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In the present study, research was conducted to increase the combustion efficiency in a diesel engine by adding 100 and 200 ppm aluminum powder to diesel and biodiesel (produced from 10% spent coffee ground oil and 90% waste cooking oil) blends. Aluminum powder is a flammable metal. Due to this feature, it has been used as an additive to liquid fuels in many studies in the literature. In general, it has been reported that thermal efficiency increases with the addition of aluminum particles. However, the high explosion sensitivity of aluminum can affect its stable combustion. In addition, Al is a metal that can be easily oxidized. Therefore, coating aluminum is considered a good solution. Stearic acid has been suggested in the literature as a suitable material for coating aluminum. In this study, stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid, was used to coat aluminum particles. Stearic acid is a good surfactant, hydrophobic substance, and plasticizer. It is also a more environmentally friendly
Kül, Volkan SabriAkansu, Selahaddin OrhanSarıtaş, Mehmet
This study examines the involvement of authorities in the development processes of aviation and automotive industries by comparing the depth, frequency, and stages of their engagement. The background of this work is an ongoing research initiative focused on transferring methods from aviation to automotive. The method used in this study is an investigation of best practices across both industries. Based on this investigation, two proposals were developed for managing complex technologies, such as autonomous systems. Both proposals advocate for increased authority involvement, particularly during the early stages of projects. One proposal recommends making this enhanced involvement mandatory, while the other suggests it as a guideline rather than a requirement. To assess the benefits of these proposals, a human-input–based feasibility quantification method was applied. This method assesses feasibility on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 represents the lowest score, 5 is neutral, and 10 is
Akkus, YusufAnnighöfer, Björn
This specification covers a copper alloy in the form of strip (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification establishes the engineering requirements for the uphill quenching process of aluminum alloy product. Uphill quenching immerses product in liquid nitrogen followed by exposure to a high-pressure/high-velocity steam blast or boiling water.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
SCOPE IS UNAVAILABLE.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
This document and the EUROCAE equivalent, ED-107, provides detailed information, guidance, and methods in support of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circular (AC) 20-158 and to the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) AMC 20-158. AC 20-158 provides a means, but not the only means, for demonstrating compliance with Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) 23.1308 (Amendment 57 and lower), 23.2520 (Amendment 64 and higher), 25.1317, 27.1317, 29.1317, and applicable FAA HIRF special conditions addressing HIRF Protection. AMC 20-158 is applicable to Certification Specifications CS 23.1308 (Amendment 4 and lower), 23.2520 (Amendment 5 and higher), 25.1317, 27.1317, and 29.1317. It should be noted that this document is neither mandatory nor regulatory in nature and does not constitute a regulation or legal interpretation of the regulation. Therefore, an applicant may elect to establish an alternative method of compliance that is acceptable to the
AE-4 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Committee
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited gold plate.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of sheet, strip, and foil 0.100 inch (2.54 mm) and under in nominal thickness.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is intended to be used for laser systems mounted on aircraft and propagated into navigable airspace. This does not include lasers onboard aircraft where the beam is contained within an enclosure so that the beam cannot enter into airspace, nor does it include lasers from satellites and spacecraft in outer space. It may be used in conjunction with AS4970, ARP5535, ARP5572, ARP5293, and the ANSI Z136 laser safety standards.
G-10T Laser Safety Hazards Committee
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) has been written for individuals associated with ground level testing of turbofan and turbojet engines, and particularly for those who might be interested in investigating steady-state performance characteristics of a new test cell design or of proposed modifications to an existing test cell by means of numerical modeling and simulation. It is not the intent of this standard to provide specific test cell design recommendations, which are covered in the reference documentation.
