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Announcements for SAE Mobilus

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Vertical Flight Society Technical Papers - Coming Soon to Mobilus
Vertical Flight Society papers coming soon to SAE Mobilus. In partnership with the Vertical Flight Society (VFS), SAE Mobilus will be hosting more than 17,000 technical papers and proceedings from VFS. Click here to see a sample of the content covering decades of rotorcraft and vertical flight technologies.
Important Update – Accessibility Enhancements on SAE Mobilus
We’re pleased to share that SAE Mobilus has recently completed a comprehensive set of accessibility improvements across the platform. As a result, Mobilus is now aligned with WCAG 2.2 Level AA standards in most key categories. These updates are part of our ongoing commitment to ensuring the platform is accessible to all users. Enhancements include improvements to keyboard navigation, screen reader compatibility, visual contrast, error handling, and overall usability across core areas of the site. An updated Voluntary Product Accessibility Template (VPAT v2.5 – March 2026) is now available, providing a detailed overview of our accessibility conformance. You can access the VPAT directly within the Help section. Accessibility is a continuous effort. We will continue to evaluate and improve the platform to better support all users and meet evolving standards. If you have any feedback or experience any accessibility issues, we welcome your input. - The SAE Mobilus Team
SAE AI Chat — Update and What's Next
* Important Update - SAE AI chatbot Beta program * The SAE AI Chatbot Beta program - Phase 1 will end on March 31, 2026. Following this date, the AI chatbot capabilities will be temporarily unavailable as we begin development of a significantly enhanced version. We sincerely thank all Phase 1 Beta participants for their engagement and valuable feedback - your insights have played an important role in shaping the next phase of this experience. The upcoming version of the SAE AI Chatbot will expand content coverage beyond current standards, incorporating additional critical resources from our digital library. It will also be made available to a broader audience across Mobilus. Want to be part of what's next? Register your interest here to receive updates and be considered for early access. For additional information, visit the FAQs. — The Mobilus Team
SAE International Digitization and AI Policy
SAE International prohibits the entry of SAE Content into any form of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT, OpenAI, or Microsoft Copilot. Additionally, creating derivatives of SAE Content using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from SAE International. In the case of such use, SAE International will suspend access to SAE Content, and further legal action will be considered.
Welcome to the new SAE Mobilus®
  Welcome to the new era of SAE Mobilus®, redesigned with a modern, intuitive web interface featuring enhanced search capabilities to help you stay informed and easily discover content. Login today: To access content within your subscription and make the most of the platform, please log into your subscription and your personal My Library (sign up is free) located in the top right corner of the screen.   Key Features Intuitive User Interface: We've listened to our customers and tied this to the best practices in the industry to offer an improved, intuitive, and desirable website experience for our users.​ Improved In-app Discoverability: Enhanced search and expanded menu featuring search suggestions that allow for quick discovery of content.​ Announcements: Stay up to date on new features through a dedicated announcements page. Most recent announcements also get featured on the homepage.​ Enhanced Browse capabilities: Browse through over 200,000 publications that are now classified into categories commonly used across the industry. Deep-dive further into any topic or sub-topic of interest to make the most for your corporate projects or research.​ Smart Automation: "Meta Tags" on each result will help you find content related to your search.​ My Library: My dashboard is rebranded as My Library with powerful features to help you make the most out of the platform Mobile Friendly: Upgraded navigation on mobile devices​ Training Available SAE’s Customer Success team is dedicated to delivering the best platform experience possible. Through monthly trainings and short, on-demand video tutorials, find answers to your questions here: SAE Mobilus Spotlight training - Available monthly, hosted live by SAE’s Customer Success team Mobilus Minute – 2-minute videos, available on-demand   Need some troubleshooting help? Access our FAQs by visiting our Help section: https://saemobilus.sae.org/help/home Resources to help you navigate the new platform are available here, where you can find links to quick start guides and video tutorials on features like My Library, Announcements, Saved Search, Login and new features. Have feedback that you'd like to share with us? Please submit your feedback to the Mobilus team through the blue Knowledge bot in the bottom right hand corner of the new platform.

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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

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Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster ResponseEPR202501711/24/2025
The wing-in-ground effect (WIG) vehicle represents a significant advancement in aerodynamics and vehicle design, leveraging the ground effect phenomenon to enhance lift and reduce drag when flying close to the surface. This unique capability allows WIG vehicles to achieve higher payloads, longer range, and greater fuel efficiency compared to traditional aircraft, making them an attractive option for modern military and global disaster response applications. Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response discusses future disaster response, logistics, and military applications for WIG vehicles, including the ongoing development of aerospace and transportation technology. Relavant advancements in materials and propulsion systems holds promise for further enhancing WIG performance and operational range. Additionally, cost-effective and powerful flight computers with various types of mission-enabling sensor suites from the advanced air mobility and drone industry further enable the development of modern, safe, and practical WIG platforms. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Next-gen AI for Aerospace EngineeringEPR20250169/22/2025
Despite growing investments, the widespread adoption and scalable deployment of generative artificial intelligence (AI) remains a challenge due to data trustworthiness, regulatory uncertainty, interpretability, and ethical governance. The need to accelerate automation and maintain the human-in-the-loop demonstrates broader questions of responsibility and transparency. Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering investigates the transformative role of GenAI within aerospace engineering, examining its shift from conventional workflows toward more AI-driven solutions in design, manufacturing, and maintenance. It emphasizes GenAI’s emerging ability to automate repetitive mundane tasks, reduce design complexity, and optimize engineering pipelines. The report underscores the need for validation methods that must align AI-generated outputs with physics-informed models, integration with legacy engineering tools (e.g., computational fluid dynamics, finite element analysis, digital twins), and mitigation of algorithmic biases. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen VehiclesEPR20250159/22/2025
