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Vertical Flight Society Technical Papers - Coming Soon to Mobilus

Vertical Flight Society papers coming soon to SAE Mobilus. In partnership with the Vertical Flight Society (VFS), SAE Mobilus will be hosting more than 17,000 technical papers and proceedings from VFS. Click here to see a sample of the content covering decades of rotorcraft and vertical flight technologies.

Important Update – Accessibility Enhancements on SAE Mobilus

We’re pleased to share that SAE Mobilus has recently completed a comprehensive set of accessibility improvements across the platform. As a result, Mobilus is now aligned with WCAG 2.2 Level AA standards in most key categories. These updates are part of our ongoing commitment to ensuring the platform is accessible to all users. Enhancements include improvements to keyboard navigation, screen reader compatibility, visual contrast, error handling, and overall usability across core areas of the site. An updated Voluntary Product Accessibility Template (VPAT v2.5 – March 2026) is now available, providing a detailed overview of our accessibility conformance. You can access the VPAT directly within the Help section. Accessibility is a continuous effort. We will continue to evaluate and improve the platform to better support all users and meet evolving standards. If you have any feedback or experience any accessibility issues, we welcome your input. - The SAE Mobilus Team

SAE AI Chat — Update and What's Next

* Important Update - SAE AI chatbot Beta program * The SAE AI Chatbot Beta program - Phase 1 will end on March 31, 2026. Following this date, the AI chatbot capabilities will be temporarily unavailable as we begin development of a significantly enhanced version. We sincerely thank all Phase 1 Beta participants for their engagement and valuable feedback - your insights have played an important role in shaping the next phase of this experience. The upcoming version of the SAE AI Chatbot will expand content coverage beyond current standards, incorporating additional critical resources from our digital library. It will also be made available to a broader audience across Mobilus. Want to be part of what's next? Register your interest here to receive updates and be considered for early access. For additional information, visit the FAQs. — The Mobilus Team

SAE International Digitization and AI Policy

SAE International prohibits the entry of SAE Content into any form of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT, OpenAI, or Microsoft Copilot. Additionally, creating derivatives of SAE Content using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from SAE International. In the case of such use, SAE International will suspend access to SAE Content, and further legal action will be considered.

Welcome to the new SAE Mobilus®

Welcome to the new era of SAE Mobilus®, redesigned with a modern, intuitive web interface featuring enhanced search capabilities to help you stay informed and easily discover content. Login today: To access content within your subscription and make the most of the platform, please log into your subscription and your personal My Library (sign up is free) located in the top right corner of the screen. Key Features Intuitive User Interface: We've listened to our customers and tied this to the best practices in the industry to offer an improved, intuitive, and desirable website experience for our users. Improved In-app Discoverability: Enhanced search and expanded menu featuring search suggestions that allow for quick discovery of content. Announcements: Stay up to date on new features through a dedicated announcements page. Most recent announcements also get featured on the homepage. Enhanced Browse capabilities: Browse through over 200,000 publications that are now classified into categories commonly used across the industry. Deep-dive further into any topic or sub-topic of interest to make the most for your corporate projects or research. Smart Automation: "Meta Tags" on each result will help you find content related to your search. My Library: My dashboard is rebranded as My Library with powerful features to help you make the most out of the platform Mobile Friendly: Upgraded navigation on mobile devices Training Available SAE’s Customer Success team is dedicated to delivering the best platform experience possible. Through monthly trainings and short, on-demand video tutorials, find answers to your questions here: SAE Mobilus Spotlight training - Available monthly, hosted live by SAE’s Customer Success team Mobilus Minute – 2-minute videos, available on-demand Need some troubleshooting help? Access our FAQs by visiting our Help section: https://saemobilus.sae.org/help/home Resources to help you navigate the new platform are available here, where you can find links to quick start guides and video tutorials on features like My Library, Announcements, Saved Search, Login and new features. Have feedback that you'd like to share with us? Please submit your feedback to the Mobilus team through the blue Knowledge bot in the bottom right hand corner of the new platform.

