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Vertical Flight Society Technical Papers - Coming Soon to Mobilus

Vertical Flight Society papers coming soon to SAE Mobilus. In partnership with the Vertical Flight Society (VFS), SAE Mobilus will be hosting more than 17,000 technical papers and proceedings from VFS. Click here to see a sample of the content covering decades of rotorcraft and vertical flight technologies.

Important Update – Accessibility Enhancements on SAE Mobilus

We’re pleased to share that SAE Mobilus has recently completed a comprehensive set of accessibility improvements across the platform. As a result, Mobilus is now aligned with WCAG 2.2 Level AA standards in most key categories. These updates are part of our ongoing commitment to ensuring the platform is accessible to all users. Enhancements include improvements to keyboard navigation, screen reader compatibility, visual contrast, error handling, and overall usability across core areas of the site. An updated Voluntary Product Accessibility Template (VPAT v2.5 – March 2026) is now available, providing a detailed overview of our accessibility conformance. You can access the VPAT directly within the Help section. Accessibility is a continuous effort. We will continue to evaluate and improve the platform to better support all users and meet evolving standards. If you have any feedback or experience any accessibility issues, we welcome your input. - The SAE Mobilus Team

SAE AI Chat — Update and What's Next

* Important Update - SAE AI chatbot Beta program * The SAE AI Chatbot Beta program - Phase 1 will end on March 31, 2026. Following this date, the AI chatbot capabilities will be temporarily unavailable as we begin development of a significantly enhanced version. We sincerely thank all Phase 1 Beta participants for their engagement and valuable feedback - your insights have played an important role in shaping the next phase of this experience. The upcoming version of the SAE AI Chatbot will expand content coverage beyond current standards, incorporating additional critical resources from our digital library. It will also be made available to a broader audience across Mobilus. Want to be part of what's next? Register your interest here to receive updates and be considered for early access. For additional information, visit the FAQs. — The Mobilus Team

SAE International Digitization and AI Policy

SAE International prohibits the entry of SAE Content into any form of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT, OpenAI, or Microsoft Copilot. Additionally, creating derivatives of SAE Content using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from SAE International. In the case of such use, SAE International will suspend access to SAE Content, and further legal action will be considered.

Welcome to the new SAE Mobilus®

Welcome to the new era of SAE Mobilus®, redesigned with a modern, intuitive web interface featuring enhanced search capabilities to help you stay informed and easily discover content. Login today: To access content within your subscription and make the most of the platform, please log into your subscription and your personal My Library (sign up is free) located in the top right corner of the screen. Key Features Intuitive User Interface: We've listened to our customers and tied this to the best practices in the industry to offer an improved, intuitive, and desirable website experience for our users. Improved In-app Discoverability: Enhanced search and expanded menu featuring search suggestions that allow for quick discovery of content. Announcements: Stay up to date on new features through a dedicated announcements page. Most recent announcements also get featured on the homepage. Enhanced Browse capabilities: Browse through over 200,000 publications that are now classified into categories commonly used across the industry. Deep-dive further into any topic or sub-topic of interest to make the most for your corporate projects or research. Smart Automation: "Meta Tags" on each result will help you find content related to your search. My Library: My dashboard is rebranded as My Library with powerful features to help you make the most out of the platform Mobile Friendly: Upgraded navigation on mobile devices Training Available SAE’s Customer Success team is dedicated to delivering the best platform experience possible. Through monthly trainings and short, on-demand video tutorials, find answers to your questions here: SAE Mobilus Spotlight training - Available monthly, hosted live by SAE’s Customer Success team Mobilus Minute – 2-minute videos, available on-demand Need some troubleshooting help? Access our FAQs by visiting our Help section: https://saemobilus.sae.org/help/home Resources to help you navigate the new platform are available here, where you can find links to quick start guides and video tutorials on features like My Library, Announcements, Saved Search, Login and new features. Have feedback that you'd like to share with us? Please submit your feedback to the Mobilus team through the blue Knowledge bot in the bottom right hand corner of the new platform.

