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Announcements for SAE Mobilus

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NEW on Mobilus: Try SAE AI Chat (Beta)
Dear patrons, We’re excited to introduce SAE AI Chat – a new AI-powered feature now available in beta on Mobilus. With SAE AI Chat, you can: Ask natural language questions and receive responses derived from 12,000+ SAE standards Save time searching through extensive technical documents Summarize text and discover connections between different topics or publications The feature is currently in beta development phase and may have limitations.   How to Get Access? This beta release is currently available only to a limited number of users. To request access: Visit our Signup Page  Complete the form (< 2 minutes) We'll notify you if you've been selected for the beta program with instructions to login. We'll be rolling out access starting towards end of June 2025, so we encourage you to sign up promptly if you're interested.   Have Questions? Visit the FAQs section or contact us for additional information. - The Mobilus Team
Service Notice
[ARCHIVED] Attn.: System maintenance @ 6 PM ET, April 15, 2025
Last updated: April 16, 2025, 09.11 AM ET Date posted (original message): April 15, 2025, 12.10 PM ET UPDATE: The maintenance work has been completed and the website is back up and running again. Thank you for your patience. ORIGINAL MESSAGE: Please note that this evening beginning at 6pm ET, we will be performing network maintenance on pieces of the core network infrastructure. We expect this work to last for 1 hour. During this period, access to Mobilus may be impacted and the site may be unreachable during this time.  We will update once the maintenance activities have been completed. - The Mobilus team
Service Notice
[ARCHIVED] Experience WCX for Free—Expo Pass + Keynote Insights!
Join us at WCX 2025, where the future of mobility takes center stage! Get your FREE Expo Pass to explore groundbreaking technology, connect with industry leaders, and hear from visionary keynote speakers from Woven by Toyota, Stellantis, and Intel Automotive. For more information, visit: wcx.sae.org
Service Notice
[Resolved] Service notice - System issues
Update: Issue has been resolved. Please reach out to CustomerService@sae.org if you have any questions. -- Hello, Please be aware that we are currently experiencing system issues / slowness on the platform, and our teams are working diligently to resolve the issue as quickly as possible.  We apologize for any inconvenience and appreciate your patience and understanding. Thank you for your continued support. Best regards, The Mobilus Team
Service Notice
[ARCHIVED] Counter Reports Issue - Fixed
Last updated: November 11, 2024 [LATEST UPDATE] The issue has been fixed and Counter reports are now accessible through the portal. Usage data until the previous month (i.e. October 2024) can be pulled in reports.  Useful links: FAQs: https://saemobilus.sae.org/help/counter-usage-reports Mobilus Minute video on Counter: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45s8S3ixURk Thank you for your patience and understanding. - The Mobilus team -- [PREVIOUS MESSAGE HISTORY] Original announcement: Please note that Counter Database Reports and Title Reports are currently experiencing technical issues, and our team is working on restoring all functionality as soon as possible. We have disabled usage data extraction, while we're looking into the issue.  If you need immediate access to usage reporting, please reach out to your SAE Mobilus sales representative. Thank you for your patience, and we apologize for the inconvenience.