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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

Browse All 177

Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response

EPR202501711/24/2025

The wing-in-ground effect (WIG) vehicle represents a significant advancement in aerodynamics and vehicle design, leveraging the ground effect phenomenon to enhance lift and reduce drag when flying close to the surface. This unique capability allows WIG vehicles to achieve higher payloads, longer range, and greater fuel efficiency compared to traditional aircraft, making them an attractive option for modern military and global disaster response applications. Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response discusses future disaster response, logistics, and military applications for WIG vehicles, including the ongoing development of aerospace and transportation technology. Relavant advancements in materials and propulsion systems holds promise for further enhancing WIG performance and operational range. Additionally, cost-effective and powerful flight computers with various types of mission-enabling sensor suites from the

Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering

EPR20250169/22/2025

Despite growing investments, the widespread adoption and scalable deployment of generative artificial intelligence (AI) remains a challenge due to data trustworthiness, regulatory uncertainty, interpretability, and ethical governance. The need to accelerate automation and maintain the human-in-the-loop demonstrates broader questions of responsibility and transparency. Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering investigates the transformative role of GenAI within aerospace engineering, examining its shift from conventional workflows toward more AI-driven solutions in design, manufacturing, and maintenance. It emphasizes GenAI’s emerging ability to automate repetitive mundane tasks, reduce design complexity, and optimize engineering pipelines. The report underscores the need for validation methods that must align AI-generated outputs with physics-informed models, integration with legacy engineering tools (e.g., computational fluid dynamics, finite element analysis, digital twins), and

Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles

EPR20250159/22/2025

The next generation of mobility, driven by shared, driverless, connected, and electrified vehicles, holds strong potential to advance sustainability through lower emissions and improved resource efficiency. However, critical questions remain regarding their true environmental impact, including battery lifecycle management, material consumption, and circular manufacturing practices. Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles explores these unresolved issues, focusing on the shift from internal combustion to electric vehicles, supply chain challenges, regulatory gaps, and the operational realities of sustainable productization. It also critically examines the risks of greenwashing, the need for consistent standards, and the role of intersectoral collaboration—with energy, urban planning, information and communications technologies, and waste management sectors—in building resilient, scalable solutions. The report provides strategic recommendations and

Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features

EPR20250138/13/2025

Advanced technologies that assist the human driver or reduce (or even eliminate) the human driver’s role are becoming increasingly prevalent in new light-duty vehicles used by the general public. These technologies are divided between Active Safety features that monitor the human driver and vehicle motion and act intermittently to mitigate and avoid crashes, and Driving Automation features that assume some or all of the dynamic driving task from the human driver. Both types of technologies have the potential to reduce injuries and save lives by reducing the frequency and/or severity of crashes. Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features addresses the current capabilities and future potential for Active Safety and Driving Automation features to reduce crash frequency and severity and provides an overview of the state of the industry for both types of features, including current deployments, trends, and anticipated rollouts. Gaps in knowledge, unsettled issues, and

Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots

EPR20250128/13/2025

The automation of labor-intensive picking and planting operations is having an immediate impact in the agricultural indutry. In its simplest form, robotic automation can reduce the labor and soil disturbance while enabling organic soil cover and increasing species diversification through precision approaches to planting, weeding, and spraying. With this, pesticides and fertilizers can be applied in a more targeted way, and with machinery visiting fields more frequently, earlier and more targeted intervention can occur before pests become established. Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots identifies issues that need to be resolved fo for this technology to thrive, including improving methods of acquiring and labeling training data to facilitate more accurate models for specific applications. It also discusses concepts such as general-purpose mechanical platforms for use as carriers of agricultural automation systems with high stability, positional accuracy, and variable

Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles

EPR20250147/18/2025

Autonomous vehicle motion planning and control are vital components of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. Recent advances in both data- and physical model-driven methods have improved driving performance, yet current technologies still fall short of achieving human-level driving in complex, dynamic traffic scenarios. Key challenges include developing safe, efficient, and human-like motion planning strategies that can adapt to unpredictable environments. Data-driven approaches leverage deep neural networks to learn from extensive datasets, offering promising avenues for intelligent decision-making. However, these methods face issues such as covariate shift in imitation learning and difficulties in designing robust reward functions. In contrast, conventional physical model-driven techniques use rigorous mathematical formulations to generate optimal trajectories and handle dynamic constraints. Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-Driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and

Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

EPR20250115/21/2025

Driven by the vast consumer marketplace, the electronics megatrend has reshaped nearly every sector of society. The advancements in semiconductors and software, originally built to serve consumer demand, are now delivering significant value to non-consumer industries. Today, electronics are making inroads into traditionally conservative, safety-critical sectors such as automotive and aerospace. In doing so, electronics—now further propelled by artificial intelligence—are disrupting the functional safety architectures of these cyber-physical systems. Electronics have created the world of cyber-physical systems, raising broader concerns about the broader category of product assurance. Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence continues the work of previous SAE Edge Research Reports in examining open research challenges arising from this shift, particularly in automotive systems, as core electronic technologies (e.g., the combination of software and communications) have even

Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management

EPR20250085/20/2025

The transportation industry is transforming with the integration of advanced data technologies, edge devices, and artificial intelligence (AI). Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are pivotal in optimizing traffic flow and safety. Central to this are transportation management centers, which manage transportation systems, traffic flow, and incident responses. Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management explores emerging trends in transportation data, focusing on data collection, aggregation, and sharing. Effective data management, AI application, and secure data sharing are crucial for optimizing operations. Integrating edge devices with existing systems presents challenges impacting security, cost, and efficiency. Ultimately, AI in transportation offers significant opportunities to predict and manage traffic conditions. AI-driven tools analyze historical data and current conditions to forecast future events. The importance of multidisciplinary approaches and

Edge Artificial Intelligence in Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mobility

EPR20250095/20/2025

With many stakeholders involved, and major investments supporting it, the advancements in automated driving (AD) are undoubtedly there. Generally speaking, the motivation for advancing AD is driver convenience and road safety. Regarding the development of AD, original equipment manufacturers, technology start-ups, and AD systems developers have taken different approaches for automated vehicles (AVs). Some manufacturers are on the path toward stand-alone vehicles, mostly relying on onboard sensors and intelligence. On the other hand, the connected, cooperative, and automated mobility (CCAM) approach relies on additional communication and information exchange to ensure safe and secure operation. CCAM holds great potential to improve traffic management, road safety, equity, and convenience. In both approaches, there are increasingly large amounts of data generated and used for AD functions in perception, situational awareness, path prediction, and decision-making. The use of artificial

Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on Earth

EPR20250054/24/2025

Recent advances are reducing the cost of space launch, high specific power solar cells, and the production of satellite systems. Modular architectures with no moving parts and distributed power systems would minimize assembly and maintenance costs. Together, this may enable space-based solar power to provide decarbonized dispatchable power at a lower cost than equivalent technologies such as nuclear power stations. Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on Earth discusses the advances in emerging technologies, like thin film solar cells, reusable launch vehicles, and mass-produced modular satellite systems that would make economic space power feasible. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Latest Journal Issues

Browse All 16

Passenger Vehicle Systems

Electrified Vehicles

Advances and Current Practices in Mobility

Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy

Connected and Automated Vehicles

Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy

Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH

Transportation Safety

Alternative Powertrains

Commercial Vehicles

Materials and Manufacturing

Aerospace

Engines

Fuels and Lubricants

Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems

Recent Books

Browse All 721

1D and MultiD Modeling Techniques for IC Engine Simulation Second Edition

R-5805/29/2026

The internal combustion (IC) engine remains the most widely used thermal machine in the world and will continue to play a central role in global mobility for decades to come. Even as alternative powertrains expand, optimized IC engines—often integrated within hybrid and electrified architectures—are essential to achieving low fuel consumption, near-zero pollutant emissions, and reduced carbon dioxide output. Advances in combustion strategies, synthetic fuels, turbocharging, and aftertreatment systems are driving this evolution. This fully revised and expanded second edition reflects the rapid progress made in engine modeling and simulation over the past two decades. One-dimensional (1D), three-dimensional (3D), and coupled 1D–3D modeling techniques have become indispensable tools in modern engine design, enabling engineers to evaluate performance, efficiency, and emissions through advanced virtual engine environments. Bringing together contributions from leading international

Variable Compression Systems for Future Engines and Fuels

R-5534/30/2026

Variable Compression Engines: Enabling Net Zero explores variable compression ratio (VCR): one of the most promising—and historically elusive—advancements in internal combustion engine (ICE) technology. Long recognized for its thermodynamic benefits, VCR has challenged engineers for decades due to its mechanical complexity. Today, as the global mobility landscape demands ever higher efficiency, lower emissions, and greater fuel flexibility, VCR has emerged as a viable and transformative solution. This book delivers a comprehensive and authoritative examination of VCR technology, quantifying its efficiency and CO2-reduction potential while surveying the wide range of mechanisms conceived, developed, and tested over more than a century of engine innovation. By combining historical insight with modern analysis, the authors reveal the remarkable ingenuity of past and present engine designers—and demonstrate that VCR is not only feasible, but increasingly essential. Positioned squarely

Aerospace Standards Index - 2026

ASIN20262/25/2026

This valuable resource lists all Aerospace Standards (AS), Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP), Aerospace Information Reports (AIR), and Aerospace Resource Documents (ARD) published by SAE. Each listing includes title, subject, document number, key words, new and revised documents, and DODISS-adopted documents. AMS Index - Now Available!