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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

Browse All 177

Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response

EPR202501711/24/2025

The wing-in-ground effect (WIG) vehicle represents a significant advancement in aerodynamics and vehicle design, leveraging the ground effect phenomenon to enhance lift and reduce drag when flying close to the surface. This unique capability allows WIG vehicles to achieve higher payloads, longer range, and greater fuel efficiency compared to traditional aircraft, making them an attractive option for modern military and global disaster response applications. Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response discusses future disaster response, logistics, and military applications for WIG vehicles, including the ongoing development of aerospace and transportation technology. Relavant advancements in materials and propulsion systems holds promise for further enhancing WIG performance and operational range. Additionally, cost-effective and powerful flight computers with various types of mission-enabling sensor suites from the

Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering

EPR20250169/22/2025

Despite growing investments, the widespread adoption and scalable deployment of generative artificial intelligence (AI) remains a challenge due to data trustworthiness, regulatory uncertainty, interpretability, and ethical governance. The need to accelerate automation and maintain the human-in-the-loop demonstrates broader questions of responsibility and transparency. Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering investigates the transformative role of GenAI within aerospace engineering, examining its shift from conventional workflows toward more AI-driven solutions in design, manufacturing, and maintenance. It emphasizes GenAI’s emerging ability to automate repetitive mundane tasks, reduce design complexity, and optimize engineering pipelines. The report underscores the need for validation methods that must align AI-generated outputs with physics-informed models, integration with legacy engineering tools (e.g., computational fluid dynamics, finite element analysis, digital twins), and

Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles

EPR20250159/22/2025

The next generation of mobility, driven by shared, driverless, connected, and electrified vehicles, holds strong potential to advance sustainability through lower emissions and improved resource efficiency. However, critical questions remain regarding their true environmental impact, including battery lifecycle management, material consumption, and circular manufacturing practices. Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles explores these unresolved issues, focusing on the shift from internal combustion to electric vehicles, supply chain challenges, regulatory gaps, and the operational realities of sustainable productization. It also critically examines the risks of greenwashing, the need for consistent standards, and the role of intersectoral collaboration—with energy, urban planning, information and communications technologies, and waste management sectors—in building resilient, scalable solutions. The report provides strategic recommendations and

Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features

EPR20250138/13/2025

Advanced technologies that assist the human driver or reduce (or even eliminate) the human driver’s role are becoming increasingly prevalent in new light-duty vehicles used by the general public. These technologies are divided between Active Safety features that monitor the human driver and vehicle motion and act intermittently to mitigate and avoid crashes, and Driving Automation features that assume some or all of the dynamic driving task from the human driver. Both types of technologies have the potential to reduce injuries and save lives by reducing the frequency and/or severity of crashes. Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features addresses the current capabilities and future potential for Active Safety and Driving Automation features to reduce crash frequency and severity and provides an overview of the state of the industry for both types of features, including current deployments, trends, and anticipated rollouts. Gaps in knowledge, unsettled issues, and

Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots

EPR20250128/13/2025

The automation of labor-intensive picking and planting operations is having an immediate impact in the agricultural indutry. In its simplest form, robotic automation can reduce the labor and soil disturbance while enabling organic soil cover and increasing species diversification through precision approaches to planting, weeding, and spraying. With this, pesticides and fertilizers can be applied in a more targeted way, and with machinery visiting fields more frequently, earlier and more targeted intervention can occur before pests become established. Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots identifies issues that need to be resolved fo for this technology to thrive, including improving methods of acquiring and labeling training data to facilitate more accurate models for specific applications. It also discusses concepts such as general-purpose mechanical platforms for use as carriers of agricultural automation systems with high stability, positional accuracy, and variable

Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles

EPR20250147/18/2025

Autonomous vehicle motion planning and control are vital components of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. Recent advances in both data- and physical model-driven methods have improved driving performance, yet current technologies still fall short of achieving human-level driving in complex, dynamic traffic scenarios. Key challenges include developing safe, efficient, and human-like motion planning strategies that can adapt to unpredictable environments. Data-driven approaches leverage deep neural networks to learn from extensive datasets, offering promising avenues for intelligent decision-making. However, these methods face issues such as covariate shift in imitation learning and difficulties in designing robust reward functions. In contrast, conventional physical model-driven techniques use rigorous mathematical formulations to generate optimal trajectories and handle dynamic constraints. Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-Driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and

Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

EPR20250115/21/2025

Driven by the vast consumer marketplace, the electronics megatrend has reshaped nearly every sector of society. The advancements in semiconductors and software, originally built to serve consumer demand, are now delivering significant value to non-consumer industries. Today, electronics are making inroads into traditionally conservative, safety-critical sectors such as automotive and aerospace. In doing so, electronics—now further propelled by artificial intelligence—are disrupting the functional safety architectures of these cyber-physical systems. Electronics have created the world of cyber-physical systems, raising broader concerns about the broader category of product assurance. Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence continues the work of previous SAE Edge Research Reports in examining open research challenges arising from this shift, particularly in automotive systems, as core electronic technologies (e.g., the combination of software and communications) have even

Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management

EPR20250085/20/2025

The transportation industry is transforming with the integration of advanced data technologies, edge devices, and artificial intelligence (AI). Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are pivotal in optimizing traffic flow and safety. Central to this are transportation management centers, which manage transportation systems, traffic flow, and incident responses. Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management explores emerging trends in transportation data, focusing on data collection, aggregation, and sharing. Effective data management, AI application, and secure data sharing are crucial for optimizing operations. Integrating edge devices with existing systems presents challenges impacting security, cost, and efficiency. Ultimately, AI in transportation offers significant opportunities to predict and manage traffic conditions. AI-driven tools analyze historical data and current conditions to forecast future events. The importance of multidisciplinary approaches and

Edge Artificial Intelligence in Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mobility

EPR20250095/20/2025

With many stakeholders involved, and major investments supporting it, the advancements in automated driving (AD) are undoubtedly there. Generally speaking, the motivation for advancing AD is driver convenience and road safety. Regarding the development of AD, original equipment manufacturers, technology start-ups, and AD systems developers have taken different approaches for automated vehicles (AVs). Some manufacturers are on the path toward stand-alone vehicles, mostly relying on onboard sensors and intelligence. On the other hand, the connected, cooperative, and automated mobility (CCAM) approach relies on additional communication and information exchange to ensure safe and secure operation. CCAM holds great potential to improve traffic management, road safety, equity, and convenience. In both approaches, there are increasingly large amounts of data generated and used for AD functions in perception, situational awareness, path prediction, and decision-making. The use of artificial

Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Dedicated Lanes

EPR20250074/24/2025

Dedicated lanes provide a simpler operating environment for ADS-equipped vehicles than those shared with other roadway users including human drivers, pedestrians, and bicycles. This final report in the Automation and Infrastructure series discusses how and when various types of lanes whether general purpose, managed, or specialty lanes might be temporarily or permanently reserved for ADS-equipped vehicles. Though simulations and economic analysis suggest that widespread use of dedicated lanes will not be warranted until market penetration is much higher, some US states and cities are developing such dedicated lanes now for limited use cases and other countries are planning more extensive deployment of dedicated lanes. Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure: Dedicated Lanes includes a review of practices across the US as well as case studies from the EU and UK, the Near East, Japan, Singapore, and Canada. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Latest Journal Issues

Browse All 16

Passenger Vehicle Systems

Electrified Vehicles

Advances and Current Practices in Mobility

Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy

Connected and Automated Vehicles

Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy

Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH

Transportation Safety

Alternative Powertrains

Materials and Manufacturing

Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems

Recent Books

Browse All 719

1D and MultiD Modeling Techniques for IC Engine Simulation Second Edition

R-5805/29/2026

The internal combustion (IC) engine remains the most widely used thermal machine in the world and will continue to play a central role in global mobility for decades to come. Even as alternative powertrains expand, optimized IC engines—often integrated within hybrid and electrified architectures—are essential to achieving low fuel consumption, near-zero pollutant emissions, and reduced carbon dioxide output. Advances in combustion strategies, synthetic fuels, turbocharging, and aftertreatment systems are driving this evolution. This fully revised and expanded second edition reflects the rapid progress made in engine modeling and simulation over the past two decades. One-dimensional (1D), three-dimensional (3D), and coupled 1D–3D modeling techniques have become indispensable tools in modern engine design, enabling engineers to evaluate performance, efficiency, and emissions through advanced virtual engine environments. Bringing together contributions from leading international

Variable Compression Systems for Future Engines and Fuels

R-5534/30/2026

Variable Compression Engines: Enabling Net Zero explores variable compression ratio (VCR): one of the most promising—and historically elusive—advancements in internal combustion engine (ICE) technology. Long recognized for its thermodynamic benefits, VCR has challenged engineers for decades due to its mechanical complexity. Today, as the global mobility landscape demands ever higher efficiency, lower emissions, and greater fuel flexibility, VCR has emerged as a viable and transformative solution. This book delivers a comprehensive and authoritative examination of VCR technology, quantifying its efficiency and CO2-reduction potential while surveying the wide range of mechanisms conceived, developed, and tested over more than a century of engine innovation. By combining historical insight with modern analysis, the authors reveal the remarkable ingenuity of past and present engine designers—and demonstrate that VCR is not only feasible, but increasingly essential. Positioned squarely

