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In this experimental work, a detailed analysis of the wind tunnel measurements on scaled motorbike models equipped with different front wings was performed considering four wing configurations operating at different Reynolds numbers and roll angles. Global forces acting on the models were measured by a high-resolution dynamometric balance, while velocity fields in the wake were measured by means of the Particle Image Velocimetry technique. Throughout the paper, overall models’ performances are investigated, demonstrating similar behavior for drag coefficients and various trends for lift coefficients. The without- and single-wing configurations were shown to have positive sign, and conversely, the double- and closed-wing cases—with negative sign—generated downforce due to the presence of significant upward velocities, which in turn modified the wake shape. Furthermore, the improvements in closed-wing configuration compared to without- and single-wing ones were noticeable, while slight
Moscato, GiorgioRomano, Giovanni Paolo
Driving behavior is a significant factor influencing vehicle emissions, and it must be carefully considered when modeling emissions for real road transportation vehicles. This study aims to contribute to this field by improving the intelligence and accuracy of distinguishing driving behavior volatility through the use of clustering algorithm. The research begins by processing raw emissions data collected from light-duty gasoline vehicle during real-driving emissions (RDE) test, which are used as input features for the clustering algorithm. Subsequently, a driving behavior classification method based on the gaussian mixture model (GMM) clustering algorithm is proposed. The results show that aggressive driving has a significantly higher CO2 emission rate compared to normal and calm driving. Specifically, the average CO2 emission rate for aggressive driving is 5.61 g/s, which is substantially higher than that of calm driving (2.40 g/s) and normal driving (2.91 g/s). Following this, the
Yu, HaoMa, YiTan, JianxunWang, JingZhang, HonghaoHu, WeiChen, HaoYu, Wenbin
This paper presents a novel sensitivity analysis framework for differential braking as a backup steering solution in fail-operational Steer-by-Wire systems. The fault-tolerant design approach of Steer-by-Wire and steering systems for highly automated driving relies on the availability of road wheel actuators (RWA). Redundancies are therefore commonly used to ensure fail-operationality. Since its widespread implementation in production vehicles through electronic stability control, the use of differential braking as a cost-effective measure is desirable to increase functional diversity. However, feasible lateral accelerations through this backup solution are limited compared to conventional steering systems and lie close to ordinary driving scenarios. To address this limitation, this work investigates the influence of chassis parameters on differential braking performance. After defining characteristic values and a simulation test plan, a preliminary analysis using a linear single-track
Salzwedel, LeonIatropoulos, JannesHeise, CedricFrohn, ChristianHenze, Roman
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
This SAE Recommended Practice provides a common method to measure wear of friction materials (brake pad assemblies and brake shoes) and their mating parts (brake disc or brake drum). These wear measurements apply to brakes fitted on passenger cars and light trucks up to 4536 kg of Gross Vehicle Weight Rating under the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS), or vehicles category M1 (passenger cars up to nine occupants, including the driver) under the European Community’s ECE Regulations.
Brake Dynamometer Standards Committee
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings from over 2.000 to 10.000 inches (50.8 to 254 mm) in nominal thickness and forging stock of any size (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This SAE Standard applies to directional drilling electronics and tracking equipment of the following types: Tracking transmitter Tracking receiver Telemetry device Remote display This type of tracking equipment is typically used with horizontal earthboring machines as defined in SAE J2022.
MTC9, Trenching and Horizontal Earthboring Machines
This SAE Recommended Practice describes the testing procedures that may be used to evaluate the integrity of ground ambulance-based occupant seating and occupant restraint systems for workers and civilians transported in the patient compartment of an ambulance when exposed to a frontal or side impact. This recommended practice was based on ambulance patient compartment dynamics and is not applicable to other vehicle applications or seating positions. This recommended practice is structured to accommodate seating systems installed in multiple attitudes including, but not limited to, side-facing, rear-facing, and forward-facing. Its purpose is to provide ambulance seating manufacturers, ambulance occupant restraint manufacturers, ambulance builders, and end users with testing procedures and, where appropriate, acceptance criteria that, to a great extent, ensures the occupant seating and occupant restraint system meet similar performance criteria as FMVSS 208 requires for seat belted
Truck Crashworthiness Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) applies to airline trailer equipment with four wheel running gear pulled and steered through an integral tow bar, for use on airport ramps and other airport areas for transporting baggage, freight, and other materials. This ARP can apply to any airline/airport trailer chassis regardless of its equipment; the trailer bed can be designed to carry either bulk baggage/cargo, or a cargo unit load device by means of a rollerized conveyor system, or a piece of aircraft servicing equipment (e.g., ground power unit, air start unit, etc.).