Business Reliability Growth for Automotive Engineering, Volume 4

R-5522/17/2026

In a world where every business process is under pressure to perform faster, safer, and more reliably, this book delivers a powerful roadmap for sustained operational excellence. Centered on the proven methodology of Design of Experiments (DOE), it shows how organizations can move beyond reactive problem-solving to systematic reliability growth. From well-defined standard operating practices to management-level decision-making, the book connects strategy, data, and execution to create repeatable, measurable results across the enterprise. Readers are guided through practical, real-world applications of DOE, from selecting the right factors and levels to executing robust experiments, analyzing outcomes, validating solutions, and continuously monitoring performance. Each chapter translates complex statistical and engineering concepts into actionable business value, helping teams improve quality, reduce waste, and increase return on investment. Key capabilities explored in this book

January 2026 AMS Index

AMSJAN-20261/24/2026

Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels

R-5471/22/2026

As global energy demands rise and environmental challenges intensify, the aviation industry faces a critical need to redefine how it powers the skies. Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels presents a comprehensive, research-driven exploration of the transition from fossil-based fuels to renewable alternatives that promise to reshape the future of air transportation. This book bridges the gap between academic knowledge and industrial application, offering a detailed overview of the science, technology, and policy driving the adoption of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs). From understanding feedstocks and conversion pathways to evaluating production technologies, emissions performance, and life-cycle impacts, the text equips readers with a holistic understanding of SAFs within today’s global energy landscape. Across five insightful chapters, readers will find a clear roadmap: the evolution and importance of SAFs; production methods and technological foundations; environmental

SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles

R-5591/20/2026

The convergence of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and connected vehicle technologies is ushering in a transformative era of automotive innovation—one that is fundamentally enhancing vehicle safety, efficiency, reliability, and the overall driving experience. SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles stands as the definitive reference for this rapidly evolving domain, meticulously compiled to clarify and standardize the language shaping modern mobility. Inside, readers will find clear, authoritative definitions encompassing the full spectrum of technologies that enable connected and automated driving—including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication systems. This comprehensive resource translates complex engineering terminology into accessible language, enabling engineers, researchers, policymakers, educators, and enthusiasts to share a common technical foundation. Reflecting the latest

Safety, ADAS, and Cybersecurity: Vol. 4

EPRCOMPV01202512/29/2025

Electrification: Vol. 3

EPRCOMPV04202512/29/2025

Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 : Vol. 2

EPRCOMPV06202512/29/2025

Recently Published

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An Investigation on Eppler 387 and Selig 1223 Airfoils Integrated Wing Section for Solar-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

2026-01-5035

6/3/2026

This study examines the aerodynamic performance of a wing section incorporating high-lift airfoils for use in a solar-powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operating at low speeds. This paper evaluates the aerodynamic performance of a wing section integrated with high-lift airfoils for application in a solar-powered UAV. The primary objective is to simulate low-speed flight conditions representative of solar-powered UAV missions in order to obtain relevant aerodynamic parameters by adopting Eppler 387 and Selig 1223 airfoils. Experimental and Numerical simulations are performed over a range of angles of attack to systematically assess key aerodynamic coefficients, including the coefficient of lift (Cl), coefficient of drag (Cd), and coefficient of pressure (Cp) to sustain the flight physics and steady level flight. A scaled prototype of the wing section is experimentally evaluated in a low-subsonic wind tunnel to validate the computational results under low-speed operating conditions

D., Lakshmanan, Swaminathan, Selvam

Electrical and Copper Compatibility Studies of Transmission Lubricants for Advanced Electric Vehicles

2026-01-5036

6/3/2026

Improved energy efficiency and lower CO2 emissions are the two major drivers for the emergence of E-mobility. Growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has sustained ever since their introduction till 2020 and has substantially increased thereafter. EVs require specialized lubricants, which are different from conventional lubricants mainly due to the addition of new hardware technology including e-motor, inverter, battery, and new materials (copper windings, elastomers, plastic, and other materials). Lubricant when used in an advanced powertrain electric vehicle specifically in E-powertrains may encounter the e-motor and must deliver unique performance attributes such as optimal electrical properties, thermal management, and material compatibility apart from the traditional features including extreme pressure, friction performance, oxidation, and wear control. In the current study, we have investigated conventional GL5, manual transmission fluid (MTF), automatic transmission fluid (ATF), and

Katta, Lakshmi, Seth, Sarita, Singh, Sandeep, Bhardwaj, Anil, Arora, Ajay Kumar

BOLT, MACHINE - DOUBLE HEXAGON EXTENDED WASHER HEAD, PD SHANK, STEEL SAE 8740, CADMIUM PLATED, 125 KSI MIN UTS, .4375-20 UNJF-3A

AS9918C (Current)

6/3/2026

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

BOLT, MACHINE - DOUBLE HEXAGON, EXTENDED WASHER HEAD, CLOSE TOLERANCE SHANK, UNS N07001, 165 KSI, .4375-20 UNJF-3A

AS9727A (Current)

6/3/2026

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

Driveline Parking Brake Test Procedure for Medium Duty Vehicles

J2690_202606 (Current)

6/3/2026

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform test procedures for friction based parking brake components used in conjunction with hydraulic service braked vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating greater than 4500 kg (10 000 lb). The components covered in this document are the primary actuation and the foundation park brake. Various peripheral devices such as application dashboard switches or indicators are not included.

Truck and Bus Hydraulic Brake Committee

BOLT, MACHINE - DOUBLE HEXAGON EXTENDED WASHER HEAD, PD SHANK, CUP WASHER LOCKED, CRES, UNS S66286, 130 KSI MIN, .1900-32 UNJF-3A

AS9676C (Current)

6/3/2026

SCOPE IS UNAVAILABLE.

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

WASHER, KEY - 90°, LOCKING, CRES, UNS S32100

AS9581D (Current)

6/3/2026

SCOPE IS UNAVAILABLE.

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

Heavy-Duty Nonroad Material Handler Electrification Part 2: Energy Efficiency and Performance Evaluation

02-19-03-0016

6/2/2026

Decarbonization efforts achieved through electrification in nonroad mobile machinery can realize a reduction in fuel consumption of more than 20%, thanks to concepts familiar to light-duty passenger vehicles. This case study compares the results of a hybrid-electric material handler to its conventional counterpart, utilizing machine-specific drive cycles presented in part one of this paper series. The hybrid prototype features an extended-range electric vehicle (EREV) powertrain that demonstrated substantial energy efficiency improvements. Specifically, there was a reduction in equivalent fuel consumption of 75% when operating in electric-only mode, and 33% when maintaining the battery by charging with an on-board generator. Together, the efficiency improvements can be extrapolated over a low-intensity, 8-h shift characterized by significant idle time and highly dynamic engine load for a 47% reduction in net energy consumption. Key technologies that led to this improvement included

Czarnecki, Alexander, Goodenough, Bryant, Worm, Jeremy, Robinette, Darrell, LaTendresse, Phil, Westman, John, Subert, David, Heath, Matthew, Kiefer, Dylan, Black, Andrew

Functional, Performance, and Safety Guidelines for Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS) for Aircraft

ARP6137A (Current)

6/1/2026

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes the overall component and system function guidelines and minimum performance levels for a TPMS. These guidelines include, but are not limited to: Design recommendations for system components, which: Monitor tire inflation Are located in/on the tire/wheel assembly, landing gear axle, and/or aircraft avionics compartment Recommended performance and safety guidelines for a TPMS.

A-5 Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Committee

Enabling Digital Transformation in Aerospace: Automated Model Based Engineering

2026-26-0722

6/1/2026

Model-based development (MBD) and Model-based Testing are critical for airborne software compliance with DO-178C and its supplement DO-331, which specifically addresses model-based approaches for software levels A through D. Traditional manual methods increase the documentation and validation burden, leading to inconsistent implementations across the project, and raise the risk of missed defects or gaps in compliance. This paper presents an automation framework designed to align with DO-331 objectives by leveraging fine-tuned large language models (LLM) to automate the generation of high-level textual requirements and low-level model-based requirements. From these, comprehensive test cases are automatically derived, covering normal, edge, mutation based, and dynamic scenarios to ensure a thorough validation of model behavior. Utilizing AI agent, the framework extracts requirements and key parameters from documentation, enabling automated specification analysis and test script

Lalchandani, Tushar, Purushothaman, Kalaivani, Jeppu, Yogananda, Vijaya Kumar, Shree Harsha, Natarajan, Akilandeswari

AI-Led Sustainability Strategy: Driving Product Value from Birth to Disposal

2026-26-0781

6/1/2026

Aerospace products operate within highly complex, safety-critical environments and endure extended lifecycles, often spanning decades. Sustaining their operational value requires rigorous management of Safety, Reliability, and Availability (SRA), while global Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) mandates demand parallel progress toward sustainability goals. This paper introduces an AI-driven strategy that integrates these dual imperatives—Sustenance Management and Sustainability Management—within a unified Product Lifecycle (PLC) framework. The proposed approach leverages Artificial Intelligence across five PLC phases: Generative Design, Detailed Design & Verification, Manufacturing & Industrialization, Operations & Maintenance, and End-of-Life Circularity. Anchored by a certified Digital Thread, this framework ensures seamless, auditable data flow from concept to disposal. Using Life-Limiting Parts (LLPs)—such as high-stress turbine discs—as a case study, the paper demonstrates