Aerospace Standards Index - 2026

ASIN20262/25/2026

This valuable resource lists all Aerospace Standards (AS), Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP), Aerospace Information Reports (AIR), and Aerospace Resource Documents (ARD) published by SAE. Each listing includes title, subject, document number, key words, new and revised documents, and DODISS-adopted documents. AMS Index - Now Available!

Business Reliability Growth for Automotive Engineering, Volume 4

R-5522/17/2026

In a world where every business process is under pressure to perform faster, safer, and more reliably, this book delivers a powerful roadmap for sustained operational excellence. Centered on the proven methodology of Design of Experiments (DOE), it shows how organizations can move beyond reactive problem-solving to systematic reliability growth. From well-defined standard operating practices to management-level decision-making, the book connects strategy, data, and execution to create repeatable, measurable results across the enterprise. Readers are guided through practical, real-world applications of DOE, from selecting the right factors and levels to executing robust experiments, analyzing outcomes, validating solutions, and continuously monitoring performance. Each chapter translates complex statistical and engineering concepts into actionable business value, helping teams improve quality, reduce waste, and increase return on investment. Key capabilities explored in this book

January 2026 AMS Index

AMSJAN-20261/24/2026

Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels

R-5471/22/2026

As global energy demands rise and environmental challenges intensify, the aviation industry faces a critical need to redefine how it powers the skies. Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels presents a comprehensive, research-driven exploration of the transition from fossil-based fuels to renewable alternatives that promise to reshape the future of air transportation. This book bridges the gap between academic knowledge and industrial application, offering a detailed overview of the science, technology, and policy driving the adoption of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs). From understanding feedstocks and conversion pathways to evaluating production technologies, emissions performance, and life-cycle impacts, the text equips readers with a holistic understanding of SAFs within today’s global energy landscape. Across five insightful chapters, readers will find a clear roadmap: the evolution and importance of SAFs; production methods and technological foundations; environmental

SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles

R-5591/20/2026

The convergence of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and connected vehicle technologies is ushering in a transformative era of automotive innovation—one that is fundamentally enhancing vehicle safety, efficiency, reliability, and the overall driving experience. SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles stands as the definitive reference for this rapidly evolving domain, meticulously compiled to clarify and standardize the language shaping modern mobility. Inside, readers will find clear, authoritative definitions encompassing the full spectrum of technologies that enable connected and automated driving—including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication systems. This comprehensive resource translates complex engineering terminology into accessible language, enabling engineers, researchers, policymakers, educators, and enthusiasts to share a common technical foundation. Reflecting the latest

Safety, ADAS, and Cybersecurity: Vol. 4

EPRCOMPV01202512/29/2025

Aerospace Developments: Vol. 7

EPRCOMPV07202512/29/2025

Automated Vehicles: Development, Testing, and Validation: Vol. 4

EPRCOMPV03202512/29/2025

Recently Published

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Safety Alert Symbol for Agricultural, Construction, and Industrial Equipment

J284_202606 (Current)

6/29/2026

This SAE Recommended Practice covers the safety alert symbol intended for use on construction and industrial equipment as defined in SAE J1116 and on agricultural tractors and machinery as defined in ASABE S390.

HFTC2, Machine Displays and Symbols

Chemical Oxygen Systems

AIR825/4A (Current)

6/29/2026

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides an orientation regarding the general technology of chemical oxygen generators to aircraft engineers for assistance in determining whether chemical oxygen generators are an appropriate oxygen supply source for hypoxia protection in a given application and as an aid in specifying such generators. Information regarding the details of design and manufacture of chemical oxygen generators is generally beyond the scope of this document.

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Passenger Oxygen Mask

AS8025A (Current)

6/29/2026

This standard covers oronasal type masks which use a continuous flow oxygen supply. Each such mask comprises a facepiece with valves as required, a mask suspension device, a reservoir, or rebreather bag (when used), a length of tubing for connection to the oxygen supply source, and a means for allowing the crew to determine if oxygen is being delivered to the mask. The assembly shall be capable of being stowed suitably to meet the requirements of its intended use.