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars up through 3.000 inches (76.20 mm), inclusive, in diameter or least distance between parallel sides with a maximum cross-sectional area of 10 square inches (64.5 cm2) and forging stock of any size (see 8.7).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Wheel-corner brake failures can significantly deteriorate vehicle stability and safety, since unbalanced braking forces may introduce an undesired yaw moment. This work investigates a fault-tolerant control strategy for Active Wheel-Corner Systems, exploiting Four-Wheel Independent Steering (4WIS) to mitigate such effects and preserve vehicle stability when brake actuator malfunctions occur. Unlike many existing approaches, the proposed framework does not require explicit fault detection or quantification as a prerequisite for corrective action, eliminating potential delays and uncertainties associated with fault-diagnosis schemes. A reference model for yaw rate and sideslip angle, incorporating combined longitudinal and lateral dynamics, is proposed, and a Weighted Pseudo-Inverse Control Allocation (WPCA) scheme is employed to distribute corrective actions among the four steering angles according to each tire’s capability, compensating for yaw moment imbalances caused by degraded
Sonnino, SamuelMelzi, StefanoCaresia, PietroManzoni, AlessandroVaini, Gianluca
This specification covers tantalum in the form of sheet, strip, plate, and foil up through 0.1875 inch (4.75 mm), inclusive (see 8.7).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is intended to cover all airport 50 or 60 Hz electrical systems as well as all electrical utilization equipment that is attached to those systems.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice defines requirements for equipment and supplies to be used in measuring shot peening intensity and other surface enhancement processes. It is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. Guidelines for use of these items can be found in SAE J443 and SAE J2597.
Surface Enhancement Committee
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) covers, and is restricted to, the behavior of air under conditions of critical and subcritical flow at temperatures less than 500 °F.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
An Earned Value Management System (EVMS) integrates the work scope of a program with the schedule and cost elements for optimum program planning and control. The primary purpose of the system is to support integrated program management. The system is owned by the organization and is governed by the organization’s policies and procedures. The principles of an EVMS are: Plan all work scope for the program to completion. Break down the program work scope into finite pieces that are assigned to a responsible person or organization for control of technical, schedule, and cost objectives. Integrate program work scope, schedule, and cost objectives into a performance measurement baseline plan against which accomplishments are measured. Control changes to the baseline. Use actual costs incurred and recorded in accomplishing the work performed. Objectively assess accomplishments at the work performance level. Analyze significant variances from the plan, forecast impacts, and prepare an estimate
G-47 Systems Engineering
ADS-DVs promise to expand transportation options for individuals who have been historically underserved in personal transportation. However, for this to be truly realized, the unique needs of persons with disabilities (PWDs; including those who are deaf and hard of hearing, blind, have low vision, have upper body limitations, have lower body limitations, are wheelchair users, and have cognitive disabilities) should be understood at the design stage of vehicle development. This document presents a list of recommendations for use in the design and development of ADS-DVs based on the identified needs of PWDs. It considers the accessibility of services used to interact with the ADS-DV before the trip and the complete trip (including planning the trip and requesting the vehicle, determining a pickup location, finding the vehicle, authenticating the user, entering the vehicle, interacting with the vehicle while inside, determining a drop-off location, exiting the vehicle, and finding the
On-Road Automated Driving (ORAD) Committee
This SAE Standard provides requirements and guidance to: Develop a Materiel authenticity plan. Procure Materiel from reliable sources. Assure authenticity and conformance of procured Materiel, including methods such as certification, traceability, testing, and inspection appropriate to the Commodity/item in question. Control Materiel identified as counterfeit. Report Suspect or Counterfeit Materiel to other potential users and Authorities Having Jurisdiction.
G-21 Counterfeit Materiel Committee
This SAE Aerospace Information Report provides examples of single failure modes for components used in fixed-wing, high-lift actuation systems’ load paths, as well as the typical hazards posed by those failures at the aircraft level.
A-6B3 Electro-Mechanical Actuation Committee
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies