses — is designed to enhance the recognition of transitional samples and improve cross-condition MD identification accuracy. Experimental results on the XJTU-SY dataset validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method, showing that DSHI achieves the highest average degradation angles, TWWD obtains optimal monotonicity, and TSEN-MBE outperforms comparative methods in cross-condition recognition tasks.
Ma, Jinghua, Wei, Lai, Hu, Guangqiao, Yu, Xiaoxia