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Defining and Measuring Factors Affecting Helicopter Turbine Engine Power Available

ARP1702B (Current)

6/29/2026

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) identifies and defines a method of measuring those factors affecting installed power available for helicopter powerplants. These factors are installation losses, accessory power extraction, and operational effects. Accurate determination of these factors is vital in the calculation of helicopter performance as described in the RFM. It is intended that the methods presented herein prescribe and define each factor as well as an approach to measuring said factor. Only basic installations of turboshaft engines in helicopters are considered. Although the methods described may apply in principle to other configurations that lead to more complex installation losses, such as an inlet particle separator, inlet barrier filter (with or without a bypass system), or infrared suppressor, specialized or individual techniques may be required in these cases for the determination and definition of engine installation losses. Some rotorcraft may use an

S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee

J1939 Digital Annex

J1939DA_202606 (Current)6/29/2026

This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use.

Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee

EVALUATION OF HELICOPTER TURBINE ENGINE LINEAR VIBRATION ENVIRONMENT

AIR1289A (Current)

6/29/2026

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) outlines a recommended procedure for evaluation of the vibration environment to which the gas turbine engine powerplant is subjected in the helicopter installation. This analysis of engine vibration is normally demonstrated on a one-time basis upon initial certification, or after a major modification, of an engine/helicopter configuration. This AIR deals with linear vibration as measured on the basic case structure of the engine and not, for example, torsional vibration in drive shafting or vibration of a component within the engine such as a compressor or turbine airfoil. In summary, this AIR discusses the engine manufacturer’s "Installation Test Code" aspects of engine vibration and proposes an appropriate measurement method.

S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee

Experimental Investigation of Fuel Cutout Strategies in a Heavy-Duty Gasoline Compression Ignition Engine

03-19-03-0015

6/26/2026

This study investigates Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI), a family of advanced combustion strategies that can be used to achieve low engine-out criteria pollutant emissions in the heavy-duty transportation sector. In particular, high fuel stratification GCI (HFS-GCI) has been shown to have high thermal efficiencies while maintaining a highly controllable and responsive mixing-controlled combustion event. However, stable combustion at low loads has been shown to be the principal challenge to the implementation of HFS-GCI in production applications. It has also been observed that several strategies that achieve stable combustion at low loads result either in increased emissions or efficiency penalties. While the achievement and maintenance of high enough exhaust temperatures for efficient aftertreatment operation is a significant challenge at low loads even for traditional diesel engine operation, this challenge is exacerbated by the low reactivity and colder flame temperature of

Viswanathan, Aravindh Babu, Zhang, Yu, Merritt, Brock

Automosphere: Exploring Vehicle Heads-Up Display with Weather-Related Windshield Cues for Passive Fatigue Management

12-09-03-0025

6/26/2026

Passive fatigue can cause accidents with automated and regular vehicles. A proof-of-concept prototype [made with light-emitting diode (LED) matrices and white LED (WLED)] and a preliminary comparative usability test (N = 7) are used to study whether the active manipulation of simulated weather cues can be a potential countermeasure to passive fatigue. Participants rated system suitability, system impression, and their fatigue level similarly when they viewed a weather windshield heads-up display (HUD) versus a speedometer windshield HUD [no significant differences found and relatively small 95% confidence interval (CI) ranges around 0]. Qualitative analysis of interviews found that participants saw the potential value of the weather display and that display placement, dynamic graphics, and user activation were commonly mentioned themes. These results suggest the concept is theoretically possible, though further work is needed to prove the concept in practice.

Ensafjoo, Mohsen, Li, Jamy

Spray–Wall Interaction at Thermal Swing Coatings in SI Engines

03-19-03-0014

6/25/2026

As a contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector, the indicated efficiency of SI engines can be increased via thermal swing coatings. Thereby, a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved, although not at all operating conditions. Here, the often-observed increased hydrocarbon emission partially overcompensates the reduced wall heat losses. The main root cause is always attributed to the increased surface roughness and porosity, leading to an increased crevice volume. Further investigations were performed at a single-cylinder engine equipped with a FTIR for species analysis of hydrocarbon emissions. A comparison of direct injection and port fuel injection were performed for RON95 E10 and methanol to assess the influence of mixture preparation. 3D CFD was used to additionally investigate the in-cylinder processes. The comparison of port fuel injection and direct injection showed a significant influence on the fuel hydrocarbon