Service Notice
[ARCHIVED] Important Notice: Sunset of Mobilus 3.0
[LATEST UPDATE]   The legacy version of Mobilus (Mobilus 3.0) has now been officially sunset. Thank you for your valuable feedback and continued support in helping to improve Mobilus. - The Mobilus team -- [PREVIOUS MESSAGE HISTORY] IMPORTANT UPDATE: Sunset of Mobilus 3.0 (legacy version) We would like to inform you of an important update regarding SAE Mobilus - As part of our ongoing commitment to enhancing your experience, the legacy version of the platform (Mobilus 3.0) will be phased out on October 31, 2024. The current website with the newly redesigned interface introduced back in April, featuring an intuitive interface, improved search capabilities, advanced search, and in-depth browsing capabilities, will continue to remain operational going forward to support your needs.   What You Need to Know: Last Day of Service (Mobilus 3.0): October 31, 2024 Content Access: You will retain access to all subscribed content through your institutional subscription. Personal Preferences Migration: While most settings tied to your Dasboard in Mobilus 3.0 (alerts, annotations, folders) will transfer over to the new platform, saved searches will not be retained and will need to be recreated in the new platform through your complimentary My Library account. Access the New Platform: Your institutional preferences around login (IP authentication, SSO, username/password) will be retained.   We appreciate your understanding during this transition. Thank you for your continued support. If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to contact us. Answers to common questions / FAQs are accessible here. Best regards, The Mobilus Team SAE International
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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

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Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation FeaturesEPR202501308/13/2025
Advanced technologies that assist the human driver or reduce (or even eliminate) the human driver’s role are becoming increasingly prevalent in new light-duty vehicles used by the general public. These technologies are divided between Active Safety features that monitor the human driver and vehicle motion and act intermittently to mitigate and avoid crashes, and Driving Automation features that assume some or all of the dynamic driving task from the human driver. Both types of technologies have the potential to reduce injuries and save lives by reducing the frequency and/or severity of crashes. Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features addresses the current capabilities and future potential for Active Safety and Driving Automation features to reduce crash frequency and severity and provides an overview of the state of the industry for both types of features, including current deployments, trends, and anticipated rollouts. Gaps in knowledge, unsettled issues, and
Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural RobotsEPR202501208/13/2025
The automation of labor-intensive picking and planting operations is having an immediate impact in the agricultural indutry. In its simplest form, robotic automation can reduce the labor and soil disturbance while enabling organic soil cover and increasing species diversification through precision approaches to planting, weeding, and spraying. With this, pesticides and fertilizers can be applied in a more targeted way, and with machinery visiting fields more frequently, earlier and more targeted intervention can occur before pests become established. Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots identifies issues that need to be resolved fo for this technology to thrive, including improving methods of acquiring and labeling training data to facilitate more accurate models for specific applications. It also discusses concepts such as general-purpose mechanical platforms for use as carriers of agricultural automation systems with high stability, positional accuracy, and variable
Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous VehiclesEPR202501407/18/2025
Autonomous vehicle motion planning and control are vital components of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. Recent advances in both data- and physical model-driven methods have improved driving performance, yet current technologies still fall short of achieving human-level driving in complex, dynamic traffic scenarios. Key challenges include developing safe, efficient, and human-like motion planning strategies that can adapt to unpredictable environments. Data-driven approaches leverage deep neural networks to learn from extensive datasets, offering promising avenues for intelligent decision-making. However, these methods face issues such as covariate shift in imitation learning and difficulties in designing robust reward functions. In contrast, conventional physical model-driven techniques use rigorous mathematical formulations to generate optimal trajectories and handle dynamic constraints. Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-Driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and
Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial IntelligenceEPR202501105/21/2025
Driven by the vast consumer marketplace, the electronics megatrend has reshaped nearly every sector of society. The advancements in semiconductors and software, originally built to serve consumer demand, are now delivering significant value to non-consumer industries. Today, electronics are making inroads into traditionally conservative, safety-critical sectors such as automotive and aerospace. In doing so, electronics—now further propelled by artificial intelligence—are disrupting the functional safety architectures of these cyber-physical systems. Electronics have created the world of cyber-physical systems, raising broader concerns about the broader category of product assurance. Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence continues the work of previous SAE Edge Research Reports in examining open research challenges arising from this shift, particularly in automotive systems, as core electronic technologies (e.g., the combination of software and communications) have even
Edge Artificial Intelligence in Connected, Cooperative and Automated MobilityEPR202500905/20/2025
With many stakeholders involved, and major investments supporting it, the advancements in automated driving (AD) are undoubtedly there. Generally speaking, the motivation for advancing AD is driver convenience and road safety. Regarding the development of AD, original equipment manufacturers, technology start-ups, and AD systems developers have taken different approaches for automated vehicles (AVs). Some manufacturers are on the path toward stand-alone vehicles, mostly relying on onboard sensors and intelligence. On the other hand, the connected, cooperative, and automated mobility (CCAM) approach relies on additional communication and information exchange to ensure safe and secure operation. CCAM holds great potential to improve traffic management, road safety, equity, and convenience. In both approaches, there are increasingly large amounts of data generated and used for AD functions in perception, situational awareness, path prediction, and decision-making. The use of artificial
Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic ManagementEPR202500805/20/2025
The transportation industry is transforming with the integration of advanced data technologies, edge devices, and artificial intelligence (AI). Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are pivotal in optimizing traffic flow and safety. Central to this are transportation management centers, which manage transportation systems, traffic flow, and incident responses. Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management explores emerging trends in transportation data, focusing on data collection, aggregation, and sharing. Effective data management, AI application, and secure data sharing are crucial for optimizing operations. Integrating edge devices with existing systems presents challenges impacting security, cost, and efficiency. Ultimately, AI in transportation offers significant opportunities to predict and manage traffic conditions. AI-driven tools analyze historical data and current conditions to forecast future events. The importance of multidisciplinary approaches and
Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Dedicated LanesEPR202500704/24/2025
Dedicated lanes provide a simpler operating environment for ADS-equipped vehicles than those shared with other roadway users including human drivers, pedestrians, and bicycles. This final report in the Automation and Infrastructure series discusses how and when various types of lanes whether general purpose, managed, or specialty lanes might be temporarily or permanently reserved for ADS-equipped vehicles. Though simulations and economic analysis suggest that widespread use of dedicated lanes will not be warranted until market penetration is much higher, some US states and cities are developing such dedicated lanes now for limited use cases and other countries are planning more extensive deployment of dedicated lanes. Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure: Dedicated Lanes includes a review of practices across the US as well as case studies from the EU and UK, the Near East, Japan, Singapore, and Canada. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on EarthEPR202500504/24/2025
Recent advances are reducing the cost of space launch, high specific power solar cells, and the production of satellite systems. Modular architectures with no moving parts and distributed power systems would minimize assembly and maintenance costs. Together, this may enable space-based solar power to provide decarbonized dispatchable power at a lower cost than equivalent technologies such as nuclear power stations. Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on Earth discusses the advances in emerging technologies, like thin film solar cells, reusable launch vehicles, and mass-produced modular satellite systems that would make economic space power feasible. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
The Challenges of Next-gen ADAS and ADS and Related Vehicle Safety TopicsEPR202500303/31/2025
Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and automated driving systems (ADS) continue to expand into the market at a rapid pace. As improved (i.e., next generation) versions of these systems become available, they will continue to face many challenges in their implementation and benefits for safety and driving operations. The solution will involve many parties, including road safety professionals and researchers who see the potential in these systems but may have difficulties keeping up with them, and safety advocates who are calling for these systems to achieve higher levels of safety now. The Challenges of Next-gen ADAS and ADS and Related Vehicle Safety Topics explores these challenges that will fall on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and automakers as they balance costs and benefits; establish reasonable regulations and standards; and determine how to improve, test, deliver, and use these systems successfully. Perhaps the most formidable challenge will
User Experience for Digitalized and Smart Cockpits and Cabins of Next-gen MobilityEPR202500603/31/2025
This SAE Edge Research Report explores advancements in next-generation mobility, focusing on digitalized and smart cockpits and cabins. It offers literature review, examining current customer experiences with traditional vehicles and future mobility expectations. Key topics include integrating smart cockpit and cabin technologies, addressing challenges in customer and user experience (UX) in digital environments, and discussing strategies for transitioning from traditional vehicles to electric ones while educating customers. User Experience for Digitalized and Smart Cockpits and Cabins of Next-gen Mobility covers both on- and off-vehicle experiences, analyzing complexities in developing and deploying digital products and services with effective user interfaces. Emphasis is placed on meeting UX requirements, gaining user acceptance, and avoiding trust issues due to poor UX. Additionally, the report concludes with suggestions for improving UX in digital products and services for future

Latest Journal Issues

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Passenger Vehicle Systems
SAE International Journal of Passenger Vehicle Systems
Electrified Vehicles
SAE International Journal of Electrified Vehicles
Advances and Current Practices in Mobility
SAE International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility
Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy
SAE International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy
Connected and Automated Vehicles
SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles
Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy
SAE International Journal of Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy
Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH
SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH
Transportation Safety
SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety
Alternative Powertrains
SAE International Journal of Alternative Powertrains
Commercial Vehicles
SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles
Materials and Manufacturing
SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing
Aerospace
SAE International Journal of Aerospace
Engines
SAE International Journal of Engines
Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems
SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems
Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems
SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems

Recent Books

Browse All 703
Sustainable and Affordable Mobility for All: Putting the Heart Back into TechnologyR-58608/14/2025
Sustainable and Affordable Mobility for All offers a bold, yet practical vision for the future of transportation. Drawing from deep technical expertise and global experience, Chris Borroni-Bird presents a transformative approach to the automotive industry, tackling critical issues like economic development, environmental sustainability, and universal access. This groundbreaking book explores how advanced technologies such as electric, autonomous, and connected vehicles can revolutionize not only personal mobility but also urban transport and public systems. It calls for a shift toward "right-sized" vehicles, designed to meet real-world needs without over-engineering. Borroni-Bird’s solutions are scalable and adaptable to both developed and developing markets, ensuring affordable and sustainable mobility for all. With insights from 30 years of rapid innovation, including ridesharing platforms and robotaxis, this book blends technology, human factors, and sustainability to inspire a
Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2025 - Volume IB-993_VOLUME108/13/2025
The Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization MMPDS-2025 supersedes MMPDS-24 and prior editions of the MMPDS Handbook as well as all editions of MIL-HDBK-5, Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures Handbook that were maintained by the U.S. Air Force. The last edition, MIL-HDBK-5J was cancelled by the U.S. Air Force in March 2006. This document contains design information on the mechanical and physical properties of metallic materials and joints commonly used in aircraft and aerospace vehicle structures. All information contained in this Handbook has been reviewed and approved using a standardized process. The development and ongoing maintenance process involves certifying agencies, including the FAA, DoD, and NASA, and major material suppliers and material users worldwide. The information and procedures in this Handbook are continuously reviewed and modified or removed as determined to be appropriate. With advances in materials and fastener
Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2025 - Volume IIB-993_VOLUME208/13/2025
Volume II publishes the framework for generating and analyzing the data so that material sponsors can generate the right data, knowing how it will be analyzed by the Battelle Memorial Institute. MMPDS-2025 Volume II Process Intensive Materials and Joining Technologies does not currently have any material properties, focusing on additive manufacturing of metallic materials. MMPDS-2025 Volume II focuses on non-conventional processes and will be published each year. Volume I: Conventional Materials and Joint Allowables.
Careers in Aerospace: A Student’s Guide to the Sky and BeyondR-56807/24/2025
