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Vertical Flight Society Technical Papers - Coming Soon to Mobilus

Vertical Flight Society papers coming soon to SAE Mobilus. In partnership with the Vertical Flight Society (VFS), SAE Mobilus will be hosting more than 17,000 technical papers and proceedings from VFS. Click here to see a sample of the content covering decades of rotorcraft and vertical flight technologies.

Important Update – Accessibility Enhancements on SAE Mobilus

We’re pleased to share that SAE Mobilus has recently completed a comprehensive set of accessibility improvements across the platform. As a result, Mobilus is now aligned with WCAG 2.2 Level AA standards in most key categories. These updates are part of our ongoing commitment to ensuring the platform is accessible to all users. Enhancements include improvements to keyboard navigation, screen reader compatibility, visual contrast, error handling, and overall usability across core areas of the site. An updated Voluntary Product Accessibility Template (VPAT v2.5 – March 2026) is now available, providing a detailed overview of our accessibility conformance. You can access the VPAT directly within the Help section. Accessibility is a continuous effort. We will continue to evaluate and improve the platform to better support all users and meet evolving standards. If you have any feedback or experience any accessibility issues, we welcome your input. - The SAE Mobilus Team

SAE AI Chat — Update and What's Next

* Important Update - SAE AI chatbot Beta program * The SAE AI Chatbot Beta program - Phase 1 will end on March 31, 2026. Following this date, the AI chatbot capabilities will be temporarily unavailable as we begin development of a significantly enhanced version. We sincerely thank all Phase 1 Beta participants for their engagement and valuable feedback - your insights have played an important role in shaping the next phase of this experience. The upcoming version of the SAE AI Chatbot will expand content coverage beyond current standards, incorporating additional critical resources from our digital library. It will also be made available to a broader audience across Mobilus. Want to be part of what's next? Register your interest here to receive updates and be considered for early access. For additional information, visit the FAQs. — The Mobilus Team

SAE International Digitization and AI Policy

SAE International prohibits the entry of SAE Content into any form of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT, OpenAI, or Microsoft Copilot. Additionally, creating derivatives of SAE Content using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from SAE International. In the case of such use, SAE International will suspend access to SAE Content, and further legal action will be considered.

Welcome to the new SAE Mobilus®

Welcome to the new era of SAE Mobilus®, redesigned with a modern, intuitive web interface featuring enhanced search capabilities to help you stay informed and easily discover content. Login today: To access content within your subscription and make the most of the platform, please log into your subscription and your personal My Library (sign up is free) located in the top right corner of the screen. Key Features Intuitive User Interface: We've listened to our customers and tied this to the best practices in the industry to offer an improved, intuitive, and desirable website experience for our users. Improved In-app Discoverability: Enhanced search and expanded menu featuring search suggestions that allow for quick discovery of content. Announcements: Stay up to date on new features through a dedicated announcements page. Most recent announcements also get featured on the homepage. Enhanced Browse capabilities: Browse through over 200,000 publications that are now classified into categories commonly used across the industry. Deep-dive further into any topic or sub-topic of interest to make the most for your corporate projects or research. Smart Automation: "Meta Tags" on each result will help you find content related to your search. My Library: My dashboard is rebranded as My Library with powerful features to help you make the most out of the platform Mobile Friendly: Upgraded navigation on mobile devices Training Available SAE’s Customer Success team is dedicated to delivering the best platform experience possible. Through monthly trainings and short, on-demand video tutorials, find answers to your questions here: SAE Mobilus Spotlight training - Available monthly, hosted live by SAE’s Customer Success team Mobilus Minute – 2-minute videos, available on-demand Need some troubleshooting help? Access our FAQs by visiting our Help section: https://saemobilus.sae.org/help/home Resources to help you navigate the new platform are available here, where you can find links to quick start guides and video tutorials on features like My Library, Announcements, Saved Search, Login and new features. Have feedback that you'd like to share with us? Please submit your feedback to the Mobilus team through the blue Knowledge bot in the bottom right hand corner of the new platform.

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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

Browse All 177

Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response

EPR202501711/24/2025

The wing-in-ground effect (WIG) vehicle represents a significant advancement in aerodynamics and vehicle design, leveraging the ground effect phenomenon to enhance lift and reduce drag when flying close to the surface. This unique capability allows WIG vehicles to achieve higher payloads, longer range, and greater fuel efficiency compared to traditional aircraft, making them an attractive option for modern military and global disaster response applications. Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response discusses future disaster response, logistics, and military applications for WIG vehicles, including the ongoing development of aerospace and transportation technology. Relavant advancements in materials and propulsion systems holds promise for further enhancing WIG performance and operational range. Additionally, cost-effective and powerful flight computers with various types of mission-enabling sensor suites from the

Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering

EPR20250169/22/2025

Despite growing investments, the widespread adoption and scalable deployment of generative artificial intelligence (AI) remains a challenge due to data trustworthiness, regulatory uncertainty, interpretability, and ethical governance. The need to accelerate automation and maintain the human-in-the-loop demonstrates broader questions of responsibility and transparency. Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering investigates the transformative role of GenAI within aerospace engineering, examining its shift from conventional workflows toward more AI-driven solutions in design, manufacturing, and maintenance. It emphasizes GenAI’s emerging ability to automate repetitive mundane tasks, reduce design complexity, and optimize engineering pipelines. The report underscores the need for validation methods that must align AI-generated outputs with physics-informed models, integration with legacy engineering tools (e.g., computational fluid dynamics, finite element analysis, digital twins), and

Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles

EPR20250159/22/2025

The next generation of mobility, driven by shared, driverless, connected, and electrified vehicles, holds strong potential to advance sustainability through lower emissions and improved resource efficiency. However, critical questions remain regarding their true environmental impact, including battery lifecycle management, material consumption, and circular manufacturing practices. Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles explores these unresolved issues, focusing on the shift from internal combustion to electric vehicles, supply chain challenges, regulatory gaps, and the operational realities of sustainable productization. It also critically examines the risks of greenwashing, the need for consistent standards, and the role of intersectoral collaboration—with energy, urban planning, information and communications technologies, and waste management sectors—in building resilient, scalable solutions. The report provides strategic recommendations and

Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots

EPR20250128/13/2025

The automation of labor-intensive picking and planting operations is having an immediate impact in the agricultural indutry. In its simplest form, robotic automation can reduce the labor and soil disturbance while enabling organic soil cover and increasing species diversification through precision approaches to planting, weeding, and spraying. With this, pesticides and fertilizers can be applied in a more targeted way, and with machinery visiting fields more frequently, earlier and more targeted intervention can occur before pests become established. Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots identifies issues that need to be resolved fo for this technology to thrive, including improving methods of acquiring and labeling training data to facilitate more accurate models for specific applications. It also discusses concepts such as general-purpose mechanical platforms for use as carriers of agricultural automation systems with high stability, positional accuracy, and variable

Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features

EPR20250138/13/2025

Advanced technologies that assist the human driver or reduce (or even eliminate) the human driver’s role are becoming increasingly prevalent in new light-duty vehicles used by the general public. These technologies are divided between Active Safety features that monitor the human driver and vehicle motion and act intermittently to mitigate and avoid crashes, and Driving Automation features that assume some or all of the dynamic driving task from the human driver. Both types of technologies have the potential to reduce injuries and save lives by reducing the frequency and/or severity of crashes. Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features addresses the current capabilities and future potential for Active Safety and Driving Automation features to reduce crash frequency and severity and provides an overview of the state of the industry for both types of features, including current deployments, trends, and anticipated rollouts. Gaps in knowledge, unsettled issues, and

Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles

EPR20250147/18/2025

Autonomous vehicle motion planning and control are vital components of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. Recent advances in both data- and physical model-driven methods have improved driving performance, yet current technologies still fall short of achieving human-level driving in complex, dynamic traffic scenarios. Key challenges include developing safe, efficient, and human-like motion planning strategies that can adapt to unpredictable environments. Data-driven approaches leverage deep neural networks to learn from extensive datasets, offering promising avenues for intelligent decision-making. However, these methods face issues such as covariate shift in imitation learning and difficulties in designing robust reward functions. In contrast, conventional physical model-driven techniques use rigorous mathematical formulations to generate optimal trajectories and handle dynamic constraints. Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-Driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and

Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

EPR20250115/21/2025

Driven by the vast consumer marketplace, the electronics megatrend has reshaped nearly every sector of society. The advancements in semiconductors and software, originally built to serve consumer demand, are now delivering significant value to non-consumer industries. Today, electronics are making inroads into traditionally conservative, safety-critical sectors such as automotive and aerospace. In doing so, electronics—now further propelled by artificial intelligence—are disrupting the functional safety architectures of these cyber-physical systems. Electronics have created the world of cyber-physical systems, raising broader concerns about the broader category of product assurance. Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence continues the work of previous SAE Edge Research Reports in examining open research challenges arising from this shift, particularly in automotive systems, as core electronic technologies (e.g., the combination of software and communications) have even

Edge Artificial Intelligence in Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mobility

EPR20250095/20/2025

With many stakeholders involved, and major investments supporting it, the advancements in automated driving (AD) are undoubtedly there. Generally speaking, the motivation for advancing AD is driver convenience and road safety. Regarding the development of AD, original equipment manufacturers, technology start-ups, and AD systems developers have taken different approaches for automated vehicles (AVs). Some manufacturers are on the path toward stand-alone vehicles, mostly relying on onboard sensors and intelligence. On the other hand, the connected, cooperative, and automated mobility (CCAM) approach relies on additional communication and information exchange to ensure safe and secure operation. CCAM holds great potential to improve traffic management, road safety, equity, and convenience. In both approaches, there are increasingly large amounts of data generated and used for AD functions in perception, situational awareness, path prediction, and decision-making. The use of artificial

Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management

EPR20250085/20/2025

The transportation industry is transforming with the integration of advanced data technologies, edge devices, and artificial intelligence (AI). Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are pivotal in optimizing traffic flow and safety. Central to this are transportation management centers, which manage transportation systems, traffic flow, and incident responses. Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management explores emerging trends in transportation data, focusing on data collection, aggregation, and sharing. Effective data management, AI application, and secure data sharing are crucial for optimizing operations. Integrating edge devices with existing systems presents challenges impacting security, cost, and efficiency. Ultimately, AI in transportation offers significant opportunities to predict and manage traffic conditions. AI-driven tools analyze historical data and current conditions to forecast future events. The importance of multidisciplinary approaches and

Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Dedicated Lanes

EPR20250074/24/2025

Dedicated lanes provide a simpler operating environment for ADS-equipped vehicles than those shared with other roadway users including human drivers, pedestrians, and bicycles. This final report in the Automation and Infrastructure series discusses how and when various types of lanes whether general purpose, managed, or specialty lanes might be temporarily or permanently reserved for ADS-equipped vehicles. Though simulations and economic analysis suggest that widespread use of dedicated lanes will not be warranted until market penetration is much higher, some US states and cities are developing such dedicated lanes now for limited use cases and other countries are planning more extensive deployment of dedicated lanes. Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure: Dedicated Lanes includes a review of practices across the US as well as case studies from the EU and UK, the Near East, Japan, Singapore, and Canada. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Latest Journal Issues

Browse All 16

Passenger Vehicle Systems

Electrified Vehicles

Advances and Current Practices in Mobility

Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy

Connected and Automated Vehicles

Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy

Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH

Transportation Safety

Alternative Powertrains

Commercial Vehicles

Aerospace

Engines

Materials and Manufacturing

Fuels and Lubricants

Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems

Recent Books

Browse All 720

Variable Compression Systems for Future Engines and Fuels

R-5534/30/2026

Variable Compression Systems for Future Engines and Fuels explores variable compression ratio (VCR): one of the most promising—and historically elusive—advancements in internal combustion engine (ICE) technology. Long recognized for its thermodynamic benefits, VCR has challenged engineers for decades due to its mechanical complexity. Today, as the global mobility landscape demands ever higher efficiency, lower emissions, and greater fuel flexibility, VCR has emerged as a viable and transformative solution. This book delivers a comprehensive and authoritative examination of VCR technology, quantifying its efficiency and CO2-reduction potential while surveying the wide range of mechanisms conceived, developed, and tested over more than a century of engine innovation. By combining historical insight with modern analysis, the authors reveal the remarkable ingenuity of past and present engine designers—and demonstrate that VCR is not only feasible, but increasingly essential. Positioned

Aerospace Standards Index - 2026

ASIN20262/25/2026

This valuable resource lists all Aerospace Standards (AS), Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP), Aerospace Information Reports (AIR), and Aerospace Resource Documents (ARD) published by SAE. Each listing includes title, subject, document number, key words, new and revised documents, and DODISS-adopted documents. AMS Index - Now Available!

Business Reliability Growth for Automotive Engineering, Volume 4

R-5522/17/2026

In a world where every business process is under pressure to perform faster, safer, and more reliably, this book delivers a powerful roadmap for sustained operational excellence. Centered on the proven methodology of Design of Experiments (DOE), it shows how organizations can move beyond reactive problem-solving to systematic reliability growth. From well-defined standard operating practices to management-level decision-making, the book connects strategy, data, and execution to create repeatable, measurable results across the enterprise. Readers are guided through practical, real-world applications of DOE, from selecting the right factors and levels to executing robust experiments, analyzing outcomes, validating solutions, and continuously monitoring performance. Each chapter translates complex statistical and engineering concepts into actionable business value, helping teams improve quality, reduce waste, and increase return on investment. Key capabilities explored in this book

January 2026 AMS Index

AMSJAN-20261/24/2026

Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels

R-5471/22/2026

As global energy demands rise and environmental challenges intensify, the aviation industry faces a critical need to redefine how it powers the skies. Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels presents a comprehensive, research-driven exploration of the transition from fossil-based fuels to renewable alternatives that promise to reshape the future of air transportation. This book bridges the gap between academic knowledge and industrial application, offering a detailed overview of the science, technology, and policy driving the adoption of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs). From understanding feedstocks and conversion pathways to evaluating production technologies, emissions performance, and life-cycle impacts, the text equips readers with a holistic understanding of SAFs within today’s global energy landscape. Across five insightful chapters, readers will find a clear roadmap: the evolution and importance of SAFs; production methods and technological foundations; environmental

SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles

R-5591/20/2026

The convergence of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and connected vehicle technologies is ushering in a transformative era of automotive innovation—one that is fundamentally enhancing vehicle safety, efficiency, reliability, and the overall driving experience. SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles stands as the definitive reference for this rapidly evolving domain, meticulously compiled to clarify and standardize the language shaping modern mobility. Inside, readers will find clear, authoritative definitions encompassing the full spectrum of technologies that enable connected and automated driving—including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication systems. This comprehensive resource translates complex engineering terminology into accessible language, enabling engineers, researchers, policymakers, educators, and enthusiasts to share a common technical foundation. Reflecting the latest

Safety, ADAS, and Cybersecurity: Vol. 4

EPRCOMPV01202512/29/2025

Electrification: Vol. 3

EPRCOMPV04202512/29/2025

Infrastructure Enablers for Automation: Vol. 4

EPRCOMPV02202512/29/2025

Automated Vehicles: Development, Testing, and Validation: Vol. 4

EPRCOMPV03202512/29/2025

Recently Published

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Rapid Modeling of Transient Thermal Systems through Ensemble Parameter Estimation Applied to the Lumped Parameter Linear Superposition Method

2026-01-5034

5/19/2026

Efficient thermal modeling is essential for the design and reliability of power electronics systems, particularly under fast transient operating conditions. Building upon prior formulations of the Lumped Parameter Linear Superposition (LPLSP) method, this work introduces an ensemble parameter estimation framework that enables reduced-order thermal model generation from a single transient dataset. Unlike the earlier implementation that relied on multiple parametric simulations to excite each heat source independently, the proposed approach simultaneously identifies all model coefficients using fully transient excitations. Two estimation strategies namely two-stage decomposition and rank reduction are developed to further reduce computational cost and improve scalability for larger systems. The proposed strategies yield models with temperature-prediction errors within 5% of CFD simulations while reducing model development times from O(103 s) to O(100 s)–O(101 s). Once constructed, the

Padmanabhan, Neelakantan

J1798/1_202605 (Current)

5/19/2026

This SAE Recommended Practice provides for common test and verification methods to determine lead acid and nickel metal hydride electric vehicle battery module performance. The document creates the necessary performance tests to determine (a) what the basic performance of EV battery modules is, and (b) if battery modules meet minimum performance specification established by vehicle manufacturers or other purchasers. Specific values for these minimum performance specifications are not a part of this document.

Battery Standards Testing Committee

Limit Stability Control for Corner Module Vehicles Based on Hierarchical Hybrid Game

10-10-04-0032

5/18/2026

Corner module vehicles (CMVs) achieve the decoupling of driving, braking, steering, and suspension, significantly enhancing vehicle handling potential, but under extreme operating conditions, the interactions between actuators severely constrain the improvement of vehicle handling performance. In order to mitigate conflicts between subsystems and enhance vehicle handling stability, a hierarchical hybrid game–based limit stability control method for CMVs is proposed in this article. Taking into account the handling potential of subsystems under limit conditions, a Stackelberg leader–follower game is designed by first designating Direct Yaw moment Control (DYC) as the leader and Active Rear Steering (ARS) as the follower. Subsequently, the DYC–ARS and Active Suspension System (ASS) were constructed into a non-cooperative game system, and the Nash equilibrium solution was solved through iteration. The lower-level controllers, respectively, established a tire force distribution model that

Peng, Jinxin, Xiao, Feng, Ke, Yuan, Jin, Liqiang

A Novel Stiffness Prediction Model of Rolling Lobe Air Springs Considering Irregular Piston Contour Geometry: Development and Experimental Validation