Fischer, Marcus, Pischinger, Stefan

SAE TOMORROW TODAY - What Baja SAE Teaches That College Can?t

135746/25/2026

What does it really take to engineer under pressure? From mud-soaked vehicles and broken suspensions to team dynamics and split-second decisions, Baja SAE has become a proving ground for the next generation of engineering leaders. By challenging engineering students to design, build, and race single-seat off-road vehicles capable of surviving extreme terrain, Baja SAE requires every team to use the same 14 hp Kohler engine -- creating an even playing field and putting the focus on innovation, durability, and teamwork. Listen in as Honda's Adam Hussemann and TTX Company's Jason Rounds pull back the curtain on the intense, unpredictable world of Baja SAE competitions and how they prepare students for careers in manufacturing, mobility, and beyond. After hearing this conversation, you'll understand why more and more companies value Baja experience just as much as a perfect GPA. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast

Patterson, Lori

Numerical Investigation of Inverted Airfoils in Ground Effect for Motorsport Applications

01-19-01-0004

6/25/2026

Ground effect plays a critical role in enhancing the aerodynamic performance of race cars by increasing downforce without a proportional rise in drag. Despite its importance, the influence of airfoil geometry on inverted airfoils operating in ground proximity remains underexplored in open literature. This study addresses this gap through a detailed numerical investigation of chord-dominated ground effect using two-dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations. A range of NACA four-digit airfoils is systematically analyzed to isolate the effects of camber, thickness, and camber location on aerodynamic performance in ground proximity. Results show that increased camber enhances downforce and efficiency both in and out of ground effect; thinner airfoils yield higher downforce and efficiency in ground effect; and forward camber locations outperform rearward ones in maximizing downforce contrary to out-of-ground-effect trends. Detailed pressure distribution and flow

Chowdhury, Rohan, Shukla, Dhwanil

BO-NRPPO: A Bayesian Optimization–Tuned Proximal Policy Optimization Framework for Semi-Active Suspension Control

10-10-03-0025

6/25/2026

Semi-active suspension systems enhance ride comfort and handling performance by adaptively modulating damping characteristics. However, conventional model-based controllers often fail to maintain optimal performance under uncertain and time-varying vehicle conditions. This article proposes Bayesian Optimization–Tuned Proximal Policy Optimization with Non-Parametric Rewards (BO-NRPPO), a novel reinforcement learning (RL) framework that integrates Bayesian Optimization (BO) with Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) and a non-parametric reward function (NRF). The proposed approach enables adaptive self-tuning, data-driven reward shaping, and uncertainty-aware policy learning. Moreover, a Trapezoidal Simple Moving Average (TSMA)–based reward normalization scheme is introduced to accelerate convergence and stabilize training. Simulation results across diverse driving scenarios demonstrate that BO-NRPPO outperforms the passive suspension, the classical Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), and PPO

Chen, Guoying, Wang, Xinyu, Wang, Jiaqi, Zhan, Xinwang, Bi, Chenxiao, Cong, Shiqi, Hua, Min, Sun, Tianjun, Gao, Zhenhai

Impact of Network-Induced Delays on Autonomous Vehicle Steering Stability

10-10-03-0024

6/25/2026

This article presents a cross-layer framework that integrates realistic vehicle-to-network-to-vehicle (V2N2V) delay characterization with a rigorous stability analysis of automated vehicle steering control. Both constant and network-induced time-varying delays modeled via deterministic bounds are addressed. For constant delays, delay-independent stability regions within the controller gain space are analytically derived. For time-varying delays with stochastic network origins, modeled using deterministic bounds, a refined Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) incorporating augmented single- and double-integral terms is constructed. To establish delay-dependent linear matrix inequality (LMI) conditions, a reciprocally convex combination approach is employed to handle the delay interval partitioning, and the second-order Bessel–Legendre inequality is applied to tighten the integral quadratic bounds. The resulting LMI conditions explicitly capture the coupled effects of delay magnitude

Li, Jialin, Lu, Jianwei, Wei, Heng, Ao, Di

Female PMHS Thoracic Biomechanical Response Corridors with Preliminary Consideration of the Influence of Breast Tissue in Frontal Impacts

