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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

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Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response

EPR202501711/24/2025

The wing-in-ground effect (WIG) vehicle represents a significant advancement in aerodynamics and vehicle design, leveraging the ground effect phenomenon to enhance lift and reduce drag when flying close to the surface. This unique capability allows WIG vehicles to achieve higher payloads, longer range, and greater fuel efficiency compared to traditional aircraft, making them an attractive option for modern military and global disaster response applications. Wing-in-Ground Effect Vehicles: From Modern Military and Commercial Development to Global Disaster Response discusses future disaster response, logistics, and military applications for WIG vehicles, including the ongoing development of aerospace and transportation technology. Relavant advancements in materials and propulsion systems holds promise for further enhancing WIG performance and operational range. Additionally, cost-effective and powerful flight computers with various types of mission-enabling sensor suites from the

Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering

EPR202501609/22/2025

Despite growing investments, the widespread adoption and scalable deployment of generative artificial intelligence (AI) remains a challenge due to data trustworthiness, regulatory uncertainty, interpretability, and ethical governance. The need to accelerate automation and maintain the human-in-the-loop demonstrates broader questions of responsibility and transparency. Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering investigates the transformative role of GenAI within aerospace engineering, examining its shift from conventional workflows toward more AI-driven solutions in design, manufacturing, and maintenance. It emphasizes GenAI’s emerging ability to automate repetitive mundane tasks, reduce design complexity, and optimize engineering pipelines. The report underscores the need for validation methods that must align AI-generated outputs with physics-informed models, integration with legacy engineering tools (e.g., computational fluid dynamics, finite element analysis, digital twins), and

Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles

EPR202501509/22/2025

The next generation of mobility, driven by shared, driverless, connected, and electrified vehicles, holds strong potential to advance sustainability through lower emissions and improved resource efficiency. However, critical questions remain regarding their true environmental impact, including battery lifecycle management, material consumption, and circular manufacturing practices. Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles explores these unresolved issues, focusing on the shift from internal combustion to electric vehicles, supply chain challenges, regulatory gaps, and the operational realities of sustainable productization. It also critically examines the risks of greenwashing, the need for consistent standards, and the role of intersectoral collaboration—with energy, urban planning, information and communications technologies, and waste management sectors—in building resilient, scalable solutions. The report provides strategic recommendations and

Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots

EPR202501208/13/2025

The automation of labor-intensive picking and planting operations is having an immediate impact in the agricultural indutry. In its simplest form, robotic automation can reduce the labor and soil disturbance while enabling organic soil cover and increasing species diversification through precision approaches to planting, weeding, and spraying. With this, pesticides and fertilizers can be applied in a more targeted way, and with machinery visiting fields more frequently, earlier and more targeted intervention can occur before pests become established. Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots identifies issues that need to be resolved fo for this technology to thrive, including improving methods of acquiring and labeling training data to facilitate more accurate models for specific applications. It also discusses concepts such as general-purpose mechanical platforms for use as carriers of agricultural automation systems with high stability, positional accuracy, and variable

Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features

EPR202501308/13/2025

Advanced technologies that assist the human driver or reduce (or even eliminate) the human driver’s role are becoming increasingly prevalent in new light-duty vehicles used by the general public. These technologies are divided between Active Safety features that monitor the human driver and vehicle motion and act intermittently to mitigate and avoid crashes, and Driving Automation features that assume some or all of the dynamic driving task from the human driver. Both types of technologies have the potential to reduce injuries and save lives by reducing the frequency and/or severity of crashes. Safety Impacts of Active Safety and Driving Automation Features addresses the current capabilities and future potential for Active Safety and Driving Automation features to reduce crash frequency and severity and provides an overview of the state of the industry for both types of features, including current deployments, trends, and anticipated rollouts. Gaps in knowledge, unsettled issues, and

Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles

EPR202501407/18/2025

Autonomous vehicle motion planning and control are vital components of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. Recent advances in both data- and physical model-driven methods have improved driving performance, yet current technologies still fall short of achieving human-level driving in complex, dynamic traffic scenarios. Key challenges include developing safe, efficient, and human-like motion planning strategies that can adapt to unpredictable environments. Data-driven approaches leverage deep neural networks to learn from extensive datasets, offering promising avenues for intelligent decision-making. However, these methods face issues such as covariate shift in imitation learning and difficulties in designing robust reward functions. In contrast, conventional physical model-driven techniques use rigorous mathematical formulations to generate optimal trajectories and handle dynamic constraints. Hybrid Data- and Physical Model-Driven Safe and Intelligent Motion Planning and

Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

EPR202501105/21/2025

Driven by the vast consumer marketplace, the electronics megatrend has reshaped nearly every sector of society. The advancements in semiconductors and software, originally built to serve consumer demand, are now delivering significant value to non-consumer industries. Today, electronics are making inroads into traditionally conservative, safety-critical sectors such as automotive and aerospace. In doing so, electronics—now further propelled by artificial intelligence—are disrupting the functional safety architectures of these cyber-physical systems. Electronics have created the world of cyber-physical systems, raising broader concerns about the broader category of product assurance. Product Assurance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence continues the work of previous SAE Edge Research Reports in examining open research challenges arising from this shift, particularly in automotive systems, as core electronic technologies (e.g., the combination of software and communications) have even

Edge Artificial Intelligence in Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mobility

EPR202500905/20/2025

With many stakeholders involved, and major investments supporting it, the advancements in automated driving (AD) are undoubtedly there. Generally speaking, the motivation for advancing AD is driver convenience and road safety. Regarding the development of AD, original equipment manufacturers, technology start-ups, and AD systems developers have taken different approaches for automated vehicles (AVs). Some manufacturers are on the path toward stand-alone vehicles, mostly relying on onboard sensors and intelligence. On the other hand, the connected, cooperative, and automated mobility (CCAM) approach relies on additional communication and information exchange to ensure safe and secure operation. CCAM holds great potential to improve traffic management, road safety, equity, and convenience. In both approaches, there are increasingly large amounts of data generated and used for AD functions in perception, situational awareness, path prediction, and decision-making. The use of artificial

Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management

EPR202500805/20/2025

The transportation industry is transforming with the integration of advanced data technologies, edge devices, and artificial intelligence (AI). Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are pivotal in optimizing traffic flow and safety. Central to this are transportation management centers, which manage transportation systems, traffic flow, and incident responses. Leveraging Advanced Data Technologies for Smart Traffic Management explores emerging trends in transportation data, focusing on data collection, aggregation, and sharing. Effective data management, AI application, and secure data sharing are crucial for optimizing operations. Integrating edge devices with existing systems presents challenges impacting security, cost, and efficiency. Ultimately, AI in transportation offers significant opportunities to predict and manage traffic conditions. AI-driven tools analyze historical data and current conditions to forecast future events. The importance of multidisciplinary approaches and

Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Dedicated Lanes

EPR202500704/24/2025

Dedicated lanes provide a simpler operating environment for ADS-equipped vehicles than those shared with other roadway users including human drivers, pedestrians, and bicycles. This final report in the Automation and Infrastructure series discusses how and when various types of lanes whether general purpose, managed, or specialty lanes might be temporarily or permanently reserved for ADS-equipped vehicles. Though simulations and economic analysis suggest that widespread use of dedicated lanes will not be warranted until market penetration is much higher, some US states and cities are developing such dedicated lanes now for limited use cases and other countries are planning more extensive deployment of dedicated lanes. Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure: Dedicated Lanes includes a review of practices across the US as well as case studies from the EU and UK, the Near East, Japan, Singapore, and Canada. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Latest Journal Issues

Browse All 16

Passenger Vehicle Systems

Electrified Vehicles

Advances and Current Practices in Mobility

Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy

Connected and Automated Vehicles

Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy

Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH

Transportation Safety

Alternative Powertrains

Materials and Manufacturing

Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems

Recent Books

Browse All 720

January 2026 AMS Index

AMSJAN-2026To be published on 01/24/2026

SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles

R-55901/20/2026

The convergence of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and connected vehicle technologies is ushering in a transformative era of automotive innovation—one that is fundamentally enhancing vehicle safety, efficiency, reliability, and the overall driving experience. SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles stands as the definitive reference for this rapidly evolving domain, meticulously compiled to clarify and standardize the language shaping modern mobility. Inside, readers will find clear, authoritative definitions encompassing the full spectrum of technologies that enable connected and automated driving—including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication systems. This comprehensive resource translates complex engineering terminology into accessible language, enabling engineers, researchers, policymakers, educators, and enthusiasts to share a common technical foundation. Reflecting the latest

Safety, ADAS, and Cybersecurity: Vol. 4

EPRCOMPV01202512/29/2025

Automated Vehicles: Development, Testing, and Validation: Vol. 4

EPRCOMPV03202512/29/2025

Infrastructure Enablers for Automation: Vol. 4

EPRCOMPV02202512/29/2025

Aerospace Developments: Vol. 7

EPRCOMPV07202512/29/2025

Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 : Vol. 2

EPRCOMPV06202512/29/2025

Commercial Vehicles: Vol. 2

EPRCOMPV05202512/29/2025

Electrification: Vol. 3

EPRCOMPV04202512/29/2025

The Racing & High-Performance Tire

R-59412/17/2025

The Racing & High-Performance Tire originally published in 2003 and continues to be a best-seller. Following up on his first two books, Inside Racing Technology and Inside Racing: A Season with the PacWest CART Team, Paul Haney presents a new book revealing the complexities of tires, how they influence vehicle dynamics, and how to use tires in the engineering of racing and high-performance cars. More than 150 photos and drawings help the reader learn the colorful history and unique characteristics that make the pneumatic tire one of the world's most complex and useful products.

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CONNECTORS, ELECTRICAL, CIRCULAR, MINIATURE, COMPOSITE, HIGH DENSITY, QUICK COUPLING, ENVIRONMENT RESISTANT, REMOVABLE CRIMP CONTACTS, RECEPTACLE, FLANGED (SERIES B)

AS29600/20B (Current)

01/22/2026

AE-8C1 Connectors Committee

CONNECTORS, ELECTRICAL, CIRCULAR, MINIATURE, COMPOSITE, HIGH DENSITY, QUICK COUPLING, ENVIRONMENT RESISTANT, REMOVABLE CRIMP CONTACTS, RECEPTACLE, JAM NUT (SERIES A)

AS29600/11B (Current)

01/22/2026

AE-8C1 Connectors Committee

Composite Electrical Connectors

AIR4567C (Current)

01/22/2026

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) establishes guidelines for evaluating composite electrical connectors and accessories.

AE-8C1 Connectors Committee

Fixed-Time Lateral Control of Autonomous Vehicles with Prescribed Performance

10-10-02-0012

01/22/2026

Autonomous vehicles regardless of the drivetrain configuration are highly sensitive to disturbances, uncertain dynamic parameters, and modeling errors. Neglecting these factors during trajectory-tracking or lane-keeping can cause the autonomous vehicle (AV) to deviate from its reference path, compromising safety and performance. In this work, a fixed-time prescribed performance backstepping controller integrated with a super-twisting-like algorithm is proposed to ensure fixed-time convergence of trajectory-tracking errors and robust stability under bounded uncertainty factors and external disturbances. A fixed-time prescribed performance approach is utilized to constrain the evolution of lateral and angular tracking errors, thereby limiting the risk of divergence and ensuring control stability. This framework is demonstrated by the Lyapunov-based stability analysis to demonstrate fixed-time stability in an arbitrarily small neighborhood around the origin. The framework is also

Bancel, Baptiste, Kali, Yassine, Nerguizian, Vahé, Saad, Maarouf

Sealing Tape, Sheet, or Gasket, Polytetrafluoroethylene, Expanded (ePTFE), Oil and Water Resistant

AMS3255C (Current)

01/22/2026

This specification establishes the requirements for an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) in the form of sealing tape, gaskets, or sheets requiring no mixing or curing.

AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, and Forgings, 17Cr - 0.52Mo (0.95 - 1.20C), (440C), Consumable Electrode Vacuum Melted

AMS5618K (Current)

01/22/2026

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Plating, Cadmium

AMS2400Z (Current)

01/22/2026

This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited cadmium on metal parts.