The next generation of mobility, driven by shared, driverless, connected, and electrified vehicles, holds strong potential to advance sustainability through lower emissions and improved resource efficiency. However, critical questions remain regarding their true environmental impact, including battery lifecycle management, material consumption, and circular manufacturing practices. Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles explores these unresolved issues, focusing on the shift from internal combustion to electric vehicles, supply chain challenges, regulatory gaps, and the operational realities of sustainable productization. It also critically examines the risks of greenwashing, the need for consistent standards, and the role of intersectoral collaboration—with energy, urban planning, information and communications technologies, and waste management sectors—in building resilient, scalable solutions. The report provides strategic recommendations and actionable solutions to help stakeholders better navigate the transition toward a circular future for mobility. It further highlights the overlooked complexities in the Global South, emphasizing the importance of ethical market expansion and localized mobility strategies. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation FeaturesEPR20250138/13/2025
Advanced technologies that assist the human driver or reduce (or even eliminate) the human driver’s role are becoming increasingly prevalent in new light-duty vehicles used by the general public. These technologies are divided between Active Safety features that monitor the human driver and vehicle motion and act intermittently to mitigate and avoid crashes, and Driving Automation features that assume some or all of the dynamic driving task from the human driver. Both types of technologies have the potential to reduce injuries and save lives by reducing the frequency and/or severity of crashes. Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features addresses the current capabilities and future potential for Active Safety and Driving Automation features to reduce crash frequency and severity and provides an overview of the state of the industry for both types of features, including current deployments, trends, and anticipated rollouts. Gaps in knowledge, unsettled issues, and suggestions for future research will also be discussed. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural RobotsEPR20250128/13/2025
The automation of labor-intensive picking and planting operations is having an immediate impact in the agricultural indutry. In its simplest form, robotic automation can reduce the labor and soil disturbance while enabling organic soil cover and increasing species diversification through precision approaches to planting, weeding, and spraying. With this, pesticides and fertilizers can be applied in a more targeted way, and with machinery visiting fields more frequently, earlier and more targeted intervention can occur before pests become established. Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots identifies issues that need to be resolved fo for this technology to thrive, including improving methods of acquiring and labeling training data to facilitate more accurate models for specific applications. It also discusses concepts such as general-purpose mechanical platforms for use as carriers of agricultural automation systems with high stability, positional accuracy, and variable track, as well as the economics of moving capital intensive automation systems toward a service-provision business model. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous VehiclesEPR20250147/18/2025
Autonomous vehicle motion planning and control are vital components of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. Recent advances in both data- and physical model-driven methods have improved driving performance, yet current technologies still fall short of achieving human-level driving in complex, dynamic traffic scenarios. Key challenges include developing safe, efficient, and human-like motion planning strategies that can adapt to unpredictable environments. Data-driven approaches leverage deep neural networks to learn from extensive datasets, offering promising avenues for intelligent decision-making. However, these methods face issues such as covariate shift in imitation learning and difficulties in designing robust reward functions. In contrast, conventional physical model-driven techniques use rigorous mathematical formulations to generate optimal trajectories and handle dynamic constraints. Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-Driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles presents a hybrid framework that combines data-driven insights with the robustness of physical models. It identifies key challenges in fusing these disparate methods and outlines potential solutions in developing robust fusion strategies, establishing generalized mixed dynamics models, and designing multi-objective robust control systems. In addition, the report explores future research directions to enhance learning efficiency, improve adaptability to rare but critical scenarios, and ultimately pave the way for secure, efficient, and human-like autonomous driving systems. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial IntelligenceEPR20250115/21/2025
Driven by the vast consumer marketplace, the electronics megatrend has reshaped nearly every sector of society. The advancements in semiconductors and software, originally built to serve consumer demand, are now delivering significant value to non-consumer industries. Today, electronics are making inroads into traditionally conservative, safety-critical sectors such as automotive and aerospace. In doing so, electronics—now further propelled by artificial intelligence—are disrupting the functional safety architectures of these cyber-physical systems. Electronics have created the world of cyber-physical systems, raising broader concerns about the broader category of product assurance. Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence continues the work of previous SAE Edge Research Reports in examining open research challenges arising from this shift, particularly in automotive systems, as core electronic technologies (e.g., the combination of software and communications) have even redefined what it means to be a "product." Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Edge Artificial Intelligence in Connected, Cooperative and Automated MobilityEPR20250095/20/2025
With many stakeholders involved, and major investments supporting it, the advancements in automated driving (AD) are undoubtedly there. Generally speaking, the motivation for advancing AD is driver convenience and road safety. Regarding the development of AD, original equipment manufacturers, technology start-ups, and AD systems developers have taken different approaches for automated vehicles (AVs). Some manufacturers are on the path toward stand-alone vehicles, mostly relying on onboard sensors and intelligence. On the other hand, the connected, cooperative, and automated mobility (CCAM) approach relies on additional communication and information exchange to ensure safe and secure operation. CCAM holds great potential to improve traffic management, road safety, equity, and convenience. In both approaches, there are increasingly large amounts of data generated and used for AD functions in perception, situational awareness, path prediction, and decision-making. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is instrumental in processing such data, and in that context, “edge AI” is a more recent type of implementation. Edge AI involves AI algorithms in edge computing devices, which requires hardware operating close to where data is generated. This report explores the potential of edge AI in CCAM. Different perspectives on edge AI for CCAM are explored and definitions drafted. Primary applications are explored, and an outlook on further advancements in applications is presented. The report includes a discussion on the benefits, risks, and challenges related to the use of edge AI in this domain. Major issues such as privacy and cybersecurity are considered, as are misconceptions. Furthermore, potential learning benefits, using experiences gained in other sectors, are introduced. NOTE: SAE Edge Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. These reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.
Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic ManagementEPR20250085/20/2025
The transportation industry is transforming with the integration of advanced data technologies, edge devices, and artificial intelligence (AI). Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are pivotal in optimizing traffic flow and safety. Central to this are transportation management centers, which manage transportation systems, traffic flow, and incident responses. Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management explores emerging trends in transportation data, focusing on data collection, aggregation, and sharing. Effective data management, AI application, and secure data sharing are crucial for optimizing operations. Integrating edge devices with existing systems presents challenges impacting security, cost, and efficiency. Ultimately, AI in transportation offers significant opportunities to predict and manage traffic conditions. AI-driven tools analyze historical data and current conditions to forecast future events. The importance of multidisciplinary approaches and educational programs in leveraging AI for transportation applications are emphasized in this report. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on EarthEPR20250054/24/2025
Recent advances are reducing the cost of space launch, high specific power solar cells, and the production of satellite systems. Modular architectures with no moving parts and distributed power systems would minimize assembly and maintenance costs. Together, this may enable space-based solar power to provide decarbonized dispatchable power at a lower cost than equivalent technologies such as nuclear power stations. Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on Earth discusses the advances in emerging technologies, like thin film solar cells, reusable launch vehicles, and mass-produced modular satellite systems that would make economic space power feasible. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Latest Journal Issues

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Passenger Vehicle Systems
SAE International Journal of Passenger Vehicle Systems
Electrified Vehicles
SAE International Journal of Electrified Vehicles
Advances and Current Practices in Mobility
SAE International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility
Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy
SAE International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy
Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy
SAE International Journal of Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy
Connected and Automated Vehicles
SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles
Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH
SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH
Transportation Safety
SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety
Alternative Powertrains
SAE International Journal of Alternative Powertrains
Commercial Vehicles
SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles
Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems
SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems
Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems
SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems
Engines
SAE International Journal of Engines
Materials and Manufacturing
SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing
Fuels and Lubricants
SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants

Recent Books

Browse All 633
Composite Materials Handbook Volume 5 - Revision BR-4608/27/2026
The fifth volume of this six-volume compendium publishes technical guidance and properties on ceramic matrix composite material systems. The selected guidance on technical topics related to this class of composites includes material selection, processing, characterization, testing, data reduction, design, analysis, quality control, application, case histories, and lessons learned of typical ceramic matrix composite materials. Volume 5, which covers ceramic matrix composites, supersedes MIL-HDBK-17-5 of June 17, 2002. The Composite Materials Handbook, referred to by industry groups as CMH-17, is an engineering reference tool that contains over 1,000 records of the latest test data for polymer matrix, metal matrix, ceramic matrix, and structural sandwich composites. CMH-17 provides information and guidance necessary to design and fabricate end items from composite materials. It includes properties of composite materials that meet specific data requirements as well as guidelines for design, analysis, material selection, manufacturing, quality control, and repair. The primary purpose of the handbook is to standardize engineering methodologies related to testing, data reduction, and reporting of property data for current and emerging composite materials. It is used by engineers worldwide in designing and fabricating products made from composite materials.
July 2026 AMS IndexAMSJULY-20267/22/2026
Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2026 - Volume IB-994_VOLUME17/1/2026
The Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization MMPDS-2026 supersedes MMPDS-25 and prior editions of the MMPDS Handbook as well as all editions of MIL-HDBK-5, Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures Handbook that were maintained by the U.S. Air Force. The last edition, MIL-HDBK-5J was cancelled by the U.S. Air Force in March 2006. This document contains design information on the mechanical and physical properties of metallic materials and joints commonly used in aircraft and aerospace vehicle structures. All information contained in this Handbook has been reviewed and approved using a standardized process. The development and ongoing maintenance process involves certifying agencies, including the FAA, DoD, and NASA, and major material suppliers and material users worldwide. The information and procedures in this Handbook are continuously reviewed and modified or removed as determined to be appropriate. With advances in materials and fastener systems, and with the review process of existing information, periodic updates of the MMPDS should be expected. As such, it is recommended that the latest version of the MMPDS be used. Volume II: Process Intensive Materials and Joining Technologies.
Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2026 - Volume IIB-994_VOLUME27/1/2026
Volume II publishes the framework for generating and analyzing the data so that material sponsors can generate the right data, knowing how it will be analyzed by the Battelle Memorial Institute. MMPDS-2026 Volume II Process Intensive Materials and Joining Technologies does not currently have any material properties, focusing on additive manufacturing of metallic materials. MMPDS-2026 Volume II focuses on non-conventional processes and will be published each year. Volume I: Conventional Materials and Joint Allowables.
1D and MultiD Modeling Techniques for IC Engine Simulation Second EditionR-5805/29/2026
The internal combustion (IC) engine remains the most widely used thermal machine in the world and will continue to play a central role in global mobility for decades to come. Even as alternative powertrains expand, optimized IC engines—often integrated within hybrid and electrified architectures—are essential to achieving low fuel consumption, near-zero pollutant emissions, and reduced carbon dioxide output. Advances in combustion strategies, synthetic fuels, turbocharging, and aftertreatment systems are driving this evolution. This fully revised and expanded second edition reflects the rapid progress made in engine modeling and simulation over the past two decades. One-dimensional (1D), three-dimensional (3D), and coupled 1D–3D modeling techniques have become indispensable tools in modern engine design, enabling engineers to evaluate performance, efficiency, and emissions through advanced virtual engine environments. Bringing together contributions from leading international researchers and industry experts, this book presents the most significant and recent developments in IC engine simulation. Topics include 0D, 1D, quasi-3D, and full 3D modeling approaches; turbocharging and aftertreatment systems; co-simulation and real-time applications; hydrogen and two-stroke engines; and advanced thermal modeling techniques. Designed for engineers, researchers, and graduate students, this second edition serves as a comprehensive reference for understanding, comparing, and applying state-of-the-art IC engine modeling methodologies in an evolving mobility landscape. Chapter topics include: • state of the art of 1D thermo-fluid dynamic simulation models • virtual engine development: 1D- and 3D-CFD up to full engine simulation • advanced 0D and quasiD thermodynamic combustion models for SI and CI engines • compressor and turbine (turbocharger, supercharger, or turbocompounding device) as boundary conditions for 1D simulations • 3D-CFD combustion models for SI and CI engines • model order reduction for real-time simulation and control applications • modeling of EGR systems •1D engine model in XiL application-a simulation environment for the entire powertrain development process • coupling of 1D and 3D fluid dynamic models for hybrid simulations • extending the 1D approach to the simulation of 3D components: the quasi-3D approach • 1D simulation models for aftertreatment components• 3D simulation models for after-treatment systems • modeling of IC engine silencers and tailpipe noise: 1D and 3D approaches • hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines • optimization of the gas exchange process in advanced 2-stroke engines • IC engine 0D/1D thermal modeling
Variable Compression Systems for Future Engines and FuelsR-5534/30/2026
Variable Compression Engines: Enabling Net Zero explores variable compression ratio (VCR): one of the most promising—and historically elusive—advancements in internal combustion engine (ICE) technology. Long recognized for its thermodynamic benefits, VCR has challenged engineers for decades due to its mechanical complexity. Today, as the global mobility landscape demands ever higher efficiency, lower emissions, and greater fuel flexibility, VCR has emerged as a viable and transformative solution. This book delivers a comprehensive and authoritative examination of VCR technology, quantifying its efficiency and CO2-reduction potential while surveying the wide range of mechanisms conceived, developed, and tested over more than a century of engine innovation. By combining historical insight with modern analysis, the authors reveal the remarkable ingenuity of past and present engine designers—and demonstrate that VCR is not only feasible, but increasingly essential. Positioned squarely within the context of global decarbonization, the book argues for a realistic, inclusive pathway to net-zero emissions—one in which ICEs continue to play a critical role. VCR technology enables higher efficiency across almost all operating conditions, supports advanced combustion strategies, and allows engines to operate effectively on a broad spectrum of low- and zero-carbon fuels, from biofuels to synthetic e-fuels. With VCR now in high-volume production and poised for broader adoption across automotive, heavy-duty, and marine applications, this timely volume is an essential resource for OEMs, suppliers, policymakers, researchers, and students seeking practical, scalable solutions for a sustainable energy future. Chapter topics include: • compression ratios and fuels • compression ratio limits • cylinder head VCR • cylinder block VCR • connecting rod variable compression • piston VCR • cranktrain and linkages VCR • modulated crankshaft eccentricity VCR • axial or barrel engine VCRs • high power and downsized engines • impact of VCR systems on engines • VCR applications for the future • variable compression for future engines and fuels • VCR cost–benefit analysis
Aerospace Standards Index - 2026ASIN20262/25/2026
This valuable resource lists all Aerospace Standards (AS), Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP), Aerospace Information Reports (AIR), and Aerospace Resource Documents (ARD) published by SAE. Each listing includes title, subject, document number, key words, new and revised documents, and DODISS-adopted documents. AMS Index - Now Available!