2026-22-0006

6/24/2026

Thoracic injuries are common for belted occupants in frontal motor vehicle crashes. However, there remains a lack of female post-mortem human subject (PMHS) data in the literature to generate female-specific biomechanical response corridors and evaluate engineering tools such as anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) and computational human body models (HBMs). Additionally, the effect of breast tissue on thoracic response has not been directly investigated despite female ATDs and HBMs having features representing breasts. As such, this study sought to utilize simplified frontal hub impacts to (1) generate female PMHS thoracic response corridors both with breasts positioned with a bra and without breasts (no bra) and (2) preliminarily explore the influence of breasts on the thoracic responses of female PMHS. Twelve female PMHS (9 small and 3 midsize) were subjected to frontal impacts at mid-sternum with a 14.0 kg circular impactor at 4.3 m/s in conditions with and without breasts. Force

Baker, Gretchen H., Kang, Yun-Seok, Marcallini, Angelo, Lang, Ryan, Hutter, Erin, Moorhouse, Kevin, Agnew, Amanda M.

Powder, Chromium Carbide Plus Nickel-Chromium Alloy 75Cr₃C₂ + 25 (80Ni - 20Cr Alloy)

AMS7875F (Current)

6/24/2026

This specification covers a blend of chromium carbide and a nickel-chromium alloy in the form of powder.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, and Forgings 12Cr - 9Ni - 2Mo – 0.7Al – 0.3Ti Vacuum Induction Plus Vacuum Consumable Electrode Melted Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation Hardenable

AMS5928 (Current)

6/24/2026

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, and forging stock.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Standards for Battery Secondary Use

J2997_202606 (Current)

6/24/2026

This document provides recommendations involving BEV battery data retention and battery design that enhance the potential for BEV battery reuse and serviceability and that can improve recyclability. These recommendations have been developed by a group of professionals skilled in the secondary-use of batteries and in the research, development, and manufacture of BEV batteries and battery systems.

Secondary Battery Use Committee

Use Cases for Wireless Charging Communication for Plug-in Electric Vehicles

J2836/6_202606 (Current)

6/24/2026

This SAE Information Report SAE J2836/6 establishes use cases for communication between plug-in electric vehicles and the EVSE for wireless energy transfer as specified in SAE J2954. It addresses the requirements for communications between the on-board charging system and the wireless EV supply equipment (WEVSE) in support of detection of the WEVSE, the charging process, and monitoring of the charging process. Since the communication to the charging infrastructure and the power grid for smart charging will also be communicated by the WEVSE to the EV over the wireless interface, these requirements are also covered. However, the processes and procedures are expected to be identical to those specified for V2G communications specified in SAE J2836/1. Where relevant, the specification notes interactions that may be required between the vehicle and vehicle operator, but does not formally specify them. Similarly, communications between the on-board charging sub-system and the on-board vehicle

Hybrid - EV Committee

633-6 AOC Air-Ground Data and Message Exchange Format

ARINC633-6 (Current)6/24/2026

ARINC Specification 633 defines the format and the exchange of Aeronautical Operational Control (AOC) messages. Supplement 6 adds new ARINC 633 AOC data structures as well as revises existing data structures, including: Flight Plans, Special Loads (i.e., Weight and Balance and Cargo Planning Load Sheets), NOTAM, ETOPS, Terrain Avoidance, FuelHeader, Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL), Crew List, etc. The standardization of AOC messages facilitates the development of applications shared by numerous airlines on different aircraft types. Benefits include improved dispatchability and reduce operator cost. ARINC 633 is a complete definition of AOC message sets used in commercial aviation with XML schema definition.

Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee

CONNECTOR, AIR DUCT HOSE, GROUND COOLING, FEMALE

AS38386/2B (Current)

6/23/2026

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

Gas Turbine Engine Performance Presentation for Computer Programs Using Fortran

AS4191B (Current)

6/23/2026

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides a method for gas turbine engine performance computer programs to be written using Fortran COMMON blocks. If a “function-call application program interface” (API) is to be used, then ARP4868 and ARP5571 are recommended as alternatives to that described in this document. When it is agreed between the program user and supplier that a particular program shall be supplied in Fortran, this document shall be used in conjunction with AS681 for steady-state and transient programs. This document also describes how to take advantage of the Fortran CHARACTER storage to extend the information interface between the calling program and the engine subroutine.

S-15 Gas Turbine Perf Simulation Nomenclature and Interfaces