Have you ever looked up and wondered how humans conquered the skies—and what lies beyond? This book requires no prior knowledge of math—just curiosity and a passion for discovery. From the Wright brothers’ 12-second flight in 1903 to spacecraft that reach the edge of our solar system, aerospace engineering has propelled us to new frontiers. It is the foundation of modern flight, blending physics, chemistry, biopharmaceuticals, mechanics, electronics, and communications to push the limits of speed, altitude, and exploration. In just over a century, we have progressed from envying birds to flying over three times the speed of sound, launching space shuttles, and venturing into the cosmos. The urge to explore is unstoppable, and the future promises even greater achievements. Whether you’re a curious spectator or an aspiring professional, this book offers an engaging introduction to the principles behind aviation and space travel. Understanding the fundamentals will deepen your
July 2025 AMS IndexAMSJULY-202507/07/2025
Metals & Alloys in the Unified Numbering System, 15th EditionHS-1086/202506/18/2025
Automobile Wheel Alignment and Wheel Balancing, Second EditionR-59106/12/2025
With over thirty years of hands-on experience in designing, developing, and patenting products in the wheel alignment industry, the author brings invaluable expertise to the second edition of this essential guide. Perfectly suited for mechanics, technicians, engineers, and even vehicle owners, this book goes beyond the basics to offer a comprehensive understanding of wheel alignment and its critical role in vehicle performance. The importance of proper wheel alignment and balancing cannot be overstated—incorrect alignment leads to premature tire wear and reduced safety. This updated edition provides in-depth coverage on wheel alignment techniques for light vehicles, commercial trucks, and trailers, with clear illustrations to help readers recognize and address various types of tire wear. The book explores everything from the mechanics of alignment to the impact of air pressure and tire rotation on longevity. With the growing need for vehicle maintenance, this guide empowers
Automated Fiber Placement: Status, Challenges, and EvolutionR-51106/11/2025
Discover the cutting-edge technology driving the next generation of aerospace, automotive, and space exploration. Automated Fiber Placement: Status, Challenges, and Evolution offers a comprehensive dive into AFP—an innovative method that’s transforming how complex, lightweight structures are built. Over the last 50 years, fiber-reinforced composites have revolutionized industries, particularly aerospace, with carbon fiber reinforced polymers at the forefront. AFP has enabled lighter, more durable aircraft with reduced fuel consumption and improved longevity. As the aerospace industry advances with new platforms like the Boeing 787 and Airbus A350, AFP continues to evolve, integrating machine learning and automation to deliver higher efficiency and lower costs. This book serves as an essential guide, presenting a decade of research in clear, accessible language. Whether you're a student, engineer, or industry professional, you'll gain a thorough understanding of AFP and its
Aerospace Developments: Vol. 3EPRCOMPV09202404/30/2025
Advanced Air Mobility and eVTOL: Vol. 3EPRCOMPV10202404/30/2025

Recently Published

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Instability Prediction of Onboard Power Electronic Systems in Hybrid Electric Tractors under Large Power Disturbances14-14-03-001909/11/2025
In recent years, the powertrains of agricultural tractors have been transitioning toward hybrid electric configurations, paving the way for a greener future agricultural machinery. However, stability challenges arise in hybrid electric tractors due to the relative small capacity to perform power-intensive tasks, such as plowing and harvesting. These operations demand significant power, which are supplied by the electric power take-off system. The substantial disturbances introduced by the electric power take-off system during these tasks render conventional small-signal analysis methods inadequate for ensuring system stability. In this article, we first develop a large-signal model of the onboard power electronic systems, which includes components such as the diesel engine–generator set, batteries, in-wheel motors, and electric power take-off system. By employing mixed potential theory, we conduct a thorough analysis of this model and derive a stability criterion for the onboard power
Li, Fangyuan, Li, Chenhui, Gao, Lefei, Ma, Qichao, Liu, Yanhong
Letter from the Guest Editors02-18-03-001509/11/2025
Letter from the Guest Editors
Patki, Amrut A., Khuntia, Satvik, Kehs, Joshua, Bharath, Anand Nageswaran, Duprey, Ben
COMVEC 2025 Reviewers02-18-03-002609/11/2025
COMVEC 2025 Reviewers
Sandu, Corina
AIRCRAFT FIRE PROTECTION FOR RECIPROCATING AND GAS TURBINE ENGINE INSTALLATIONSAIR1076 (Current)09/11/2025
This document is reissued for application to helicopters.
S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee
Aluminum Bronze Alloy, Centrifugal and Continuous-Cast Castings, 81.5Cu - 10.3Al - 5.0Ni - 2.8Fe, Quench Hardened and Temper Annealed (TQ50)AMS4880E (Current)09/10/2025
This specification covers an aluminum bronze alloy in the form of centrifugal and continuous-cast castings (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Cloths, Cleaning, For Aircraft Primary and Secondary Structural SurfacesAMS3819E (Current)09/10/2025
This specification covers absorbent fabric materials supplied either as dry cloth or presaturated cloth for solvent cleaning process applications.
AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee
Automated Gaseous Nitrocarburizing Controlled by PotentialsAMS2759/12C (Current)09/10/2025