Srinivasan, Karthik, G.V.V., Ravi Kumar, Vaderahobli, Devaraja Holla, Bhate, Ujwal, Veluri, Sastry

Integrating Human factors and Predictive Modeling for Enhanced Aviation Safety: A Data - Driven Approach to Risk Mitigation and System Design

2026-26-0795

6/1/2026

This study presents a data-driven approach for strengthening aviation safety by integrating human factors assessment with modern predictive modeling techniques. The work focuses on understanding how human performance, operational conditions, and system-level interactions collectively influence safety risk, and how these interactions can be quantified to support improved design and decision-making. Unlike previous studies that address human factors or predictive modeling in isolation, this research offers a unified framework that links causal human factors indicators with statistical modeling, feature extraction, and machine learning based risk estimation. The novelty of this work lies in the structured pipeline that transforms raw categorical and narrative human factors information into measurable predictors that can be analyzed using structural modeling and machine learning. The methodology includes data preparation, dimensionality reduction, latent pattern discovery, dependence

Valiyaparambil, Praveen

Non-Intrusive Fatigue Detection for Pilots

2026-26-0793

6/1/2026

Pilot fatigue represents a critical concern in aviation safety, as it can significantly impair cognitive functions, decision-making abilities, and reaction times. In addition to decreasing performance, in-flight chronic fatigue has negative long-term health effects. Possible causes of fatigue include sleep loss, extended time awake, circadian phase irregularities and workload. Conventionally, the risk due to fatigue in aerospace is reduced by flight time limits and controlled rest requirements. Despite regulations limiting flight time and enabling optimal rostering, fatigue cannot be prevented completely. Hence, there is need to detect pilot fatigue in real time. There is ongoing research to detect pilot fatigue using devices that can capture Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Electrocardiogram (ECG). Though these devices have high fidelity, they are intrusive and can limit pilot activity. This limitation could potentially be overcome by non-intrusive devices such as a smart watch/wrist

Nyamagoudar, Vinayak, P R, Namratha, Ramachandran, Venkataramani

Lightweight Magnesium Nanocomposites with Enhanced Wear Resistance for Landing Gear Application

2026-26-0751

6/1/2026

This study systematically evaluated the wear resilient performance of AZ61 magnesium alloy reinforced with 15 wt.% SiC and diverse amounts of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) under dry sliding circumstances adopting pin-on-disc apparatus (ASTM G99). To identify the influence of factors like sliding speed (SS) (1-3 m/s), axial load (AL) (10-30 N), and MWCNT concentration (0-3 wt.%) that affect tribological performance, experiments were developed using a Central Composite Design (CCD) under Response Surface Methodology (RSM). SEM micrographs revealed a dispersion optimum near 2 wt.% MWCNT, where CNTs anchor to SiC and bridge the α-Mg matrix, while 3 wt.% shows agglomerates and micro-voids. Findings showed that wear loss (WL) and friction coefficient (CoF) was greatly amplified by increasing AL owing to localized heating and contact stresses. A compacted tribolayer was formed by increasing SS, which decreased WL but marginally raised the CoF. At low AL (10 N), SS (2.09 m/s), and

Senthilkumar, N.

Automating DO-178C Verification and Security Compliance in DevSecOps CI/CD Pipelines for Safety Critical Avionics Software

2026-26-0717

6/1/2026

This paper presents an automated framework for security compliance and quality assurance in DevSecOps CI/CD pipelines, specifically designed for safety-critical avionics software. The framework integrates regulatory compliance checks, security validation, and robust verification directly into the software development lifecycle, supporting continuous integration and delivery for aerospace applications. Automated processes such as code compilation, coding standards compliance, Cyclomatic Complexity Measurement, Sources Line of Code and CRC validation on target hardware are seamlessly orchestrated to maintain consistency and reliability. The system generates comprehensive compliance reports, highlights coding standard violations and security issues, and notifies relevant stakeholders to facilitate timely resolution and corrective actions. As new code is checked in, the framework automatically initiates all verification and compliance tasks, ensuring that every software update is

Bhagwat, Shashank Ravi, Changappa, Naveen Kumar, Nath, Sunny

Effect of Strap-On Geometry on the Aerodynamics of Multibody Launch Vehicle

2026-26-0727

6/1/2026

Strap-on boosters play a crucial role in heavy launch vehicles by providing additional liftoff thrust without major changes to the baseline design, enabling launch with existing propulsion systems. However, strap-on boosters introduce additional pressure drag and alter the overall aerodynamics of the vehicle. While efforts have been previously made to derive empirical relationships to predict the aerodynamics of different strap-on configurations, most are case-specific and primarily limited to estimating drag coefficients (CD). The present study focuses on geometric parameters of strap-on such as length, diameter and radial gap between strap-on and core. The results are used to derive an empirical relationship which can be applied during preliminary design stage of a launch vehicle to predict axial force coefficient (CA), normal force coefficient (CN) and pitching moment coefficient (CPM), which are required for mission design and structural load estimation. In the current study

Muraleedharan, Archana P., G, Ramana Bharathi, S, Gnanasekar

Predictive Obsolescence Management

2026-26-0780

6/1/2026

In the field of Aerospace, which has a long Life-Cycle process [20-30Years], Component Obsolescence has become a major problem as it prevents Maintenance & sustenance of a product with committed life-cycle period. Obsolescence Management plays a vital role by deriving strategic plans on proactive obsolescence where the system needs to be supported for several decades. This abstract analyzes the obsolescence challenges in the Aviation industry especially in Avionics System impacted by component obsolescence and present the possible proactive obsolescence management in terms of Engineering, Technology, and business/cost elements. The Obsolescence problem cannot be avoided but the impact of obsolescence and mitigate the risk can be minimized by planning and managing response. The obsolescence risk assessment for the Bill Of Materials (BOM) is a paramount activity to manage obsolescence proactively and cost-effectively. Digital Transformation of analyzing the component obsolescence status

Dharmananyala, Rohith, Munirathnam, Krishna, Marokeyfrancis, Joisyjose, Sadashivaiah, Nagesh, Kondamari, Harshitha

Wear Resilience Characteristics of Silicon Nitride Strengthened AZ31 Magnesium Composite

2026-26-0740

6/1/2026

To develop magnesium matrix composites, ceramic silicon nitride (Si3N4) particles are added to the magnesium (AZ31) matrix at 2 wt.%. The composite is produced via disintegrated melt deposition vacuum-stir-casting procedure. Microstructural studies reveal the presence of Si3N4 particles and their uniform spreading. An L9 orthogonal array, planned using Taguchi’s experimental design, is selected for three wear parameters; axial load (AL), rotational speed (RS), and time duration (TD) with trials as per the G99 standard in the pin-on-disc apparatus to assess the wear resilient of the composite. Experimental results show an increase in axial stress, and wear loss (WL) increases dramatically. Because the area of contact shrinks as RS increases, WL diminishes dramatically. When the AL is low, the friction coefficient (CoF) increases, and when the AL is large, CoF drops. When the RS is increased, CoF decreases. To optimize multiple responses effectively, the TOPSIS (Technique for Order

Senthilkumar, N., Dhinakar Raj, C K

Surface Protection Strategies for Dome Shaped Structures against Cavitation Erosion

2026-26-0744

6/1/2026

Submarine-launched missiles with domed nose cones are highly vulnerable to cavitation erosion as they travel at high speed through an underwater launch tube and then into the air from the sea surface. The collapse of vapour cavities crystallizes intense damage on the vehicle surfaces so that the vehicle structure and aerodynamic performance are threatened. In this work, we show the full 3D numerical and analytical analysis of surface protection concepts for the reduction of cavitation damage on such an axisymmetric dome-shaped body. A computational methodology was developed by importing a complex computer-aided design (CAD) model of a dome and the connecting tubular structure into a high-fidelity simulation environment. The geometry was simplified by omitting non-essential details to facilitate the generation of quality mesh for CFD analysis. Simulations have been carried out to analyze the flow field and pressure distribution under two critical stages, at two angles of attack of 0

Velayudhan, Gautham, P S, Premkumar, S, Suhail Ahmed, P, Krishnakumar, Vasantharaj, C

Numerical Methodology for Aircraft Light Explosion Proofness Study

2026-26-0790

6/1/2026

The increasing demand for safety and reliability in aerospace applications necessitates rigorous testing of aircraft components, including light units, for explosion proofness. Traditional explosion proofness tests are destructive, expensive, and time-consuming, requiring significant resources for test setups and prototypes. To address these challenges, this research presents a numerical methodology using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate the explosion proofness for aircraft light units. The primary motivation of this study is to establish a computational framework that supports early-stage design screening, reduces the number of physical prototypes, and enhances understanding of explosion behavior before formal qualification testing. This work contributes to advancing engineering practices in the aerospace industry by demonstrating the efficacy of CFD simulations in evaluating and enhancing the explosion proofness of light units. The proposed CFD model

Selvaraj, Sugumaran, Nataraja, Prabhu

Conceptual Design of Hydrogen Fuel-Cell-Based Utility Aircraft

2026-26-0783

6/1/2026

The aviation industry contributes to around 2% of global carbon dioxide emissions. As various sectors of the economy look to reduce their global carbon footprint, the aviation industry is positively acknowledging alternatives to jet fuel. Hydrogen proves to be one such alternative having a high energy density and producing zero carbon emissions on combustion. Hydrogen when used in a jet engine produces water vapour and NOx emissions. In order to reduce the effect of GHGs, the current study aims to develop aircraft concepts suitable with hydrogen propulsion through fuel cells for a short-haul commercial mission profile. Aircrafts such as Metro-23 and Dornier 228-212 were referenced for the requirements of a utility turboprop aircraft. The weight estimation was done to obtain the take-off weight of 10,863 kg following the optimization of thrust to weight ratio and wing loading to calculate the initial dimensions. OpenVSP was used to model the initial structure of the aircraft. For the

Bhattacharya, Anisha, Seetha Ramu, Sree Valli, C N, Lakshmi Manasa, Rohit, Benjamin

Transforming Aircraft MRO with Agentic AI and Context Engineering

2026-26-0788

6/1/2026

Aircraft Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) operations are highly complex, involving coordination among multiple stakeholders including airlines, MRO providers, OEMs, and regulatory authorities. A significant challenge in this space is managing unplanned events such as Aircraft on Ground (AOG) conditions, where delays can lead to major financial losses to airlines and safety risks. Engineers must quickly diagnose the damage, evaluate compliance against regulatory limits, coordinate with OEMs, and make critical decisions—all while navigating a fragmented ecosystem of disconnected systems, diverse document types, and time-sensitive processes. This paper presents a real-world, intelligent MRO solution that addresses these challenges through the use of Agentic AI and context engineering. The system is designed to automate and augment key MRO workflows such as damage detection, repair pathway selection, compliance verification, and supplier coordination. At its core, the solution is

Abburu, Sunitha, G.V.V., Ravi Kumar, Poovalingam, Sundaresan, Vaderahobli, Devaraja Holla

AI Based Energy Sustained Series Hybrid Aircraft

2026-26-0776

6/1/2026

This paper investigates the energy consumption characteristics of series hybrid aircraft with a focus on comparing conventional energy management approaches against an AI-powered optimization framework. The study comprehensively models the energy demands of a series hybrid aircraft across all major flight phases, including Idle & Ground Operations, Taxi, Takeoff, Climb, Cruise, Descent, Approach, Landing, and Rollout & Taxi. For each phase, detailed mathematical formulations are developed to capture power requirements and energy flow, incorporating real-time operational parameters to enhance the accuracy of the energy consumption estimations measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh). The AI-based optimization leverages advanced control strategies, specifically Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms, to dynamically manage the aircraft’s energy systems. MPC is employed to predict and optimize future energy usage by solving constrained optimization problems over

Kanchagar, Amogha

Weight Estimation of Novel Aircraft Configurations in Early Design Phase

2026-26-0773

6/1/2026

Initial weight estimation from Top Level Aircraft Requirements (TLAR) is a critical first step in aircraft design, yet existing empirical methods are inadequate for novel configurations such as those using Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) or Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF). This paper presents a hybrid methodology for top-level weight estimation of such unconventional aircraft. The approach is based on modifying a conventional baseline aircraft, integrating a new statistical model with component-specific weight estimations. A multivariate regression model to estimate the empty weight fraction (We/W0) was developed from a dataset of 44 conventional aircraft, yielding an R-squared value of 0.833. This statistical model was integrated with physics-based models for novel components, including cryogenic fuel tanks and fuel systems. The methodology accounts for iterative changes to fuselage structure and parasitic drag. Four configurations were analyzed: fuel types being Jet A1, SAF, LH2 with aft

Goyal, Tushar

Design of Acoustical Features for a Quitter Aero-Engine Test Facility

2026-26-0787

6/1/2026

It is a general practice to test aero engines to evaluate their performance in specially designed indoor test facilities after assembly, repaired or overhaul. Acoustic features are provided in the test facility to attenuate the noise level to a comfortable and acceptable level. Design of these features specially air intake and exhaust silencers are a challenging task in a flow field like aero-engine test facility considering the very high sound pressure level generated by them during test containing a very wide frequency band. Moreover, growing population and location of these facilities in the vicinity of residential areas has added this challenge in multifold. Also, the capital investment in building these facilities is huge due to their large size and longer construction time. Hence, the correct execution at first shot including design, fabrication and commissioning is very important. An attempt has been made to reduce design errors or improve the accuracy in the design stage by

Gouda, Bansidhar

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