15-19-02-0006

5/18/2026

An accurate air spring model is essential for the design and optimization of air suspension systems to achieve superior performance. This article presents a novel stiffness model for a rolling lobe air spring (RLAS), formulated using stiffness characteristic parameters. Prediction models for these parameters, including effective area and its change rate, as well as effective volume and its change rate, are derived through geometric analysis, based on polynomial fitting of the irregular piston contour. The local contour cone angle of the piston is determined by differentiating the polynomial function, capturing the geometry-dependent variation across the profile. Additionally, a nonlinear hysteresis model for the rubber bellows is integrated, combining a Berg friction component and a Kelvin-Voigt fractional derivative viscoelastic model to represent the amplitude- and frequency-dependent behavior of the RLAS. The proposed model is parameterized through quasi-static and dynamic bench

Xia, Xiaojun, Zhang, Hong, Zou, Yi, Ye, Lei, Lu, Yi, Chen, Rui, Zou, Hantong, Wang, Yang

The Aerodynamic Performance of Lotus EMEYA

15-19-02-0007

5/18/2026

In this article, the aerodynamic features of two configurations of Lotus EMEYA are introduced. The first configuration includes a fixed air dam and an active rear spoiler (ARS) assembly, which has two active blades in order to obtain the aerodynamic drag and lift performance required. The second configuration includes an Active Air Dam (AAD) assembly and a gurney flap mounted on the ARS in order to achieve more aggressive aerodynamic performance. The aerodynamic bandwidths and the lift balances of both configurations are demonstrated, and the strategies of active aero components of the two configurations are also introduced. Through active aerodynamics and control strategies, the two configurations of Lotus EMEYA can meet the performance requirements of users in different scenarios.

Yuan, Qingpeng, Yang, Lei, Li, Bo, Ni, Li, To, Chi Hin, Xiong, Zhenfeng

Advanced Composites Prepreg - Nominal 250 °F (121 °C) Cure - 12K Tow Carbon Fiber and Epoxy Resin, Plain Weave Fabric

AMS3914B (Current)

5/15/2026

The intent of this specification is for the procurement of plain weave fabric epoxy prepreg product with 250 °F (121 °C) cure for aerospace applications; therefore, no qualification or equivalency threshold values are provided. Users that intend to conduct a new material qualification or equivalency program must refer to the production quality assurance section (see 4.3).

AMS P17 Polymer Matrix Composites Committee

FITTING, BULKHEAD END - THREADED COUPLING, RIGID, SELF-BONDING, DESIGN STANDARD

AS5948A (Current)

5/15/2026

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

Research on a Lightweight Assistive Manipulator for Insulated Short-Stick Live-Line Operations in Distribution Networks

2026-99-0732

5/15/2026

With the continuous economic development and the rapid advancement of urbanization, the stable operation of distribution networks has become a key factor in ensuring the reliability of power systems. In response to the problems of high risk, high labor intensity, and low efficiency in distribution network operations, this paper designs an auxiliary operation mechanical arm for distribution networks. This auxiliary operation mechanical arm is fixed on the working bucket of an insulated boom truck. The main body is a two-degree- of-freedom SCARA mechanical arm that moves in a plane, and the end is connected to a three-degree-of-freedom end effector through a flange to cooperate in completing the pitch, deflection, axial feed, and clamping of insulated rods, achieving coarse positioning in the plane and precise positioning of the target. The auxiliary mechanical arm operation platform adopts a fully insulated design. The platform is made of glass nylon material, and the edges are rounded

Wang, Jingjie, Chen, Zhenning, Feng, Yu, Wu, Shaolei, Zhang, Yuxi, Dou, Hang, Wang, Wei

Driving Behavior Heterogeneity Identification with Action Patterns Relationship

2026-99-0752

5/15/2026

Identifying driving heterogeneity is critical for enhancing the strategy learning capabilities of autonomous driving systems, as well as improving their safety and efficiency. This research proposes a novel driving heterogeneity identification framework. The framework consists of three core processes: action phase extraction, action relationship modeling, and behavior heterogeneity identification. First, a rule-based segmentation method is employed to systematically decode and interpret the inherent variations in human driving behavior. Subsequently, an action relationship modeling method is introduced to characterize the temporal relations between the acquired action phases. Finally, to mitigate the inaccurate identification caused by the sparse distribution of critical driving events in long-sequence data, a semantic encoding method is applied to remap the driving behavior space. Experimental results on the Lyft level-5 dataset validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework

Yin, Hui, Zhang, Qinyao, Li, Xiaojian, Mo, Hangjie

Research on Parameterization Method and System Application of Mining Supports Based on Modularization

2026-99-0715

5/15/2026

The design process of mining supports is often complicated due to their intricate structure and numerous dimensional dependencies, leading to a cumbersome modeling process and low design efficiency. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a parametric design system for mining supports built on the SolidWorks platform. The system integrates modular design concepts, module-matching principles, dimension-driven techniques, and API development. By adopting a modular assembly modeling approach, the system offers an efficient solution for managing the dimensional relationships between the various components of mining supports. Additionally, the system supports adaptive processing of 2D engineering drawings, facilitating the rapid design and manufacturing of mining supports. Engineering case studies demonstrate that this system enhances the design efficiency of mining supports by over 90%, significantly shortening the product development cycle, ensuring product quality, and

Rui, Lichao, Song, Jiahao, Yang, Zhiqing, Li, Helong, Ding, Lijian

A Bi-LSTM-GAN Based Method for Photovoltaic Data Imputation

2026-99-0745

5/15/2026

This study addresses data loss in photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems resulting from factors such as adverse weather and sensor failures. To obtain more accurate and reliable PV data, we propose a data imputation method based on a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Generative Adversarial Network (Bi-LSTM-GAN). In this model, the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) serves as the overarching framework, while the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and its bidirectional variant, the Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM), form the core components for learning and reconstructing missing data sequences. The key innovation of this method lies in replacing the traditional fully connected layer in the GAN with a Bi-LSTM-based architecture, which enables the model to effectively capture the latent temporal information in PV power generation data. The temporal correlation module is designed to capture the temporal dependencies and the characteristics of event series. Furthermore, by

Shi, Zhuang, Ren, Manman, Ding, Lei

Thermal Management Modeling, Simulation and Experimental Verification of Lithium-Ion Power Battery Packs

2026-99-0742

5/15/2026

To enhance the safety and efficiency of power batteries for new energy vehicles, a high-fidelity thermal management simulation model for lithium-ion batteries was established using a multi-scale coupled approach encompassing "cell-module-pack" levels. Charge/discharge experiments within the 15–45°C temperature range and under various State of Charge (SOC) conditions were conducted to obtain cell characteristic parameters. A second-order RC equivalent circuit model was constructed and validated. A three-dimensional thermal model of the battery pack was developed using the NX and STAR-CCM+software platforms and validated through high/low-temperature humidity tests. Results indicate that simulation errors for battery pack temperature and cooling line pressure were both below 3%. The model accurately simulates thermal behavior from microscopic cell characteristics to macroscopic battery pack dynamics.

Luo, Zhaoyang, Song, Lan

An Active Collision Avoidance Method for Automobiles Based on Driving Intention Recognition and Improved Driving Safety Field

2026-99-0740

5/15/2026

Active collision avoidance methods are crucial components of vehicle active safety systems, which can effectively prevent collisions or mitigate collision-induced losses. To address the limitations of existing methods, particularly their insufficient foresight in dynamic traffic environments, this paper proposes an active collision avoidance control method based on driving intention recognition and an improved Driving Safety Field (DSF) model to enable more proactive and stable collision avoidance. First, a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is trained using vehicle trajectory data from a public dataset to accurately identify the driving intentions of the obstacle vehicles, including Lane Change Left (LCL), Lane Keeping (LK), and Lane Change Right (LCR). Then, an improved potential field model is established, which incorporates vehicle acceleration to more comprehensively quantify the driving risk faced by the host vehicle within the DSF model framework. Subsequently, an active collision

Pan, Yuxiang, Chen, Jin, Wang, Haitao, Bai, Xianxu

A Hierarchical Distributed Architecture for Power Sharing and Average Voltage Regulation in AC/DC Microgrids

2026-99-0706

5/15/2026

With the rapid growth of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics, energy storage systems, and wind power, hybrid AC/DC microgrids (H-MGs) are gradually emerging as a key technology for achieving efficient interconnection between generation units and load demands. However, issues such as communication delays, unequal power sharing, and the restoration of voltage and frequency in hybrid microgrids have posed serious threats to the stable operation of microgrids. We also need to appropriately adjust the simulation parameters to ensure that the proposed control framework maintains sufficient flexibility under different load conditions and achieves high operating efficiency in simulation. To tackle these challenges, this paper proposes a distributed secondary control strategy grounded in coordinated consensus and combined with droop-based interlinking converters (ICs) to realize power coupling between the AC and DC subgrids. The proposed method enables precise active-power sharing

Yu, Peijie, Zhang, Fanghai, Sun, Wei, Yuan, Weibo, Peng, Bo

Rolling Element Bearing Hardness Test

ARP5483/2B (Current)

5/15/2026

This method outlines the standard procedure for testing the hardness of bearing components. Bearings covered by this test method shall be any rolling element bearing used in airframe control.

ACBG Rolling Element Bearing Committee

Permanent or Fixed Place Flight Deck Head-Up Displays

ARP4102/8B (Current)

5/15/2026

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides criteria for the design, installation, operation, and training aspects of head-up display (HUD) systems in transport category aircraft, with emphasis on pilot interface and operational requirements. The recommendations apply to permanently installed (including stowable) HUDs that display primary flight information, including those integrating enhanced flight vision system (EFVS) imagery. The intent is to ensure HUDs are designed and used in a manner that improves pilot situational awareness and flight technical performance across all phases of flight, up to and including low-visibility operations. While technical design standards (optical performance, hardware specs, etc.) are defined in documents like ARP5288 and AS8055, this document focuses on pilot usage considerations and human factors. HUD systems addressed here are typically designed to support a fail-passive operational concept applicable to Category III instrument approach

S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft

Laboratory Testing of Vehicle and Industrial Heat Exchangers for Durability Under Vibration-Induced Loading

J1598_202605 (Current)

5/15/2026

This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to all liquid-to-gas, liquid-to-liquid, gas-to-gas, and gas-to-liquid heat exchangers used in vehicle and industrial cooling systems. This document outlines the test to determine durability characteristics of the heat exchanger from vibration-induced loading.

Cooling Systems Standards Committee

Research on Three-Stage Pre-Charging Control of Cascaded Energy Storage Converters Considering Battery Characteristics

2026-99-0711

5/15/2026

To address the issues of battery overcharge damage caused by voltage imbalance and excessive grid-connected inrush current when high-rate charge-discharge energy storage batteries are connected to the DC side of cascaded energy storage converters, this paper proposes a three-stage pre-charging control strategy considering battery characteristics. This strategy achieves rapid charging and voltage balancing control of energy storage modules through the orderly connection of three stages: “uncontrolled rectification - sorting and voltage balancing - balancing maintenance”. In the first stage, an uncontrolled rectification method with series soft-start resistors is adopted to reduce the inrush current at power-on. In the second stage, based on the FPGA parallel full-comparison sorting algorithm, the DC-side voltage of each sub-module is quickly balanced by switching sub-modules. In the third stage, the number of fixed sub-modules to be cut off is maintained to continuously optimize the

Gu, Cong, Wu, Rui, Zhou, Wen, Cai, Wenjie, Tian, Yunxiang, Yang, Zhiqing

Cabbage Cleaning Device Based on Fischertechnik Model

2026-99-0734

5/15/2026

This article focuses on the problem of high labor cost, low processing efficiency and poor automation of the existing equipment in the postharvest processing of Chinese cabbage. It will design and produce an automated Chinese cabbage processing method called Smart Fresh Pack. Root removal, leaf removal, washing, loading, weighing, packaging and labeling functions were integrated, and smart dexterous intelligence was applied to core concepts and this can be used in the bulk production scenario of supermarkets in the city and countryside Compared with traditional assembly line equipment, obvious advantages in terms of structure, function and processing capacity: Key innovations include: Low-pressure air jet cleaning replaces water washing, which prevents a second contamination and weighing error due to surface moisture; pneumatic gripper and multi-DOF robotic arms combine to package and dynamically weigh simultaneously, streamlining these tasks; machine vision relies on an SSD

Chen, Yuhui, Zhang, Yixuan, Ruan, Jia, Zhu, Huayun, He, Lianzheng, Zhao, Ping

Local LLM Based Knowledge Graph in Power Domain Using Graph-Schema Reasoning and Retrieval-Augmented Generation

2026-99-0756

5/15/2026

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have shown great potential in many domains. However, their application in professional domains is often limited by problems like erroneous outputs and hallucinatory responses. Therefore, we present a framework that combines knowledge graphs (KGs) with local LLMs. The framework utilizes the factual information in KGs to improve the initial output of the LLMs, thereby reducing the factual errors in inference. In this paper, a domain knowledge graph is automatically constructed using textual data from the power industry. The KG contains 149,732 entities and 139,280 relationships. The proposed method is tested on EleQA, a public Q&A dataset of electricity regulations. Compared with the LLM-only baseline, the knowledge-graph-enhanced model achieves an improvement of 32.42%. Moreover, the framework shows strong adaptability and performs well on various LLMs. Our framework improves the accuracy and utility of large language models in the power