Business Reliability Growth for Automotive Engineering, Volume 4R-5522/17/2026
In a world where every business process is under pressure to perform faster, safer, and more reliably, this book delivers a powerful roadmap for sustained operational excellence. Centered on the proven methodology of Design of Experiments (DOE), it shows how organizations can move beyond reactive problem-solving to systematic reliability growth. From well-defined standard operating practices to management-level decision-making, the book connects strategy, data, and execution to create repeatable, measurable results across the enterprise. Readers are guided through practical, real-world applications of DOE, from selecting the right factors and levels to executing robust experiments, analyzing outcomes, validating solutions, and continuously monitoring performance. Each chapter translates complex statistical and engineering concepts into actionable business value, helping teams improve quality, reduce waste, and increase return on investment. Key capabilities explored in this book include: • Holistic reliability across design, manufacturing, supply chain, and marketing. • Advanced experimental designs, including split-plot and fractional factorial methods. • Fault tree analysis (FTA) and FMEA for failure prediction and prevention. • Supply chain optimization through multivariate process control. • Production and field reliability using design for testability and diagnostics. • Electric vehicle system and battery reliability analysis. • Marketing reliability driven by voice of customer and data-based value analysis. This book is an essential resource for engineers, operations leaders, and technical managers who want to build resilient systems, unlock innovation, and achieve long-term competitive advantage through disciplined, data-driven reliability.
Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation FuelsR-5471/22/2026
As global energy demands rise and environmental challenges intensify, the aviation industry faces a critical need to redefine how it powers the skies. Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels presents a comprehensive, research-driven exploration of the transition from fossil-based fuels to renewable alternatives that promise to reshape the future of air transportation. This book bridges the gap between academic knowledge and industrial application, offering a detailed overview of the science, technology, and policy driving the adoption of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs). From understanding feedstocks and conversion pathways to evaluating production technologies, emissions performance, and life-cycle impacts, the text equips readers with a holistic understanding of SAFs within today’s global energy landscape. Across five insightful chapters, readers will find a clear roadmap: the evolution and importance of SAFs; production methods and technological foundations; environmental performance and emissions reduction potential; safety, certification, and market integration; and future projections supported by international initiatives and regulatory frameworks. By combining technical depth with practical relevance, Fundamentals of Sustainable Aviation Fuels serves as both a foundational reference and a forward-looking guide for researchers, policymakers, industry professionals, and students. It underscores that achieving sustainability in aviation depends not only on innovation but also on global collaboration, paving the way toward cleaner skies and a resilient, low-carbon future for air travel.
SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected VehiclesR-5591/20/2026
The convergence of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and connected vehicle technologies is ushering in a transformative era of automotive innovation—one that is fundamentally enhancing vehicle safety, efficiency, reliability, and the overall driving experience. SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles stands as the definitive reference for this rapidly evolving domain, meticulously compiled to clarify and standardize the language shaping modern mobility. Inside, readers will find clear, authoritative definitions encompassing the full spectrum of technologies that enable connected and automated driving—including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication systems. This comprehensive resource translates complex engineering terminology into accessible language, enabling engineers, researchers, policymakers, educators, and enthusiasts to share a common technical foundation. Reflecting the latest global standards, research, and innovations, this dictionary bridges the gap between theory and application. It fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, supports safer system design, and provides clarity for those engaged in regulatory development or technology deployment. As the pace of mobility innovation accelerates, precise and accessible communication becomes indispensable. SAE International remains committed to advancing global transportation knowledge—empowering professionals to navigate, contribute to, and shape the future of intelligent, connected, and sustainable mobility with confidence and clarity.

