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This SAE lab test procedure should be used when performing the following specialized weathering tests for wheels; Florida Exposure, QUV, Xenon and Carbon Weatherometer. In addition to these procedures, some additional post-weathering tests may be specified. Please refer to customer specifications for these requirements.
Wheel Standards Committee
The recently increasing global concern about sustainability and greenhouse gas emission reduction has boosted the diffusion of electric vehicles. Research on this topic mainly focuses on either re-designing or adapting most conventional vehicle subsystems, especially the propulsion motor and the braking components. In this context, the present work aims to model, analyze, and compare three-braking system layouts design alternatives focusing on their contribution to vehicle performance and efficiency: a commercial vacuum-boosted hydraulic braking system, a commercial integrated electrohydraulic braking system, and a concept distributed electrohydraulic brake system. Braking systems performance are evaluated by simulating key maneuvers adopting a full model of a battery electric vehicle (BEV), which includes all relevant components like tires, and powertrain dynamics, which is validated against real-world data. Implementation and integration of the first two systems are discussed
Savi, LorenzoGarosio, DamianoFloros, DimosthenisVignati, MicheleTravagliati, AlessandroBraghin, Francesco
Flight vehicles operating in low-speed environments face significant aerodynamic challenges due to weak laminar boundary layers, which lead to early flow separation, reduced lift, and increased pressure drag. Airfoils often experience laminar separation bubbles and abrupt stall, making their performance unstable and difficult to predict. This paper aims to address the low-speed aerodynamic parameter analysis using passive flow control techniques on modified NACA 0021 airfoil profile. The novelty of this research method lies in the integration of dimple-based passive flow control structures on the upper surface of a NACA 0021 airfoil specifically designed to delay flow separation and enhance low-speed aerodynamic performance. Unlike most previous studies that focus on conventional vortex generators or active flow control methods, this work uniquely demonstrates that strategically dimple on the airfoil surface modifications significantly improves the lift characteristics. The methodology
Lakshmanan, D.Raman, Senthil Kumar BellaSivakumar, AravinthPillai, Balaji Shanmuga
The wetted surface of a wing induces a three-dimensional pressure distribution onto the surrounding flow field that generates lift. In a similar way, the wetted surface of an aircraft generates parasite drag. Computational fluid dynamics mimics this process by constructing a surface mesh as a grid that recreates the outer mold line (OML) or wetted surface of a wing or aircraft, and used as a geometric reference for calculating the lift and parasite drag. Once the lift and drag are obtained using these physics-based wetted surfaces as geometry references, the legacy lift and drag coefficients are calculated by resorting to the planform area of the wing, and not their aforementioned wetted surfaces. This re-referencing that results from using a planform area instead of a wetted surface results in an overestimation of the lift and drag coefficients that are devoid of a physical meaning and yield misleading results when used to compare the lift or drag of different aircraft. This paper
Burgers, Phillip
This SAE Recommended Practice provides minimum performance requirements and uniform procedures for fatigue testing of wheels intended for normal highway use and temporary use on passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles. For heavy truck wheels and wheels intended to be used as duals, refer to SAE J267. For wheels used on trailers drawn by passenger cars, light trucks, or multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J1204. These minimum performance requirements apply only to wheels made of materials included in Tables 1 to 4. The minimum cycles noted in Tables 1 through 4 are to be used on individual test and a sample of tests conducted, with Weibull Statistics using two parameter, median ranks, 50% confidence level, and 90% reliability, typically noted as B10C50.
Wheel Standards Committee
To address mechanical faults caused by abnormal engine valve clearance, this study investigates the extraction methods of vibration signal feature parameters. A six-cylinder diesel engine test bench was established to collect cylinder head vibration signals under varying rotational speeds, torque loads, and valve clearance conditions. Four time–domain parameters, including peak-to-peak values, rectified average values, standard deviations, and root mean square amplitude, were extracted alongside the energy distribution of frequency bands obtained through wavelet packet decomposition. The correlations between these parameters and valve clearance states were systematically analyzed. The results demonstrated that all parameters exhibited significant increasing trends with elevated rotational speeds, whereas torque variations exerted minimal influence. Abnormal valve clearance induces significant amplitude increases in time–domain parameters. The energy within frequency bands 5–8 (6–12 kHz
Ji, ShaoboDong, YimingYue, YuanhangPan, ChiLiao, GuoliangLu, Yueqi
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This document establishes additional performance requirements and provides test methods and requirements to evaluate the suitability of materials intended for optical applications in motor vehicles. The tests are intended to determine physical and optical characteristics of the materials only. Performance expectations of finished assemblies, including plastic components, are to be based on tests for lighting devices, as specified in SAE Standards and Recommended Practices for motor vehicle lighting equipment. Glass and materials inclusive to the light source are not in scope for this method.