This specification covers the requirements for producing a continuous compound zone (white layer) with controlled extent of porosity by means of a gaseous process, automatically controlled to maintain nitriding and carburizing potentials that determine properties of the nitrocarburized surface. Automatic control is intended to ensure repeatability of nitrogen and carbon content of the compound zone, which influences properties such as wear and corrosion resistance, ductility, and fatigue strength.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing, Rings, and Stock for Forging, Rings and Heading, 16Cr - 4.0Ni - 0.30Cb - 4.0Cu (17-4 PH®), Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation Hardenable, Premium Aircraft Quality, Consumable Electrode RemeltedAMS5622H (Current)09/10/2025
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, corrosion-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, mechanical tubing, flash-welded rings up to 8.0 inches (203 mm) in diameter or least distance between parallel sides in the solution heat-treated condition (see 8.4), and stock of any size for forging, flash-welded rings, or heading.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy Castings, High Strength, 4.5Cu - 0.70Ag - 0.30Mn - 0.25Mg - 0.25Ti (A201.0-T7), Solution Heat Treated and OveragedAMS4229H (Current)09/10/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sand, permanent mold, and composite mold castings with nominal wall thickness up to 1.0 inch (25 mm) or nominal weight up to 50 pounds (23 kg) (see 8.2 and 8.8).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine µPVT TestJ2490_202509 (Current)09/10/2025
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as the definition of a standard test, which may be subject to frequent change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering its use. The SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine is used to evaluate the friction characteristics of automatic transmission plate clutches with automotive transmission fluids. It can also be used to conduct durability tests on wet friction systems. The specific purpose of this document is to define a µPVT Test for the evaluation of the variation of wet friction system performance as a function of speed, temperature, and pressure. This procedure is intended as a standard for both suppliers and end users. The only variables selected by the supplier or user of the friction system are: a Friction material b Fluid c Reaction plates These three variables must be clearly identified when reporting the results of this test. If any of the test parameters or system hardware as described
Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing and Forging Stock, 0.80Cr (0.90 - 1.03C), For Bearing ApplicationsAMS6477E (Current)09/10/2025
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Review on Compatibility Considerations of Fuel System Elastomers with Paraffinic Fuels04-18-03-001709/10/2025
The possibility of reducing CO2 emissions through sustainable paraffinic fuels opens opportunities for the continued use of existing infrastructure and combustion systems. At the same time, fuel switching also presents challenges in terms of the materials used. The changing composition of paraffinic fuels and their impact on plastic materials is a frequent topic of discussion. Compared to distillate diesel, neat paraffinic fuels contain almost no aromatics, which are known to cause swelling in plastics, especially elastomers. This literature review aims to examine and summarize studies on the influence of paraffinic fuels compared to distillate diesel on elastomers. On the fuel side, attention will be given to fuels with different total aromatics content and neat paraffinic fuels. In the field of elastomers, materials used for sealing applications and hoses are analyzed in detail. Special attention will be paid to NBR, FKM, and EPDM. The review aims to answer three questions. The first
Conen, Tobias, Häfele, Benjamin, Dahlmann, Rainer
Effect of Pressure Losses and Reynolds Number on Active Grille Shutter Characteristics and Its Prediction2025-01-505909/10/2025
In the present article it is investigated why active grille shutters (AGS) can have very different aerodynamic characteristics, ranging from progressive to strongly degressive, and which factors influence them. For this purpose, the authority concept known from the field of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) is referred to. According to this theory, the control characteristics of dampers depend primarily on the ratio of the pressure losses at the fully open damper to the pressure losses of the rest of the system. The adaptation of the concept to the automotive field shows that, in addition to the pressure losses, the geometry of the cooling air ducting plays a decisive role in motor vehicles. The effect of driving speed and fan operation on the characteristic curves is also being investigated. In addition, authority theory can also be used to derive the conditions under which the opening characteristic curve of an AGS provides a good prediction of the real characteristic
Wolf, Thomas
Research on Validation and Research Platform for Automotive Air-Conditioning Control Strategy2025-01-505809/10/2025