EG-1E Gas Turbine Test Facilities and Equipment
Over the last few years, there has been an uptick in the exploration and implementation of aluminum high-pressure die casting (HPDC) mega-castings as replacements for conventional stamped steel parts in vehicles. This trend is expected to increase with common justifications, including claims of reduced costs and lower environmental impacts associated with the replacement of dozens of individual parts with a single casted piece, along with reduced demands on associated tooling and machinery. However, the data and literature to support these claims are limited and at times contradictory, with some studies showing increased costs and energy demands for mega-casting technologies. This study presents the results of a literature review and a gate-to-gate life cycle inventory (LCI) adapted from conventional HPDC aluminum casting unit processes that may be used to quantify potential life cycle global warming potential (GWP), cumulative energy demand (CED), and other environmental impacts of
Sebastian, BrandieBalzer, Russ
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform test procedures for friction based parking brake components used in conjunction with hydraulic service braked vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating greater than 4500 kg (10 000 lb). The components covered in this document are the primary actuation and the foundation park brake. Various peripheral devices such as application dashboard switches or indicators are not included. These test procedures include the following: a Brake Related Tests 1 Brake Functional Performance 2 Brake Dynamic Torque Performance 3 Brake Corrosion Resistance 4 Brake Endurance with Torque 5 Brake Endurance without Torque 6 Vibration Resistance 7 Brake Ultimate Static Load 8 Brake Lining Wear Adjuster Function b Actuation Related Tests 1 Mechanical Actuator Functional Performance 2 Mechanical Actuator Endurance 3 Mechanical Actuator Quick Release 4 Mechanical Actuator Ultimate Load 5 Spring Apply Actuator Functional Performance 6 Spring Apply Actuator
Truck and Bus Hydraulic Brake Committee
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Distributed drive electric vehicles (DDEVs) provide enhanced maneuverability through independent wheel torque control, but coordinating precise path tracking with lateral stability remains challenging under aggressive driving conditions. This paper presents a coordinated control strategy that integrates model predictive control (MPC) for path tracking with a proportional gain controller for stability regulation. The proposed framework adopts a hierarchical design. The path tracking control leverages MPC to compute front steering commands while accounting for vehicle dynamics and preview errors. The stability adjustment uses dual proportional gain controllers to generate an additional yaw moment, which is adaptively balanced through a phase plane coordination mechanism, enhancing yaw stability during path tracking. The generated yaw moment is subsequently distributed to individual in-wheel motors with an optimization torque allocation method, respecting tire force limitations. The
He, YangZhu, YuzhengGuo, RuixinZhu, YueyingXing, ChaoLiu, ShuangxiLin, Yier
This study examines the aerodynamic performance of a wing section incorporating high-lift airfoils for use in a solar-powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operating at low speeds. This paper evaluates the aerodynamic performance of a wing section integrated with high-lift airfoils for application in a solar-powered UAV. The primary objective is to simulate low-speed flight conditions representative of solar-powered UAV missions in order to obtain relevant aerodynamic parameters by adopting Eppler 387 and Selig 1223 airfoils. Experimental and Numerical simulations are performed over a range of angles of attack to systematically assess key aerodynamic coefficients, including the coefficient of lift (Cl), coefficient of drag (Cd), and coefficient of pressure (Cp) to sustain the flight physics and steady level flight. A scaled prototype of the wing section is experimentally evaluated in a low-subsonic wind tunnel to validate the computational results under low-speed operating conditions
D., LakshmananSwaminathan, Selvam
Improved energy efficiency and lower CO2 emissions are the two major drivers for the emergence of E-mobility. Growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has sustained ever since their introduction till 2020 and has substantially increased thereafter. EVs require specialized lubricants, which are different from conventional lubricants mainly due to the addition of new hardware technology including e-motor, inverter, battery, and new materials (copper windings, elastomers, plastic, and other materials). Lubricant when used in an advanced powertrain electric vehicle specifically in E-powertrains may encounter the e-motor and must deliver unique performance attributes such as optimal electrical properties, thermal management, and material compatibility apart from the traditional features including extreme pressure, friction performance, oxidation, and wear control. In the current study, we have investigated conventional GL5, manual transmission fluid (MTF), automatic transmission fluid (ATF), and
Katta, LakshmiSeth, SaritaSingh, SandeepBhardwaj, AnilArora, Ajay Kumar