Lighting Materials Standards Committee
To meet the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) short-term greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets, partial decarbonization of the existing fleet, often powered by medium-speed diesel engines, is required. One approach for reducing CO2 emissions is to enrich the charge air with hydrogen to substitute diesel. However, hydrogen’s high reactivity can lead to combustion abnormalities such as backfire, pre-ignition, and knocking, thus limiting the feasible admixture rates. These challenges are particularly relevant in medium-speed diesel engines designed for high power output and efficiency at low rpm. While hydrogen fuel-share has previously been tested in small-bore engines at moderate loads, this study investigates the influence on combustion and achievable hydrogen admixture rates in a medium-speed, 4-stroke diesel engine operating with up to 30 bar net indicated mean effective pressure (net IMEP). To minimize retrofitting efforts and to preserve diesel performance, the
Achenbach, TobiasMeinert, RobertMahler, KayKunkel, ChristianRösler, SebastianPrager, MaximilianJaensch, Malte
In response to the decline in vehicle stability and the resulting safety risks caused by inappropriate driver operations during high-speed emergency obstacle avoidance, a human–machine cooperative control strategy based on driver operation recognition is proposed. The strategy establishes a vehicle controllability boundary by integrating real-time driver inputs with tire adhesion limits, enabling dynamic evaluation of the influence of operations on system controllability and identification of potential inappropriate operations. On this basis, a control authority allocation mechanism is developed, capable of adaptively adjusting to vehicle states and driver operations. By combining road boundary constraints with vehicle stability envelope constraints, the strategy dynamically regulates the steering angle, ensuring vehicle stability while retaining the driver’s effective intentions as much as possible. Unlike conventional path-tracking or single-envelope control approaches, the proposed
Liu, YangyiZhou, BingWu, XiaojianJiang, XiaokunCui, Qingjia
These general guidelines and precautions apply to personnel operating directional drilling tracking equipment when used with horizontal directional drilling (HDD) machines as defined in ISO 21467:2023.
MTC9, Trenching and Horizontal Earthboring Machines
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of welding wire.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
The purpose of this SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is to provide recommendations which will lead to the standardization of interior door design and operation in all transport aircraft. Interior doors are broadly classified into two main categories which include egress path doors and non-egress path doors. The scope of this ARP does not include crew rest doors, secondary barriers to the flight deck, or doors incorporated in furniture surrounding passenger seats as defined in AS6960.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
This specification covers quality assurance sampling and testing procedures used to determine conformance to applicable specification requirements of carbon and low-alloy steel forgings.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Scientists used a “smart” shirt equipped with an electrocardiogram to track participants’ heart-rate recovery after exercise and developed a tool for analyzing the data to predict those at higher or lower risk of heart-related ailments.
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of Alclad sheet and plate 0.040 to 1.000 inch, inclusive (1.02 to 25.40 mm, inclusive) in nominal thickness (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Hydrogen-fueled reciprocating engines typically feature reasonable efficiencies and low engine-out emissions but low power density, compromising their utility and economics. Previous hydrogen engine research has found efficiency and anti-knock benefits when using either Miller cycles or water injection. This article therefore studies, for the first time, a directly injected (DI), spark-ignited, heavy-duty, turbocharged and hydrogen-fueled engine operated with both Miller cycles and water injection. Miller cycles, with either early or late intake valve closure, and water injection combine to achieve high engine efficiencies approaching 50%, which is significantly higher than the same engine with standard valve timing. The increased susceptibility of hydrogen autoignition in these Miller cycles is overcome by water injection, which simultaneously increases the charge density, counteracting both lean-burn hydrogen’s and Miller cycles’ commonly observed power loss. This demonstrates that
Mortimer, JoelPoursadegh, FarzadBrear, MichaelYang, Yi