In order to improve the efficiency of verification and optimization of control strategies for air-conditioning systems, a thermal management platform is established based on a rapid control prototyping (RCP) approach in the article. The platform is composed of a HVAC hardware bench, a real-time control system, and a control software model. This article describes the overall architecture of the platform, the control strategy, and an efficient method for development and optimization of air-conditioning control strategies. The cooling and heating modes of the air conditioner are tested. The results show that the control strategy can be directly modified via the platform to improve the performance of the whole system. The experimental results show that after modifying the control strategy, the cooling effect of the air conditioner is optimized and the cooling time is reduced by 10.6%. The CLTC cycle is also tested in this work to verify the dynamic control performance of the air
Liu, Shuqi, Yu, Yilong, Wang, Wei, Wang, Yuan, Zhang, Yilun, Xu, Xiang
Evaluation of Switching Effect on Acoustic Noise of an Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for a Traction Application14-14-03-001809/09/2025
In recent years, the automotive industry has shown growing interest in the vibroacoustic characteristics of electric propulsion motors. Investigation of such characteristics can open avenues for motor design optimization and refined control strategies to mitigate vibration and acoustic noise in an electric motor. This article presents a comprehensive vibroacoustic analysis of a propulsion interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) under various current excitations generated by the power converter in combination with three different modulation schemes. To evaluate the switching effect from the inverter drive on motor noise, different simulations and processes are performed in ANSYS Workbench and MATLAB/Simulink. The multi-physics noise and vibration workflow, and sampling requirements used for the study are also presented. The simulation results, presented as equivalent radiated power (ERP) waterfall diagrams, show diverse acoustic noise signatures for the different types of
Juarez-Leon, Francisco Alejandro, Sahu, Ashish Kumar, Haddad, Reemon Z., Al-Ani, Dhafar, Bilgin, Berker
HOSE, AIR DUCT, FLEXIBLE, HELICAL, METALLIC WIRE, SUPPORTED (COVERED), SELF-EXTINGUISHINGAS1503B (Current)09/09/2025
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
BEARING, ROLLER, NEEDLE, DOUBLE ROW, HEAVY DUTY, TRACK ROLLER, SEALED, TYPE VI, INCHAS21439E (Current)09/09/2025
ACBG Rolling Element Bearing Committee
Impacts of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil as Renewable Diesel Fuel on Engine Performance and Emissions in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine03-18-06-003509/08/2025
As the pressure increases to move to renewable carbon-neutral fuel sources, especially in heavy-duty diesel engine applications, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) has shown to be an attractive alternative fuel to fossil diesel. Therefore, this study investigated the impacts of HVO used as a drop-in fuel on performance and emissions of a nonroad heavy-duty diesel engine by running back-to-back D2 ISO 8178 cycles with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and HVO. The measurement results showed that brake specific fuel consumption with respect to mass reduced by 1.1%–3.6% switching from ULSD to HVO due to greater heating values of HVO, which is supported by 0.7%–3.5% lower CO2 emissions recorded with HVO. Conversely, brake specific fuel consumption with respect to volume increased by 0.3%–2.9% with HVO because of its smaller density. Combustion analysis revealed that combustion of both fuels is comparable at high loads while HVO ignites earlier at low power. Thus, lesser reductions in NOx
Duva, Berk Can, Abat, Bryan, Engelhardt, Jens
Electric Vehicle (EV) Battery Traceability RecordJ3327_202509 (Current)09/08/2025
The initial scope of this standard is focused on the broadly supported set of objectives named above. The committee recognizes the need for standardization in other important areas that will form the basis of future revisions to this standard and other related standards. These include, among other topics, supply chain modeling, critical mineral information verification, and extended Producer responsibility. As the International Energy Agency (IEA) notes: “Traceability systems can enable the collection of data on product origin, geographic path, the sequence of entities that held ownership or control over the product and its physical evolution.” This standard centers on establishing a consistent, globally recognized practice for Electric Vehicle Battery data collection that is the foundation of an audit trail and independent verification within the EV Battery supply chain. This practice also supports Reuse and Recycling.
Battery Global Traceability Standards Committee
SAE TOMORROW TODAY UNPLUGGED - Why Robo-Taxis Are Losing the Battle for Energy1353309/08/2025
The staggering energy demands of AI data centers are set to consume 12% of America's electricity by 2028 -- and tech giants are investing billions to secure supply. This leaves robo-taxi operators fighting for scraps in an energy market dominated by hyperscalers who are set to spend $322 billion combined this year alone. In this Unplugged episode of SAE Tomorrow Today, host Grayson Brulte breaks down why energy is the real roadblock to autonomy and whether bold solutions like natural gas-powered depots could change the game for robo-taxi developers struggling to scale. Have your own thoughts on this topic? We'd love to hear from you! Share your comments, questions or ideas for future topics with Grayson on Twitter or send them to podcast@sae.org. Follow SAE on LinkedIn, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Follow host Grayson Brulte on LinkedIn, Twitter, and Instagram.