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Investment Castings, 16Cr - 4.1Ni - 0.28Cb (Nb) - 3.2Cu (17-4), Homogenization, Solution, and Precipitation Heat Treated (H1100), 130 ksi (896 MPa) Tensile Strength

AMS5342G (Current)

01/22/2026

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of investment castings homogenized and solution and precipitation heat treated to 130 ksi (895 MPa) tensile strength.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Magnesium Alloy, Investment Castings, 10Al (AM100A-T6), Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated

AMS4455J (Current)

01/22/2026

This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of investment castings (see 8.6).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Plating, Silver, Copper Strike, Low Bake

AMS2412M (Current)

01/22/2026

This specification covers the requirements for silver deposited on metal parts with a copper strike between the basis metal and the silver deposit.

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

CONNECTOR ACCESSORIES, ELECTRICAL, STRAIN RELIEF, 90°, SELF-LOCKING AND NON-SELF-LOCKING, CATEGORY 4C (FOR MIL-DTL-38999 SERIES III AND IV CONNECTORS)

AS85049/39D (Current)

01/22/2026

AE-8C1 Connectors Committee

TERMINAL JUNCTION SYSTEM, TERMINAL JUNCTION BLOCKS, SECTIONAL, GROUNDING MODULES, STUD TYPE MOUNTING, SERIES I

AS81714/27C (Current)

01/22/2026

AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee

Nickel Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Powder for Additive Manufacturing, 50Ni - 20Co - 17Cr - 3.1W - 2.3Ti - 2.1Al - 2.1Mo - 1.8Cb(Nb) - 1.5Ta - 0.04C - 0.005B

AMS7075 (Current)

01/22/2026

This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of pre-alloyed powder.

AMS AM Additive Manufacturing Metals

Ice Penetration Test Method for AMS1431 and AMS1435 Runway Deicing/Anti-Icing Products

AS6211A (Current)

01/22/2026

This document establishes a standardized test method designed to provide stakeholders—including runway deicing/anti-icing product manufacturers, users, regulators, and airport authorities—with a means of evaluating the relative ice penetration capacity of runway deicing and anti-icing products over time. The method measures ice penetration as a function of time, thereby enabling comparative assessments under controlled conditions. While commonly applied to runway treatments, these products may also be used on taxiways and other paved surfaces. The test is not intended to provide a direct measurement of the theoretical or extended ice penetration time of liquid or solid deicing/anti-icing products. Instead, it offers a practical and reproducible basis for performance evaluation, supporting operational decision-making and regulatory compliance.

G-12RDP Runway Deicing Product Committee

Copper-Beryllium Alloy, Bars and Rods, 98Cu - 1.9Be, Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated (TF00, formerly AT)

AMS4533F (Current)

01/22/2026

This specification covers a copper-beryllium alloy in the form of bars and rods (see 8.5).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

General Guidelines for Specifying Motor Requirements for Electromechanical Actuation

ARP7370 (Current)

01/22/2026

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides general guidelines for defining a specification for an electromechanical actuator (EMA) motor. This document is for permanent magnet brushed and brushless motors.

A-6B3 Electro-Mechanical Actuation Committee

Steel, Welding Wire, 0.65Si - 1.25Cr - 0.50Mo - 0.30V (0.28 - 0.33C) [17-22A(S)], Vacuum Melted, Environment Controlled Packaging

AMS6458L (Current)

01/22/2026

This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of bare welding wire. Type 2 - copper coated wire was removed from this document (see 8.4).