Recently Published

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Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Investment Castings, 15Cr - 4.6Ni - 0.22Cb (Nb) - 2.8Cu (15-5 PH®), Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation HardenableAMS5357F (Current)9/21/2026
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of investment castings.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Cobalt Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat- Resistant, Bars, 62Co-28Cr-6Mo, (Co-Cr-Mo Alloy), Warm-WorkedAMS5918A (Current)9/21/2026
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy in the form of bars 2.500 to 4.000 inches (63.50 to 101.60 mm) inclusive, diameter or least distance between parallel sides.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing, and Forging Stock, 1.2Cr - 2.0Ni - 0.45Mo (0.27 - 0.33C), Aircraft QualityAMS6407M (Current)9/21/2026
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Aluminum Alloy Sheet and Plate, 5.6Zn - 2.5Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.23Cr, 7075: (-T6 Sheet, -T651 Plate), Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4045N (Current)9/21/2026
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate 0.008 to 4.000 inches (0.20 to 101.6 mm), inclusive, in thickness (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Steel, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing, Rings and Forging Stock, 18Cr - 11Ni - 0.60Cb (Nb) (347), Solution Heat TreatedAMS5646S (Current)9/21/2026
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, mechanical tubing, flash-welded rings, and stock for forging or flash-welded rings.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor VehiclesJ3016_202609 (Current)9/20/2026
This document describes [motor] vehicle driving automation systems that perform part or all of the dynamic driving task (DDT) on a sustained basis. It provides a taxonomy with detailed definitions for levels of driving automation, ranging from no driving automation (Level 0) to automated driving under all conditions in which humans can drive, with human driving not needed (Level 5), in the context of [motor] vehicles (hereafter also referred to as “vehicle” or “vehicles”) and their operation on roadways: Level 0: No driving automation Level 1: Driver support for steering OR speed, with continual driver supervision necessary and driver intervention when needed Level 2: Driver support for steering AND speed, with continual driver supervision necessary and driver intervention when needed Level 3: Automated driving under defined conditions, with human driving needed following an alert or evident vehicle malfunction Level 4: Automated driving under defined conditions, with human driving not needed to mitigate risk Level 5: Automated driving under all conditions in which humans can drive, with human driving not needed. The simple level descriptors have been changed to improve understanding of the differences among levels, but these are NOT the definitions of the levels of driving automation. See the definitions of each automation level in Sections 4 and 5 for explanation of these changes. These level definitions, along with additional supporting terms and definitions provided herein, can be used to describe the full range of driving automation features equipped on [motor] vehicles in a functionally consistent and coherent manner. “On-road” refers to publicly accessible roadways (including parking areas and private campuses that permit public access) that collectively serve all road users, including cyclists, pedestrians, and users of vehicles with and without driving automation features. The levels apply to the driving automation feature(s) that are engaged in any given instance of on-road operation of an equipped vehicle. As such, although a given vehicle may be equipped with a driving automation system that is capable of delivering multiple driving automation features that perform at different levels, the level of driving automation exhibited in any given instance is determined by the feature(s) that are engaged. This document also refers to three primary actors in driving: the (human) user, the driving automation system, and other vehicle systems and components. These other vehicle systems and components (or the vehicle in general terms) do not include the driving automation system in this model, even though as a practical matter a driving automation system may actually share hardware and software components with other vehicle systems, such as a processing module(s) or operating code. The levels of driving automation are defined by reference to the specific role played by each of the three primary actors in performance of the DDT and/or DDT fallback. “Role” in this context refers to the expected role of a given primary actor, based on the design of the driving automation system in question and not necessarily to the actual performance of a given primary actor. For example, a driver who fails to monitor the roadway during engagement of a Level 1 adaptive cruise control (ACC) system still has the role of driver, even while they are neglecting it. Active safety systems, such as electronic stability control (ESC) and automatic emergency braking (AEB), and certain types of driver assistance systems, such as lane keeping assistance (LKA), are excluded from the scope of this driving automation taxonomy because they do not perform part or all of the DDT on a sustained basis, but rather provide momentary intervention during potentially hazardous situations. Due to the momentary nature of the actions of active safety systems, their intervention does not change or eliminate the role of the driver in performing part or all of the DDT, and thus are not considered to be driving automation, even though they perform automated functions. In addition, systems that inform, alert, or warn the driver about hazards in the driving environment are also outside the scope of this driving automation taxonomy, as they neither automate part or all of the DDT, nor change the driver’s role in performance of the DDT (see 8.13). It should be noted, however, that crash avoidance features, including intervention-type active safety systems, may be included in vehicles equipped with driving automation systems at any level. For automated driving system (ADS) features (i.e., Levels 3 to 5) that perform the entire DDT, crash mitigation and avoidance capability is part of ADS functionality (see also 8.13). Note that this document provides a taxonomy and definitions and is not a safety standard. The document is not intended to provide guidance for safe vehicle operation by the driving automation system.
On-Road Automated Driving (ORAD) Committee
Effect of Annular Gap Variation in Coaxial Jets2026-01-50759/17/2026
A numerical study on the influence of annular gap variation in correctly expanded sonic coaxial jets, focusing on its effect on mixing characteristics and jet symmetry, is presented in this paper. The computational simulations were conducted using a three-dimensional steady-state compressible Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) framework with the Spalart–Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. Both symmetric (uniform gap) and asymmetric (nonuniform gap) configurations were simulated. Eccentricity was introduced by offsetting the secondary nozzle by 2 mm downward from the center of the primary nozzle. In symmetric configurations with uniform annular gaps, the jet exhibited balanced shear-layer development, uniform entrainment, and symmetric Mach decay characteristics. However, the asymmetric annular gap configuration exhibited approximately 25–30% earlier potential core breakdown, 30–35% greater radial jet spreading, and nearly 6–10% faster centerline velocity decay compared with the symmetric configuration. The streamline analysis revealed enhanced entrainment, localized recirculation regions, asymmetric vortex generation, and accelerated momentum diffusion caused by unequal shear-layer interaction. These results demonstrate that annular gap asymmetry can serve as an effective passive flow control strategy for enhancing jet mixing and directional momentum redistribution. Such configurations may be useful in practical applications including exhaust gas dilution, fuel–air mixing enhancement in combustors, thrust vectoring, and jet-noise suppression systems.
Chandra Bose, Gurusamy, Sudalaimuthu, Ganesan
Deriving a Data-Driven Temperature Model for Thermal Operational Safety of Automotive Vehicles2026-01-50739/17/2026
Rising vehicle complexity and electrification increase the thermal loads on automotive components, making reliable temperature models essential for ensuring thermal operational safety over the vehicle lifetime. Existing approaches (experimental wind tunnel testing, numerical simulation, and purely data-driven methods) lack scalability to many operating conditions, do not provide physically interpretable parameters, or yield inconsistent results when applied across multiple experiments. This paper addresses the gap of fitting a single, physics-constrained temperature model simultaneously across multiple experimental measurements, enabling consistent parameter estimation and prediction of unseen operating conditions. A lumped parameter thermal network (LPTN) is parameterized using a global minimization approach that classifies each model coefficient as global, discrete-global, or local, depending on whether it is shared across all measurements, across a subset with the same design configuration, or varies individually. The method is evaluated on an electronic control unit (ECU) installed in the BMW 7 Series, using nine wind tunnel measurements covering three different cooling strategies (ventilation, heat pipe, metal insert). A single global model fitted to six measurements achieves a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 1.09 K, while three unseen measurements are predicted with an RMSE of 1.19 K. Compared to conventional single-measurement fitting, global estimation reduces convergence time to 21.2%, while yielding physically interpretable and consistent parameters across experiments. These results demonstrate that global LPTN parameter estimation provides a fast, robust, and physically interpretable framework for automotive thermal operational safety, capable of reliable extrapolation to unseen conditions with sparse experimental data.