Patterson, Lori
Optical Diagnostic Analysis of Methane Combustion Performance and Emissions While Incorporating Ammonia and Multiple Flames In A Spark-Ignition Engine2025-24-002309/07/2025
The utilization of methane–ammonia fuel blends in spark-ignition engines represents a viable strategy for reducing carbon emissions while capitalizing on the high hydrogen content and carbon-free nature of ammonia. Methane, characterized by its high octane number and low carbon content, offers improved thermal efficiency, higher compression ratios, and reduced pollutant emissions relative to conventional gasoline fuels. Ammonia, despite its advantageous energy density and zero carbon content, suffers from low flame speed and high ignition temperature, which pose challenges for stable combustion. Blending ammonia with methane addresses these limitations by enhancing ignition characteristics and flame stability while simultaneously reducing carbon-based emissions. This study examines the combustion and emission behavior of methane–ammonia blends in a single-cylinder, four-stroke engine under varying spark ignition configurations. Experiments were conducted across a range of ammonia
Uddeen, Kalim, Tang, Qinglong, Shi, Hao, Turner, James
Design of a High-Speed Pure Synchro-Reluctant Machine with Asymmetrical Poles for Automotive Applications2025-24-012909/07/2025
In this article, the authors present the various choices made to design a magnet free and directly recyclable pure synchro-reluctant (Pure-SynRel) machine with asymmetrical poles operating at a maximum speed of ~21,000 rpm dedicated to automotive. This project focused on identifying design levers and optimizing the magnetic circuit to address three well-known challenges of this topology that limit its application as an automotive traction machine. These challenges include: maximizing the power factor to reduce inverter rating and cost, minimizing sources of NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness) and torque ripples, and ultimately maximizing efficiency to bridge the performance gap with magnet-based technologies (PMaSynRel). The sizing of stator components—such as the choice of winding (concentric or distributed, full or fractional pitch, round or hairpin wire)—and rotor components (e.g., the number of pole pairs, shape, and number of barriers) are explained. Additionally, the
Applagnat-Tartet, Antoine, Milosavljevic, Misa, Delpit, Pierre
Exhaust Thermal Management in a Dual-Fuel Marine Engine via Fully Variable Valve Actuation and Wastegate Lambda Control2025-24-008509/07/2025
Dual-fuel combustion is emerging as a promising solution to address the growing focus on maritime decarbonization, because it is adaptable and needs minimal system modifications. However, natural gas as an alternative fuel must deal with the issue of methane slip, because methane has greater global warming potential than CO2. Conventional aftertreatment systems may incorporate a methane oxidation catalyst to mitigate methane emissions, but effective methane oxidation requires high temperatures of approximately 400 °C. Therefore, exhaust thermal management (ETM) is crucial for maintaining high exhaust gas temperature (EGT) and ensuring conversion efficiency. This study investigates the effectiveness of fully variable valve actuation (VVA), including early exhaust valve opening (EEVO) and early intake valve closing (EIVC), along with lambda control via wastegate control. Each strategy’s effect on exhaust gas temperature is evaluated, while considering potential trade-offs with efficiency
Soleimani, Amir, Kim, Jeyoung, Axelsson, Martin, Hyvonen, Jari, Mikulski, Maciej
A 0D/1D Methodology for Estimating Critical Parameters in Thermal Runaway Tests of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Closed Volumes2025-24-015009/07/2025
The ongoing shift toward electrification, particularly in the transport and energy sectors, has intensified the deployment of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). While LIBs offer high energy density and efficiency, their increasing use also brings significant safety challenges—most critically, the risk of thermal runaway (TR) in confined environments. This study presents a fast and structured zero-dimensional/one-dimensional (0D/1D) methodology for estimating key parameters associated with TR events in sealed volumes. The model integrates empirical correlations, energy-based mass estimation approaches, and simplified combustion simulations to assess pressure and temperature rise during TR. Experimental vented mass and gas composition data—obtained through sealed canister testing—serve as the basis for the simulation inputs. A numerical procedure combining mixing dynamics and adiabatic combustion is used to predict critical outcomes such as maximum overpressure and peak temperature
Garcia, Antonio, Micó, Carlos, Marco-Gimeno, Javier, Gómez-Soriano, Alejandro
ML-based Identification of Lactones for Blend Studies and Combustion Performance in a Spark-Ignition CFR Engine2025-24-007109/07/2025
The identification of sustainable fuels that exhibit optimal physico-chemical properties, can be synthesized from widely available feed-stocks, enable cost-effective large-scale production, and integrate seamlessly with existing infrastructure is essential for reducing global carbon emissions. Given their high energy density, efficient handling, and versatility across applications, renewable liquid fuels remain a critical component of even the most ambitious energy transition scenarios. Lactones, cyclic esters derived from the esterification of hydroxycarboxylic acids, feature a ring structure incorporating both a carbonyl group (C=O) and an ether oxygen (O). Variations in ring size and carbon chain length significantly influence their physicochemical properties, which in turn affect their performance in internal combustion engines. According to predictive models based on artificial neural networks, valerolactone, hexalactone, and heptalactone isomers show promise as fuels in spark
Sirna, Amanda, Loprete, Jason, Ristow Hadlich, Rodrigo, Assanis, Dimitris, Patel, Rutvi, Mack, J. Hunter