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

Environmental Control Systems for Rotorcraft

ARP292D (Current)

01/21/2026

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) discusses design philosophy, system and equipment requirements, environmental conditions, and design considerations for rotorcraft environmental control systems (ECS). The rotorcraft ECS comprises that arrangement of equipment, controls, and indicators which supply and distribute dehumidified conditioned air for ventilation, cooling and heating of the occupied compartments, and cooling of the avionics. The principal features of the system are: a A controlled fresh air supply b A means for cooling (air or vapor cycle units and heat exchangers) c A means for removing excess moisture from the air supply d A means for heating e A temperature control system f A conditioned air distribution system The ARP is applicable to both civil and military rotorcraft where an ECS is specified; however, certain requirements peculiar to military applications—such as nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) protection—are not covered. The integration of NBC

AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee

CONNECTORS, ELECTRICAL, CIRCULAR, MINIATURE, COMPOSITE, HIGH DENSITY, QUICK COUPLING, ENVIRONMENT RESISTANT, REMOVABLE CRIMP CONTACTS, PLUG (SERIES A)

AS29600/12B (Current)

01/21/2026

AE-8C1 Connectors Committee

Aircraft Thermal Management System Engineering

AIR5744 (Current)

01/21/2026

The intent of this report is to encourage that the thermal management system architecture be designed from a global platform perspective. Separate procurements for air vehicle, propulsion system, and avionics have contributed to the development of aircraft that are sub-optimized from a thermal management viewpoint. In order to maximize the capabilities of the aircraft for mission performance and desired growth capability, overall system efficiency and effectiveness should be considered. This document provides general information about aircraft Thermal Management System Engineering (TMSE). The document also discusses approaches to processes and methodologies for validation and verification of thermal management system engineering. Thermal integration between the air vehicle, propulsion system, and avionics can be particularly important from a thermal management standpoint. Due to these factors, this report is written to encourage the development of a more comprehensive system

AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee

Guide for Qualification Testing of Aircraft Air Valves

ARP986D (Current)

01/21/2026

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines recommended analysis and test procedures for qualification of pneumatically, electrically, manually, and hydraulically actuated air valves. They may be further defined as valves that function in response to externally applied forces or in response to variations in upstream and/or downstream duct air conditions in order to maintain a calibrated duct air condition (e.g., air flow, air pressure, air temperature, air pressure ratio, or air shutoff). Qualification testing performed on the airplane to verify compatibility of the valve function and stability as part of a complete system is outside the scope of this document. Refer to ARP1270 for design and certification requirements for cabin pressurization control system components. As this document is only a guide, it does not supersede or relieve any requirements contained in detailed Customer specifications.

AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee

SAE International’s Dictionary of ADAS and Connected Vehicles

R-55901/20/2026

Quigley, Jon M., Gulve, Amol, Krishnamoorthy, Jayalekshmi

CONNECTOR ACCESSORIES, ELECTRICAL, BACKSHELL, ENVIRONMENTAL, CABLE SEALING, 90°, CATEGORY 1A (FOR AS50151 CRIMP, MIL-DTL-26482 SERIES 2, AS81703 SERIES 3, AND MIL-DTL-83723 SERIES III CONNECTORS)

AS85049/9D (Current)

01/20/2026

AE-8C1 Connectors Committee

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Investment Castings, 16Cr - 4.1Ni - 0.28Cb - 3.2Cu, Homogenization, Solution, and Precipitation Heat Treated (H900), 180 ksi (1241 MPa) Tensile Strength (17-4)

AMS5344H (Current)

01/19/2026

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of investment castings homogenized and solution and precipitation heat treated to 180 ksi (1241 MPa) tensile strength.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Enhanced Methodologies for Predicting Automotive Wheel Bearing Life and Damage Using RLDA

2026-26-0482

01/16/2026

The durability of wheel bearings is assessed in terms of raceway life and flange life. Raceway life focuses on the performance and damage tolerance of rolling elements, while flange life evaluates the structural integrity of wheel flanges under operational stresses. Traditionally, durability predictions relied on conventional design methods and analytic formulas for raceway spalling, as well as static load assumptions for flange fatigue analysis. Recently, integrating design of experiments (DOE) with traditional approaches has enhanced these methods, enabling systematic evaluation of design variables and loading conditions. This paper introduces a methodology for analyzing raceway life and damage in automotive wheel bearings using RLDA (Road Load Data Acquisition) data. The process involves acquiring raw deterministic load data, filtering it to preserve high-peaked signals, and transforming the filtered data into block cycles derived from load time histories. Each block cycle contains

Narendra, Vishwanath, Mane, Yogiraj, Paua, Ketan, Singh, Ram Krishnan, Vellandi, Vikraman

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