Kehe, Maximilian, Enke, Wolfram, Rottengruber, Hermann
Use-Phase Emission Comparison of Battery Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles in Canada2026-01-50749/17/2026
The objective of this study was to evaluate the in-use emissions and energy consumption of similar model internal combustion engine (ICE) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in Canada. For the ICE vehicles (ICEVs), carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were measured at the tailpipe. For the BEVs, the carbon intensity of different energy sources was used along with vehicle energy consumption to estimate the in-use CO2 equivalent (CO2e) emissions. Three ICEVs, the Ford Transit, Ford F-150, and Nissan Versa, and three BEVs, the Ford E-Transit, Ford F-150 Lightning, and Nissan LEAF, were tested over standard test cycles on a chassis dynamometer. The Nissan Versa, Nissan LEAF, Ford F-150, and Ford F-150 Lightning were tested at two temperatures, 25°C and −7°C, to investigate the effect of colder temperatures on emissions and energy consumption. The Ford Transit 150 and E-Transit were tested at two test weights, 2722 kg (6000 lb) and 3629 kg (8000 lb), to study the effects of cargo loading on emissions and energy consumption. In most conditions, the BEV use-phase CO2e emissions were found to be lower than those of the ICEVs. Results showed a significant increase in both emissions in ICEVs (up to 20%) and energy consumption in BEVs (up to 78.5%) at −7°C when compared to 25°C. Results also showed the significant effect of the carbon intensity of electricity on the CO2e emissions of BEVs, where more carbon-intensive electricity grids resulted in higher BEV CO2e emissions, even surpassing ICEV CO2 emissions in certain cold-temperature conditions.
Araji, Fadi, Humphries, Kieran, Hornung, Jeremy, Shantz, Emory
Comparison of Wind Noise Quietness Metrics Using ISO 532-1 and ISO 532-32026-01-50769/17/2026
This study compares two international loudness standards—International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 532-1:2017 (Zwicker) and ISO 532-3:2023 (Moore–Glasberg–Schlittenlacher)—for assessing vehicle wind noise using wind tunnel measurement data. The two methods demonstrate good agreement in ranking wind noise quietness at typical highway speeds (120–140 km/h). However, discrepancies arise under specific conditions due to ISO 532-3’s binaural processing, which accounts for interaural inhibition effects. These differences are particularly pronounced in vehicles with asymmetric wind noise levels between the driver and passenger sides. Power-law regression analysis reveals that binaural loudness at the driver side (ISO 532-3) increases at a slower rate with wind speed compared to the monaural measurements [driver outboard ear (DOE)] of ISO 532-1. Under yaw angle conditions, the perceptual contribution of the driver inboard ear (DIE) introduces subtle metric-dependent variations. Contribution analyses further highlight method-specific sensitivities to noise source location and direction. Overall, this study provides a valuable reference for implementing loudness metrics in automotive wind noise engineering.
Hou, Hangsheng
Short-Term Load Forecasting of Sustainable Power Systems Based on Newton–Raphson-Based Optimizer–Extreme Gradient Boosting under Extreme Weather Events13-07-02-00089/17/2026
With continuous advancements in load-side resources such as distributed photovoltaic systems, electric vehicles, and virtual power plants, the low-carbon and sustainable development attributes of power systems have been significantly enhanced. Meanwhile, the coupling intensity between sustainable power systems and meteorological conditions has been further consolidated. Considerable impacts are exerted by weather variations, particularly extreme weather events, on the dispatching and operation of sustainable power systems. Accurate load forecasting is critical for enabling sustainable power systems operators to optimize power generation strategy, ensuring supply stability and resilience against extreme weather-induced disruptions. However, the intrinsic non-stationarity and volatility of extreme weather events present significant challenges to conventional forecasting approaches. Herein, we introduce a hybrid algorithm integrating Newton–Raphson-based optimizer (NRBO) with extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) to enhance short-term load predictions under such conditions. The model uses optimally selected meteorological and load features as inputs, while NRBO systematically tunes XGBoost’s hyper-parameters to maximize performance. Evaluated on an Irish dataset, the proposed framework is quantitatively compared against five baseline models, including traditional decision trees and neural networks. The case studies show that the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the proposed model is 2.57%, which is the lowest among these decision tree and neural network algorithms.
Wang, Yi, Zhou, Jian, Wu, Gang, Ma, Tiannan, Ma, Ruiguang, He, Chuan, Zhu, Huixian
FITTING END, STANDARD DIMENSIONS FOR BULKHEAD FLARELESS TUBE CONNECTIONSAS33515E (Current)9/17/2026
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
FITTING END, FLARELESS, BLUNT NOSE, DESIGN STANDARDAS4458C (Current)9/17/2026
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
FITTING END, ACORN, SHORT FLARELESS, DESIGN STANDARDAS4703B (Current)9/17/2026
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Geometric Design Consistency Evaluation Criteria for Horizontal Curves on Two-Lane Rural Highways Based on Vehicle Stability09-15-01-00039/17/2026
Rollovers are among the most severe road crashes, often leading to high fatalities and significant property damage, as reported by government and insurance agencies. This study investigates the impact of curve geometry and loading conditions on the rollover stability of a two-axle truck using validated vehicle dynamics simulations. The research highlights the importance of providing adequate curve radii and shows that larger radii are required to ensure design consistency. The study reveals that a 1 cm increase in center-of-gravity height results in a 0.82% decrease in the margin of safety against rollover, and that loading the truck to 93.75% of its full capacity over an equivalent platform length is the most critical loading condition in terms of rollover stability. To enhance safety, predictive models for lateral acceleration are developed along with geometric design consistency evaluation criteria based on vehicle rollover stability. Design guidelines for consistent curve design are also proposed. These models and criteria guide strategic improvements in road geometry, including optimized placement of rollover caution signage and targeted infrastructure refinements. The study underscores the need for enhanced curve design standards to improve truck stability and driver comfort while providing essential tools for advancing highway safety and mitigating rollover risks for heavy vehicles.