Chen, Ruiduan, Lin, Shizhong, Shao, Zhan, Cui, Shicheng, Li, Xingyu, Luo, He

Optimal Power Sharing and Voltage Restoration in DC Microgrids Based on Adaptive Droop Control

2026-99-0707

5/15/2026

The stable operation of islanded DC microgrids is conditioned by two essential objectives. One is to maintain the bus voltage at its nominal value, and this can ensure system stability. The other is to achieve cost-effective power allocation among distributed generation units, which guarantees economic efficiency. These two objectives are often conflicting. Adding droop control to the voltage and current dual closed-loop control can achieve primary current sharing. However, it inevitably introduces steady-state voltage deviations on the DC bus and results in inflexible or not optimal power sharing. To resolve these inherent limitations, this paper proposes a innovative distributed secondary control strategy. The method is designed to meet both requirements within a unified framework. In the primary control layer, it uses adaptive droop gains to optimize power distribution in real time based on changing load requirements which enables distributed generation units to achieve cost

Sun, Wei, She, Dunjun, Yu, Jinzhu, Yuan, Weibo, Peng, Bo, Zheng, Yingchun

Research on Performance Prediction Methods for Centrifugal Refrigeration Compressors in Data Centers

2026-99-0725

5/15/2026

As the “digital brain” and core foundational support for the development of intelligent transportation and connected vehicles, the performance of data centers directly determines the operational capability of intelligent transportation systems. In the process of advancing the vehicle-road-cloud collaborative architecture, the demand for high-performance computing power in data centers has experienced explosive growth. The substantial increase in computing tasks has posed severe challenges to thermal management, making efficient and reliable cooling systems an indispensable core component. Centrifugal compressor water-cooling units are the mainstream cooling solution for large-capacity scenarios, and their design optimization is crucial for improving the energy efficiency and performance of the entire cooling system. This paper proposes a one-dimensional performance prediction method for centrifugal compressors based on an empirical loss model, and realizes the iterative calculation of

Zhu, Minhao, Jiang, Bin, Li, Min, Zeng, Zihui, Gu, Yunhui

International Conference on the New Energy and Intelligent Vehicles

2026-99-0700

5/15/2026

TOC

Tobolski, Sue

Crowd Counting Network for Risk Early Warning in Exhibition Scenarios

2026-99-0705

5/15/2026

As a densely populated public place, exhibitions feature spatial layouts with multi-area linkage and instantaneous crowd flow mutations. Thus, developing a crowd flow early warning system adapted to exhibition dynamics is a key focus at the public safety and smart exhibitions to avoid risks like local congestion-induced stampedes. In general, two core challenges in exhibition crowd counting: 1) Key dynamic gathering information is hidden in high frequency components, but no correlation mechanism between frequency components and scene has been established; 2) Instant crowd gatherings cause high-frequency local density mutations, leading to time delays and spatial ambiguity of dynamic signals. To solve these, we propose a novel Crowd Counting Network for Risk Early Warning in Exhibition Scenarios with two core modules: 1) A bidirectional feature filtering module optimizes frequency information through low-frequency suppression to reduce redundancy and high-frequency activation to

Zhang, Jin, Zhang, Wanyue, Yuan, Jingjing, Chen, Zhen, Gu, Dazhi

Linear Trajectory Planning of Hydrogen Storage Tank with Unequal Polar Holes

2026-99-0718

5/15/2026

In this paper, the design and process research of uniform filling linear trajectory for filament wound hydrogen storage tank with unequal polar holes are carried out. Firstly, by optimizing the slip coefficient, the winding angles of the left and right heads are smoothly and continuously transitioned to the cylindrical section. We study the necessary conditions for achieving the central angle of uniform filling, and calculate the tangent points of the trajectory line based on the continuous fraction principle. Meanwhile, the slip coefficients at the left and right ends that satisfy stable winding and uniform covering are determined. Based on the equal contour constraint conditions, we analyze the motion trajectory equation of the four-axis winding machine and convert it into the corresponding machine code for actual winding operations. Experimental results show that stable winding of fibers on the surface of the unequal-polar-hole mandrel is achieved, and uniform filling and winding

Chen, Baosen, Fu, Jianhui, Cao, Xuewen, Yu, Libin

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