Remya, Y. K., Jacob, Anitha, Subaida, E. A.
J1979 DBCJ1979DBC_2026099/16/2026
The SAE J1979 DBC file contains decoding rules for converting raw J1979 data to 'physical values' (Mph, %, etc.). This file lets you easily decode data from heavy duty vehicles (trucks, buses, tractors, etc.). This DBC file download includes: The SAE J1979 DBC file with Includes 2,400+ Parameter Group Numbers (PGNs) and 16,000+ Suspect Parameter Numbers (SPNs), derived from J1979-2 released in September 2026. One legal license (1 user, 1 PC) matching the DA license DECODE J1979: Convert J1979 data in wide range of software/API tools REVIEW FIRST: Use our CAN ID converter to check if your PGNs are covered CROWD INPUT: Benefit from free corrections based on large user base SAVE HOURS: Avoid manually constructing the DBC file from scratch Improved Accuracy & Reliability A fully standardized DBC file ensures precise signal decoding, eliminating errors and ensuring reliable data interpretation. Interoperability Seamlessly compatible with many different software stacks, enabling frictionless adoption and significantly expanding market reach. Partnership with Vector Informatik GmbH Works seamlessly with Vector’s free software (CANdb++), used by over 90% of the industry, with free download link provided on SAEI’s J1979DBC file landing page. What is a DBC file? A DBC file is a standardized method for storing the "rules" on how to interpret raw CAN bus data. It contains details on what 'signals' (e.g. RPM, Vehicle Speed, …) are contained within which 'messages' (i.e. CAN IDs). In the J1979 standard, messages are referred to as Parameter Group Numbers (PGN) and signals as Suspect Parameter Numbers (SPN). Further, a DBC file includes names, descriptions, positions, and lengths of the signals - as well as how to offset & scale them.
Parking Brake Drawbar Pull Test Procedure - Truck and BusJ1729_202609 (Current)9/16/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice provides a test method and instructions for measuring performance of parking brakes on air- or hydraulic-braked vehicles equipped with in-wheel or drive-line parking brakes. This procedure applies to truck-tractors, trailers, trucks, and buses.
Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee
Road Vehicles - Wheels for Commercial Vehicles and Multipurpose Passenger Vehicles - Fixing Nuts - Test MethodsJ1965_202609 (Current)9/16/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to fasteners/fixing nuts as specified in SAE J694 and SAE J1835 used for disc wheels and demountable rim attachment respectively. Only the test methods necessary to ensure proper wheel or rim assembly are specified. Fasteners for less common and special applications are not included.
Truck and Bus Wheel Committee
Misfire Generator Functional RequirementsJ2901_202609 (Current)9/14/2026
The intent of the specification is to present a functional set of requirements which define the user and hardware interfaces while providing sufficient capability to meet the misfire patterns for compliance demonstration and engineering development. Throughout this requirement, any reference to “ignition or injector control signal” is used interchangeably to infer that the effected spark ignition engine’s ignition control signal or the compression ignition engine’s injector control signal is interrupted, timing phased, or directly passed by the misfire generator. For spark ignition engines, the misfire generator behaves as a spark-defeat device which induces misfires by inhibiting normal ignition coil discharge. It does so by monitoring the vehicle’s ignition timing signals and suspends ignition coil saturation for selected cylinder firing events. The misfire generator will thereby induce engine misfire in spark ignited gasoline internal combustion engines; including rotary engines. For compression ignition engines, the misfire generator behaves as a fuel injection-defeat device which induces misfire by inhibiting the normal fuel injection pulses. It does so by monitoring the injection pulses signal and suspending the injection pulses for selected cylinder firing events. The misfire generator will thereby induce engine misfire in compression ignition engines. This requirement assumes that the user has a fundamental understanding of misfire diagnostics as well as ignition controls. This requirement is not intended to be an introductory misfire guideline or interpretation of regulatory requirements.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
The Biomechanics of Brake Pedal Feel2026-01-07969/14/2026
Brake pedal feel is arguably the most important driver-facing characteristic of a vehicle’s brake system, as it represents the main interaction between the brake system and the driver and is experienced by the driver in every trip taken. It has traditionally been characterized by three fundamental curves - deceleration versus force at the pedal pad, deceleration versus travel at the pedal pad, and travel at the pedal pad versus force (which is derivable from the other two curves). These characterizations, while useful, stop short of describing what the driver actually experiences - felt through the forces in and contraction of his or her leg muscles. When brake pedal feel is traced away from the brake pedal pad and into the driver’s leg, a complex new system emerges, containing the brake system and the biomechanics of the driver. This expanded system is now subjected to - but can also help explain - influences such as seating position, foot position, brake pedal geometry, and the driver’s own biometrics (such as leg and foot dimensions). The present research covers the creation of a simplified biomechanical model of the driver and the brake system, and the use of this model to illustrate the influence of these new elements of the system and human-machine interactions on the driver’s perception of brake pedal feel. Observations are corroborated, to the extent possible while respecting propriety, to human driver feedback from clinics and from the field.
Antanaitis, David, Antanaitis, Rebecca, Morris, Brock
Further Investigation of Brake Squeal: Effect of (Inboard/Outboard) Pads Property Differential2026-01-07999/14/2026
It was reported earlier that the wear differential between the inboard pad and the outboard pad leads to brake squeal generation. The (inboard/outboard) pads wear differential can occur due to hardware issues such as brake pad drag and/or two different wear rates of the (I/O) pads, which is caused by two different material properties of the pads although the pad formula may be the same. It is found that (I/O) pads compressibility differential/hardness differential/friction differential are all interrelated and that they contribute to brake squeal generation in addition to the inboard pad tangential/radial taper wear. A method has been found to separate the inboard pad friction and the outboard pad friction and to estimate each friction coefficient.
Liu, Richard, Wu, Shane, Wu, Godot, Zou, Tianlang
Safe State Definition and Verification for Distributed Multi-Controller EMB Architectures2026-01-08009/14/2026
The Electro-Mechanical Brake (EMB) system is an essential technology for safe braking in modern vehicles. However, the adoption of multi-controller architectures has introduced new challenges to conventional Safe State strategies. Traditionally, the Safe State defined in functional safety means "function shutdown," and in accordance with ISO 26262-1:2018 (Part 1: Vocabulary), aims for an "operational mode without risks exceeding reasonable levels." However, in the multi-controller architecture of EMB systems, the Fail-Operational Safe State concept is applied, where the system continues to provide limited functions even in the event of faults. It is essential to verify whether such operational modes actually satisfy the safety requirements of ISO 26262-3 and ISO 26262-4. This paper redefines the Safe State according to failure modes in EMB systems, analyzes system state transitions, and presents a coherence analysis methodology for validating the availability of resources required to provide limited functions in the Fail-Operational Safe State. Through this approach, potential design defects in multi-controller-based EMB systems can be detected early, validated across 1,149,952 fault scenarios with zero total-failure outcomes, and traceability of functional safety requirements can be established.
Kim, Kang San
Influence of Ferritic Nitrocarburizing with Smart-ONC® on the Modal and Damping Behavior of Gray Cast Iron Brake Rotors2026-01-07989/14/2026
Ferritic nitrocarburizing (FNC) with in-process post-oxidation has been developed as a production-capable surface engineering solution for gray cast iron (GCI) brake rotors to meet the Euro 7 non-exhaust particulate emission limits. While prior investigations have demonstrated significant PM₁₀ reduction, improved corrosion resistance, and stable braking performance, the influence of FNC on noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) performance requires systematic evaluation. This study quantified the relative contributions of the alloy composition, rotor geometry, and FNC treatment to the modal frequency and damping behavior. Seven ventilated disc types from multiple foundries were characterized to assess the composition-driven variability. In addition, 120 production discs (ventilated and solid) were measured before and after FNC processing to isolate the treatment effects. Modal properties were obtained using impulse-hammer testing under free–free boundary conditions in accordance with VDA 301, and damping was evaluated using the half-power bandwidth method (Q-factor). The results show that the natural frequency is governed primarily by geometric parameters, scaling with the friction-ring thickness and disc diameter. In contrast, the damping behavior is dominated by the alloy composition and graphite morphology. Variations in silicon, chromium, and carbon equivalent produced a 3–4× difference in the Q-factor across foundries. FNC treatment had a negligible effect on the natural frequency (<1%) but produced a measurable increase in the Q-factor, typically 7–10% for solid discs and 22–32% for ventilated discs. The findings establish a clear hierarchy of influence: composition controls the damping, geometry controls the frequency, and the FNC introduces a secondary shift. Within production-relevant composition windows, FNC + Smart-ONC® does not represent a limiting factor for the NVH performance of Euro 7–compliant brake systems.
Awe, Samuel Ayowole, Holly, Mike, Winter, Karl-Michael
Electro-Hydraulic Brake-by-Wire and Off-the-Shelf ABS Integration: Control Design and Hardware in the Loop Validation2026-01-07959/14/2026
This work presents the design of a control logic for an electro-hydraulic brake-by-wire in series with an off-the-shelf ABS unit for motorsport applications. Validation is performed through hardware-in-the-loop testing with a complete hydraulic layout, including the brake-by-wire actuator, the ABS module, and brake calipers. State of the art electro hydraulic brake-by-wire systems are increasingly adopted in top level motorsport and are now transitioning to high performance road vehicles, in combination with ABS and ESC. However, due to motorsport regulations, racing brake-by-wire systems do not incorporate ABS functionality. To combine the performance of motorsport grade actuators with the ease of use required for non professional drivers, a series configuration between brake-by-wire and ABS represents a natural solution. This architecture is also relevant for future road vehicle applications, offering additional redundancy for autonomous driving ready systems. A dedicated hardware-in-the-loop test rig has been developed to perform experimental testing of the complete brake system. Wheel dynamics are simulated in real-time using a single-axle vehicle model, and wheel speed signals are reproduced via a sensor emulator. Preliminary tests show that the original pressure-based brake-by-wire control strategy exhibits poor performance during ABS activation, as ABS operation significantly alters system behavior. To address this issue, an improved control strategy is proposed, introducing a dedicated control mode activated during ABS operation, with a smooth transition back to nominal control once ABS activity ceases. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed strategy maintains closed-loop stability, avoids excessive pressure oscillations and piston end stop conditions, and, most important, does not interfere with ABS operation. Overall braking performance is fully preserved.
Milivinti, Massimiliano, Gimondi, Alex, Gobbi, Massimiliano, Cantoni, Carlo
Advanced Brake Force Distribution and Pad Wear Life Integration in Supervisory Electronic Brake Control System for Combination Vehicles2026-01-07979/14/2026
Commercial vehicle fleets frequently operate with tractors that connect to different trailers and dollies, resulting in combinations with varying brake pad wear across wheel ends. Traditional brake-force distribution strategies do not consider these pad-life differences, which can lead to uneven brake utilization, irregular maintenance intervals, and increased total cost of ownership (TCO) in mixed-trailer operations [7, 9]. While modern electronically controlled braking systems (EBS) already incorporate pad wear based braking for the tractor itself [5], these capabilities do not extend across the entire vehicle combination because trailer-side communication is typically limited to standardized CAN protocols such as ISO 11992 and J1939 [1, 2, 3]. As braking systems become more software defined and rely heavily on distributed electronic communication, ensuring the authenticity and integrity of trailer originated brake information becomes essential for both functional safety and cybersecurity [6]. In the proposed architecture, trailers and dollies communicate brake related data to the tractor over the ISO 11992 Tractor-Trailer CAN (TT-CAN) network [1, 2], allowing the tractor Brake Control ECU to securely validate the source of the information and register each towed unit for health aware braking. Once authenticated pad life data is available, the tractor constructs a combination level brake health map covering every wheel end in the configuration. During normal braking, a supervisory allocator computes wheel end specific brake pressure targets that bias braking toward wheel ends with greater remaining pad life while ensuring full compliance with stopping distance regulations and stability requirements [4, 7]. By integrating authenticated pad wear information with tractor hosted supervisory control, the system improves braking consistency across mixed combinations, harmonizes pad utilization, enhances maintenance predictability, and reduces TCO while meeting the safety and cybersecurity expectations of modern commercial vehicle fleets.
Ganesha, Vinodkumar